Cell Energetics

Omnivores Dilemma excerpt

• - What does this excerpt teach us about the food chains?

CO2 - a source of Carbon to make

Glucose and other carbon based

molecules.

1. What are the options the cell will then do with the glucose?

2. What other things in the cell can the carbon be incorporated into?

3. Does the Carbon ever leave the body?

Carbon Cycle - Following CO2

How does carbon and energy get transferred up the food chain?

Where does the source of all energy originate?

Energy• Energy

– The ability to do work or cause change– Occurs in various forms– Can be converted to another form

Two forms of Energy:• Kinetic energy: energy of motion – work in

progress• Potential energy: stored energy

Calorie: Stored Energy to raise 1 g water 1 degree Celsius

What energy did we store?

Where is it stored?

Warm Up• 1. What is a calorie? • 2. Where did the calories in a potato chip originally come

from? • 3. Which food had the most calories in it that we tested?

Propose a reason for why it had the most calories. • 4. What color of light does chlorophyll absorb? • 5. Where are the Thylakoids? What happens in the

Thylakoids? • 6. What are the two major parts of Photosynthesis? • 7. What are two things that go into photosynthesis to make it

work? • 8. What are two things that are produced by photosynthesis?

Which color light do plants grow best in and

which color do they grow the worst in?

You can set up an experiment and place plants under yellow, red, and green lights. (you do place a group under normal light for a control).

Which color, red, yellow, or green should produce the highest plants?

Which color should produce the smallest plants?

The plants should grow the best in red light and the worst in green light.

Where in the plant is the chlorophyll that absorbs the energy from the

sunlight?

Light Reactions – Goal – Capture light energy - Make ATP and NADPH

(initial storage of light energy to send to Calvin Cycle

- Waste - Oxygen

Calvin Cycle – Goal – to use the NADPH and

ATP and Carbon in CO2 to make Glucose

(C6H12O6)

Two pictures representing the light reactions.

Light Reactions

Solar Energy is Absorbed

H2O is split -

a. Releases O2

b. Electron is used to replace excited Electron

Electron is Energized in Photosystem 2

Electron travels down Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

a. Releases ATP (energy)

b. Fills void where the Electron left in Photosystem 1

Electron is Energized in Photosystem 1 and travels down ETC

Electron joins NADP+ and forms NADPH – this will carry the sun’s energy to the Calvin Cycle

Calvin Cycle

Where is this happening in the cell?

What is the goal of this process?

What Three things does this need to work and where do they

come from?

Summary of Photosynthesis

Warm Down1. What are the three things that go into the light reactions?

2. What are the three things that come out of the light reactions? b. Where does each go?

3. What are the three things that goes into the Calvin Cycle?

4. What comes out of the Calvin Cycle?

5. Where do the light reactions occur?

6. Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

7. What is made when the electron falls down the ETC in PSII?

8. What is made when the electron falls down the ETC in PSI?

9. What is water used for in the light reactions?

ATP

Overview of Cell Respiration

3 Steps

Each make ATP

38 ATP All together

Glycolysis

PyruvatePyruvate

Goal: to make 2 pyruvates

(Turns Glucose into Pyruvate)

Where: OUTSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA!!

In the cytoplasm

Releases 2 ATP

Kreb’s Cycle 1. Pyruvate is turned into Acetyl Co-A and enters the matrix of the Mitochondria

2. Through a series of steps the energy in Acetyl Co-A is transferred to NADH and FADH2 - Sent to ETC

( FAD+ catches an electron and becomes FADH2 and NAD+ catches and electron and becomes NADH)

3. 2 ATP are made and are ready to use

4 CO2 is released as wasteWhere? In the Matrix of Mitochondria

What we have done so far…

Glycolysis

Made Pyruvate – sent to Krebs

Made 2ATP- usable Energy

Made 2NADH – sent to ETC

Made 2 FADH2 – Sent to ETC

Kreb’s Cycle

Make 6 NADH – Sent to ETC

Make 2 FADH2 - Sent to ETC

Make 2ATP – Usable Energy

Make 4 CO2 - Waste

ETCElectron Transport Chain

• AKA Oxidative Phosphorylation AKA Chemiosmosis

ATP Production

1. NADH and FADH2 drop off their high energy electron

2. The Protein channel uses the energy to push a Hydrogen (H+) across the membrane

3. Like a water dam, the H+ flows through ATP Synthase, and the harnessed energy is used to add the P on to ADP making ATP (34 in total)

H2O production

NADH and FADH2 drop the electron off and it bounces down the proteins in the ETC

Oxygen catches the Electron and Water is released.

Note: the NAD+ and FAD+ return to get

more electrons

Warm Up

1. Where is CO2 produced?

2. A. What makes the H+ go into the inner membrane space?

B. Ultimately, what happens to the H+ in the inner membrane space?

3. What 3 things enter the ETC and what are they used for?

Vinokourov caught doping at Tour de France

• The more muted response in international athletics to blood doping practices has its origins with Finnish distance runner and four-time Olympic gold medalist Lasse Viren, the man believed to be the first successful practitioner of increasing his red blood count to correspondingly improve his body's ability to transport oxygen. After winning the 5,000-m and 10,000-m races at the 1972 Olympics, Viren raced with indifferent results in events leading up to the 1976 Olympics. At the games, Viren repeated as the gold medalist in his 1972 events, setting a world record in the 10,000-m event. Two days later, Viren finished fifth in the marathon (26.2 mi [42.2 km]), despite never having run a marathon before.

• The blood can become so thick that the risk of death through blood clotting or heart attack is increased, and n the past decade, there have been numerous deaths in Europe, including 18 Dutch and Belgian cyclists who died due to complications from blood that had abnormally high hemocrit levels. Also, since EPO is a synthetic substance, it can be detected in urine tests.

Rootbeer

• To earn some rootbeer – answer the following question correctly:

a. Explain the role of each of the following ingredients:

Sugar Yeast

b. Why is there carbonation in the rootbeer?