Cell OrganellesCell Organelles

3-3-22

Animal cell anatomyAnimal cell anatomy

3-3-33

Plant cell anatomyPlant cell anatomy

Anatomy of a ProtistAnatomy of a Protist

Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesOrganelleOrganelle= “little organ”= “little organ”

Found only inside Found only inside eukaryotic cellseukaryotic cells

All the stuff in between All the stuff in between the organelles is the organelles is cytosolcytosol

Everything in a cell Everything in a cell except the nucleus is except the nucleus is cytoplasm cytoplasm

- found in all cellsfound in all cells

Cell MembraneCell MembraneBoundary of the cellBoundary of the cell

Made of a phospholipid bilayerMade of a phospholipid bilayer

Regulates what enters and leaves the cellRegulates what enters and leaves the cell

NucleusNucleusControl center of the cellControl center of the cell

Contains Contains chromatinchromatin

- - DNA and proteinDNA and protein

DNA contains genetic infoDNA contains genetic info

Surrounded by a Surrounded by a Nuclear Nuclear

Envelope Envelope -- double layer of double layer of membranemembrane

- - contains openings called contains openings called nuclear pores nuclear pores which allow which allow materials to pass into and out of materials to pass into and out of the nucleusthe nucleus

Nucleolus Nucleolus - makes ribosome - makes ribosome parts – rRNA and proteinparts – rRNA and protein

CytoskeletonCytoskeletonActs as Acts as skeletonskeleton and and musclemuscle

Provides shape and Provides shape and structurestructure

Helps move organelles Helps move organelles around the cellaround the cell

Made of three types of Made of three types of filaments – all 3 are filaments – all 3 are made of proteinmade of protein

CentrioleCentrioleAids in cell divisionAids in cell division

Usually found only in Usually found only in animal cellsanimal cells

Made of microtubulesMade of microtubules

Where else have we talked about microtubules?

Endoplasmic Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

A.k.a. “ER”A.k.a. “ER”Connected to nuclear Connected to nuclear membranemembraneHighway of the cellHighway of the cellRough ERRough ER: studded : studded with ribosomes; it with ribosomes; it collects proteins made collects proteins made by ribosmesby ribosmesSmooth ERSmooth ER: no : no ribosomes; it makes ribosomes; it makes lipids – detoxifies lipids – detoxifies alcoholalcohol

RibosomeRibosomeSite of protein Site of protein synthesissynthesis

Found attached to Found attached to rough ER or floating rough ER or floating free in cytoplasmfree in cytoplasm

Ribosomes in Ribosomes in cytoplasm can form cytoplasm can form groups called groups called polysomespolysomes That looks familiar…what is a That looks familiar…what is a

polypeptidepolypeptide??

Golgi ApparatusGolgi ApparatusLooks like a stack of Looks like a stack of platesplates

Stores, modifies and Stores, modifies and packages proteinspackages proteins

Molecules transported Molecules transported to and from the Golgi to and from the Golgi by means of by means of vesiclesvesicles

- vesicles are sacks of - vesicles are sacks of membrane which membrane which transport materials transport materials through out the cellthrough out the cell

Some vesicles become lysosomes

Some vesicles travel to the cell membrane where their contents are excreted

LysosomesLysosomesRecycling center of Recycling center of the cellthe cell

Contain digestive Contain digestive enzymes that break enzymes that break down worn out cell down worn out cell parts, large molecules parts, large molecules and wastesand wastes

Which organelles do lysosomes work with?

MitochondriaMitochondria““Powerhouse of the Powerhouse of the cell”cell”Cellular respirationCellular respiration occurs here to release occurs here to release energy in the form of energy in the form of ATP for the cell to useATP for the cell to useBound by a double Bound by a double membranemembraneHas its own loop of Has its own loop of DNA – like bacterial DNA – like bacterial DNADNA

ChloroplastChloroplastFound in plant cells Found in plant cells and some protistsand some protists

Contains the green Contains the green pigment pigment chlorophyllchlorophyll

Site of photosynthesisSite of photosynthesis

- produces sugar - produces sugar

double membranedouble membrane

contains a loop of DNA contains a loop of DNA like bacterial DNAlike bacterial DNA

Cell WallCell WallFound in Found in plantplant, fungi , fungi and and bacterialbacterial cells cells

Rigid, protective Rigid, protective barrierbarrier

Located Located outsideoutside of the of the cell membranecell membrane

Made of cellulose Made of cellulose ((fiberfiber))

VacuolesVacuolesLarge Large central vacuole central vacuole found found in many in many plantplant cells: contains cells: contains water, salt etc..water, salt etc..

- forms over time as many - forms over time as many smaller vacuoles fuse together smaller vacuoles fuse together – can be 80% of cells interior– can be 80% of cells interior

Smaller Smaller vacuoles vacuoles foundfound in in animalanimal cells cells

- - food vacuolesfood vacuoles – form when – form when a cell engulfs fooda cell engulfs food

- - contractile vacuolescontractile vacuoles found found in some freshwater protists-in some freshwater protists-pump out excess waterpump out excess water

What type of microscope may have been used to take this picture?

Vacuoles in Animal Cells

Movement - FlagellaMovement - Flagella

FlagellaFlagella – Long hair-like structure – found in some bacteria, and eukaryotic cells

- most eukaryotes with flagella have a single flagella

- flagella are made of

bundles of

microtubules

Movement - CiliaMovement - Cilia

CiliaCilia – – Short oar-like structures that canShort oar-like structures that can

move the cell or be used to be move other move the cell or be used to be move other thingsthings

- found in animal cells and some protists- found in animal cells and some protists

- found in our throats to move mucus- found in our throats to move mucus

Quick ReviewQuick ReviewWhich organelle is the control center of the cell? Which organelle is the control center of the cell? NucleusNucleus

Which organelle holds the cell together?Which organelle holds the cell together?Cell membraneCell membrane

Which organelles are not found in animal cells?Which organelles are not found in animal cells?Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplastsCell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts

Which organelle helps plant cells make food?Which organelle helps plant cells make food?ChloroplastsChloroplasts

What does E.R. stand for?What does E.R. stand for?Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum

What do you need to know to be an What do you need to know to be an organelle Pro?organelle Pro?

cytosol* cytoplasm* cytoskeleton* cytosol* cytoplasm* cytoskeleton*

cell/plasma membrane* nucleus* nuclear envelope* cell/plasma membrane* nucleus* nuclear envelope*

nuclear pores* nucleolus* centriolenuclear pores* nucleolus* centrioleA

Rough E R* Smooth E R* Rough E R* Smooth E R* ribosomes*ribosomes*

golgi apparatus* vesicles* lysosomes*golgi apparatus* vesicles* lysosomes*

mitochondria* chloroplastmitochondria* chloroplastP cell wall cell wallP

flagella*flagella* cilia cilia

vacuoles – centralvacuoles – centralP, food, foodA and contractile and contractile Know which organelles are found in both plants and Know which organelles are found in both plants and animals * found only in animal cells animals * found only in animal cells A found only in plant found only in plant cells cells P