Cell Energy and Enzymes

Cell Metabolism Metabolism

The ________________occurring within a living cell

Necessary for maintaining life Uses_______________ Break down or build material the cell needs

chemical processes

enzymes

Cell Metabolism

Enzymes Are _____________ Required for every chemical reaction in an

organism Without, would not be able to maintain

_______________ They do not make the reaction happen that

couldn’t happen on its own; they simply make the reaction occur much _________

proteins

homeostasis

faster

Cell Metabolism

Function of Enzymes Serve as ____________ Work by lowering the ________________

energy required to get the reaction started

catalysts

activation energy-

Cell Metabolism

Characteristics of Enzymes Work best in a narrow _______________

range They are not changed or used up in the

reaction; can be __________________ again They are substrate-specific; Because of their

shape Substrate- is what the __________________ Substrate fits into a portion of the enzyme; where

they meet is the ______________

pH & temperature

used over & over

enzyme binds to

active site

Cell Energy

Energy is the _________________ We & other organism obtain energy from

food; called ________________ Plants & other organism obtain energy

from the sun; called ______________ Process called ________________,

______________________ The equation for photosynthesis: ____+ _____ + ______ → _________+____

ability to do work

heterotrophs

autotrophsphotosynthesis

occurs in the chloroplasts

CO2 H2O energyC6 H12 O6 O2

Cell Energy

A. Chemical Energy Stored in chemical

_________energy

When bonds are broken; converted to _______________ in the form of ______

Food molecules ________________ directly The amount of energy released would be

_________ and ________

bondsPotential

useable energy

ATPcannot be used

wasteful

destructive

Cell Energy

B. ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate ___________ composed of:

_________ base- adenine ________ sugar- ribose ___ phosphate groups

NucleotideNitrogen5-carbon3

Cell Energy

• Energy is stored in ______________________ __________. • ATP works like a rechargeable battery. • Cells are able to use and recycle ATP by breaking off or adding a ___________ group

Energy ____________ when phosphate bond is broken & ATP is converted to ADP- adenosine diphosphate

ADP is like an “___________” battery Energy ___________when phosphate bond is added to ADP

making ATP ATP is “_____________” like a fully charged rechargeable

battery

phosphate – phosphatebonds

phosphatereleas

ed unchargedstored

recharged

Cell Energy

C. Cellular Respiration ___________ Energy Production

Cellular respiration Breakdown of _______ in presence of _______ To make ________ Occurs in _________ of ___________ cells Equation for cellular respiration

_______________________________________

Aerobic

glucose

oxygenATP

mitochondria

eukaryotic

C6 H12 O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)

Cellular Respiration

2

2 34

+

Cell Energy

Steps in making ATP

1. Glycolysis ____molecule of ________is broken in half pyruvic acid is formed (________ molecule) occurs in the___________ produces ___ ATP’s Pyruvic acid enters ______________ for next

step in CR

one glucose 3

carboncytoplasm2

mitochondria

Cell Energy

2. Krebs Cycle• Pyruvic acid is broken down in a

series of reactions into __________• ____________ formed as waste

product• Produces ___ ATP’s

citric acidCarbon

dioxide2

Cell Energy

3. Electron Transport Chain ____________electrons from the Krebs Cycle are

converted to ATP ___________ must be present at the end of chain to

accept electron Forms _________ If oxygen is not present ETC______ ; Krebs ______

Produces on average 34 ATPs

TOTAL ATP GAIN IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION = __________________________________

High energyOxygen

waterstops

stops

36 ATPper MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE

Electron Transport Chain

Cell Energy

D. Fermentation - ________ Energy Production

Occurs if _________________ available __________ still takes place ___ ATP’s are made for one glucose

Anaerobic

oxygen is notGlycolysis2

Cell Energy

2 types of Fermentation1. Lactic Acid Fermentation:

Human _________ Cells Occurs when muscles run out of __________ Muscle switches to fermentation Lactic acid builds up; causes ______________________ Will switch back to CR when _________ is re-

supplied Lactic acid is sent to ______ to be broken down

• Bacteria some bacteria during __________ conditions Utilized by dairy industry to produce _________

__________

Muscleoxygen

pain, soreness &fatigueoxygen

liver

anaerobic yogurt

&cheese

Cell Energy

2. Alcoholic Fermentation Occurs in ________ during ___________ conditions Important in ___________________ industries

**TOTAL ATP GAIN IN FERMENTATION =

_________________________________**

Yeast

anaerobicbrewing &

baking

2 ATP per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE