Microsoft Word - Cell Guided Notes- Accel.docx• Cells  are  the  basic  unit  of  _______________________  and  _____________________  in  living  things.  
• All  cells  come  from  __________________________________________________________.  
Prokaryotic  cells  contain  DNA  in  a  concentrated  
region  called  the  _____________________________.    
the  cell  and  provides  protection  and  support.      
• Cell  membranes  are  composed  of  a  ______________________________________________________-­  
a  double  layer  sheet  that  provides  a  flexible  structure  and  forms  a  strong  barrier  
between  the  cell  and  its  surroundings.  
• The  phospholipid  bilayer  is  embedded  with  diverse  __________________________  that  aid  
the  cell  in  transportation  across  the  membrane.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SURFACE  AREA  TO  VOLUME  RATIO  
• As  you  ___________  the  cell  size,  you  ____________  the  surface  area  to  volume  ratio,  which  
___________  the  efficiency  of  transport  across  the  cell  membrane.  
o Examples:  ____________________________________________________________________________  
• Nucleus-­  contains  DNA,  which  includes  most  of  the  genes  in  
the  cell.    The  nucleus  is  surrounded  by  the  
___________________________________________________.  
• _____________________________________-­  structures  that  carry  
long  DNA  molecule.  
o Each  eukaryotic  species  has  a  distinct  number  of  chromosomes.  
o _______________________________-­  the  DNA  and  protein  making  up  chromosomes.    
o Nucleolus-­  helps  synthesize  _____________________________.  
o Ribosomes  exist  as  either  ______________  ribosomes  (suspended  in  cytoplasm  or  
_____________________  ribosomes  (attached  to  the  Rough  ER  or  nuclear  envelope)  
 
• Smooth  ER-­  lacks  ribosomes.    Functions  in  
______________________________________________,  and  
with  the  nuclear  envelope.    
• Golgi  Apparatus-­  modifies,  sorts,  and  packages  
__________________________  and  other  materials  from  the  
endoplasmic  reticulum  for  storage  in  the  cell,  or  for  
secretion  outside  of  the  cell.  
 
 
water,  salts,  proteins,  and  carbohydrates.      
o In  many  ______________________________________,  there  is  a  large,  
central  vacuole  filled  with  liquid.      
 
generate  __________  by  extracting  energy  from  food.  
 
 
 
 
Contain  the  green  pigment  ________________________________.  
• Cells  have  three  different  structures  that  aide  in  their  movement:  
o ___________________-­  hair-­like  projections  from  the  cell  that  allow  for  movement.  
o _______________________-­  a  whip  like  structure  that  helps  to  propel  the  cell  in  an  
aqueous  environment.    (commonly  found  on  bacteria)  
 
internal  organization.  
o The  cytoskeleton  is  a  network  of  protein  filaments  that  help  the  cell  to  
maintain  its  shape.    The  cytoskeleton  is  also  involved  in  ________________________.  
• _______________________________-­  threadlike  structures  made  of  a  protein  called  actin.      
• _______________________________-­  hollow  structures  made  up  of  tubulin.    They  help  
maintain  cell  shape  and  help  with  ________________________________________________.      
• _____________________________  are  also  formed  from  tubulin.  
o Centrioles  are  only  found  in  _______________________________________________.  
 
 
 
 
• Most  cell  walls  are  made  of  _________________________________________  and  __________________.  
Plant  cell  walls  are  composed  mostly  of  ___________________________.  a  tough  
carbohydrate  that  can  provide  rigidity  to  the  plant.    
• The  main  function  of  the  cell  wall  is  to  provide  ______________________  and  
_________________________________  to  the  cell  
 
FLUID  MOSAIC  MODEL  
• Fluid  Mosaic  Model-­  membrane  is  a  fluid  structure  with  a  “mosaic”  of  various  
__________________________________)  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
bilayer.    (Ex:  integrins)  
entire  membrane.  
• ________________________  Proteins-­  loosely  bound  to  the  surface  of  the  membrane.    Not  
embedded  at  all.  
molecules  to  move  through.  
them  across  the  membrane.  
DIFFUSION  
• Diffusion-­  movement  of  molecules  of  any  substance  until  they  spread  out  evenly  in  
the  available  space.    (equilibrium).  
• Diffusion  is  a  ______________________________  process,  needing  no  energy  input.  
• Rule  of  Diffusion:  in  the  absence  of  a  force,  a  substance  will  diffuse  from  _____________  
concentration  to  __________  concentration.  
by  the  concentration  of  other  substances.  
• Diffusion  is  a  form  of  ______________________________________________-­  movement  that  does  
not  require  the  cell  to  use  energy.  
 
 
 
• Osmosis-­  the  diffusion  of  _____________________.    Water  diffuses  from  the  region  of  
lower  solute  concentration  (higher  free  water  concentration)  to  the  area  of  higher  
solute  concentration  (lower  free  water  concentration)-­  until  equilibrium  is  reached.  
o  Osmosis  is  a  method  of  _____________________  transport  
 
(water  in  =  water  out)  
• ___________________________-­  concentration  outside  the  cell  is  greater  than  inside  the  cell.    
(water  leaves)  
• ___________________________-­  concentration  outside  the  cell  is  less  than  inside  the  cell.    
(water  enters)  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(or  help)  the  diffusion  of  molecules  across  the  cell  membrane.  
• Still  requires  movement  from  an  area  of  ______________________  
concentration  to  ________________________  concentration.  
• Does  not  require  _______________________.  
• Frequently  involves  _________________________  molecules.    
• Active  Transport-­  moves  solute  from  low  to  high  concentration.    Requires  __________  
(usually  _____________).    Uses  carrier  proteins.  
o Active  transport  allows  a  cell  to  have  an  internal  concentration  different  from  
its  surroundings.  
transport  that  exchanges  Na+  for  K+  across  the  plasma  membrane.  
• Membrane  Potential  –  the  difference  in  _________________  across  the  cell  membrane.    
(ranges  from  -­50  to  -­200  mV)  
o The  inside  of  the  cell  is  ______________________  relative  to  the  outside.  
 
membrane.  Requires  energy.  
forming  new  vesicles  from  the  plasma  membrane.  
• Phagocytosis-­  cell  ___________________  
• Pinocytosis-­  cell  _____________________  
• Unicellular  Organism-­  organism  with  _____  cell.  
o Do  everything  a  multicellular  organism  can  do  (grow,  respond  to  
environment,  transform  energy,  reproduce,  etc).  
o Outnumber  multicellular  organisms.  
• Multicellular  Organisms-­  have  _________________  cells.  
o Require  ____________________________________________________-­  where  cells  develop  in  
different  ways  that  allow  them  to  perform  unique  tasks.  
 
• ________________________-­  groups  of  similar  cells  that  perform  a  particular  function.  
• ________________________-­  groups  of  tissues  working  together.  
• _______________________________________-­  a  group  of  organs  that  work  together  to  perform  
a  specific  function.    
exterior  body  surfaces.  
• ___________________________-­  provides  support  for  the  body  and  connects  all  body  parts.  
• ___________________________-­  transmits  nerve  impulses  throughout  the  body.  
• ___________________________-­  enables  the  body  to  move.  
   
 
 
 
 
can  reproduce  indefinitely  and  under  appropriate  
conditions,  differentiate  into  specialized  cells.  
  BACTERIAL  CELL  
_________________________.  
_______________________________________.  
• Contain  _____________________  to  help  with  locomotion.  
• Many  bacterial  cells  also  contain  ______________,  which  help  them  attach  onto  other  
surfaces.