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Cell Division and Genetics – Mechanisms for a Knit of Identity and Thread of Distinction. DNA and Its Faithful Replication – The Knit of Identity. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Cell Division and Genetics – Mechanisms for a Knit of Identity and Thread of Distinction
DNA and Its Faithful Replication – The Knit of Identity
Because DNA stores genetic information and is faithfully replicated, information is passed largely unaltered from cell-to-cell, generation-to- generation.
Proteins and Their Production – The Primary Reason for DNA
Cell Division DemandsCoordination of DNA Replication, Mitosis and Cytokinesis
What’s so important about cell division (3 reasons)?
Cell division requires coordinated division of chromosomes (mitosis) …..
…… and division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
DNA Replication – Simple in Principle, Complicated in Practice
DNA is Packaged into Chromosomes
DNA in the cell is virtually always associated with proteins.
The packaging is impressive – 2 meters of human DNA fit into a sphere about 0.000005 meters in diameter.
chromatin
duplicatedchromosome
The Link Between DNA Replication and Chromosome Duplication
DNA is Condensed into Visible Chromosomes Only For Brief Periods in the Life of a Cell
95% of the time, chromosomes are like this.
Easily visible chromosomes are apparent perhaps 5% of the time in an actively growing cell and less in a non-growing cell.
A Karyotype is an Arranged Picture of Chromosomes At Their Most Condensed State
A normal human karyotype
Boy or girl?
Note that almost all chromosomes come in homologous pairs.
From Birth to Rebirth, a Cell Progresses Through Characteristic Stages That Constitute the Cell Cycle
In multicellular organisms like us, progress through the cell cycle is carefully regulated.
The Cell CycleEvents that occur in the life of a cell.Includes 3 major stages:1. Interphase 2. Mitosis3. Cytokinesis
1. Interphase (Cell is not dividing)
G1 Phase – carries out basic functions & performs specialized activities.duration is extremely variablecontains restriction checkpoint ~ cell “decides” to:divideenter a quiescent phase (G0)
die
1. Interphase (Cell is not dividing)G0 Phase – cell maintains
specialized characteristics, but does not divide
Ex. neurons & muscle cells
1. Interphase (Cell is not dividing)S Phase – cell replicates
chromosomes & synthesizes proteinsanimal cells replicate centrioles as well
1. Interphase (Cell is not dividing)G2 Phase - cell synthesizes
additional proteins (ex. tubulin) & assembles/stores
membrane material
2. Mitosis (M phase) – Equal distribution of replicated genetic material. Four steps:
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
2. Mitosis – Prophase replicated chromosomes condense centrosomes separate & migrate
toward opposite sides of cell
mitotic spindle forms (microtubules grow out from centrosomes)
nucleolus and
envelope disappear
2. Mitosis – Late Prophase (prometaphase)
nuclear membrane breaks down spindle fibers
attach to centromeres of chromosomes
2. Mitosis – Metaphase chromosomes
are lined up single-file along equator of mitotic spindle
2. Mitosis – Anaphase Centromeres part,
sister chromatids (now called chromosomes)
separate chromosomes
move toward opposite poles
?
2. Mitosis – Telophase mitotic spindle
breaks down chromosomes
decondense nuclear
membranes reform around two nuclei
nucleoli reappear
3. Cytokinesis Distribution of cytoplasm to
daughter cells begins during anaphase or
telophase differs in animal & plant cells
3. Cytokinesis in animal cells Cleavage furrow (slight indentation)
forms around equator of cell Actin & myosin
microfilaments act like a drawstring to pinch the cell in two
Usually an equal division
In Animal Cells, a Cleavage Furrow Forms and Separates Daughter Cells
Cleave furrow in a dividing frog cell.
Review of the M-phase
Review of the M-phase
Review of the M-phase
Review of the M-phase
Review of the M-phase
Review of the M-phase
Review of the M-phase
Review of the M-phase
Review of the M-phase
Review of the M-phase
Cancer Is One Outcome of A Runaway Cell Cycle
Licentious division - prostate cancer cells during division.