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8/11/2019 Cell Structure and Function.pdf
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Cell Structure and Function
Eukaryot ic Cell : Neuron
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Cell Structure and Function
Eukaryot ic Cel ls :
Blo od Cells
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Cell Structure and Function
Prokaryo t ic Cells: Bacteria
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Cell Structure and Function
All living organisms are made of cells. A
cell is a small, membrane enclosed
structure filled with an aqueous solution
where organelles and other subcellularstructures are found.
Cells are of different size and shape
The cells size and shape can be related to
its specific function.
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From Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes
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From Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes
It is thought that all organisms living now onEarth are derived from a single cell born 3,500millions of years (my) ago.
This primordial cell was defined by an outermembrane ? one of the crucial events leadingto the establishment of life on Earth
Simple organic molecules are likely to have
been produced in the conditions that existed onthe Earth in its infant state (approximately duringits first billion years)
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Unicellular vs. Multicellular
Organisms
Why unicellular?
Why multicellular? Unicel lu lar - Am oeba proteus
Multicellular
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Can we see cells?
Ye
sNo
50%50%
1. Yes
2. No
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Can We See Cells?
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Structural Features of Cells:
Outside Covers
All cells have a
plasma or cell
membrane, which
contains the cell Plant cells and most
bacteria have an
outermost additional
layer, theplant cellwall and the bacterial
cell wall respectively
Plant Cell Wall
Adipo se Cells (Ad)
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Outside Covers: The Plant Cell
Wall The plant cell wall is the
outermost layer of plantcells
It provides extra
protection to the plantand cohesiveness amongneighbor plant cells. Whydo plants need theseextra features?
Cell walls of adjacentplant cells are in closecommunication throughplasmodesmata
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Structural Features of Cells: Inner
Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
No nuc leus or membrane-enclosed organel les in prok aryot ic cel ls .
R ibosomes p resen t .
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Structural Features of Cells: Inner
Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
Electron Microg raph of Bacteria (Cross and
Long itudinal Sections)
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Which one of these would not be
found in a prokaryotic cell?
ribosom
es
cellm
embrane
nucleus D
NA
25% 25%25%25%1. ribosomes
2. cell membrane
3. nucleus4. DNA
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cellulose: plasmodesmata :protection and
cohesiveness: outermost cell cover
anim
alcellm
embrane
prokary
oticcell
me...
plantcell
membrane
33% 33%33%
1. animal cellmembrane
2. prokaryotic cellmembrane
3. plant cell membrane
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Structural Features of Cells: Inner
Structures of Eukaryotic Cells
Pancreatic Cell : In Eukaryotic Cells, Nucleus, Cytoplasm , andMembrane- bound ed Organel les Are Present
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Inner Structures of Eukaryotic
Cells: The Nucleus The nucleus of eukaryotic cells
is contained by the nuclearenvelope, which is made oftwo membranes (inner andouter) decorated withporecomplexes
Inside the nucleus, chromatin(DNA + DNA associatedproteins) and a nucleolus arepresent
The nuclear lamina (made ofintermediate filaments) covers
the inner nuclear membrane,helping in the maintenance ofnuclear shape
The nucleus hosts the geneticmaterial (DNA and RNA)
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Inner Structures of Eukaryotic
Cells: The Nucleus
Ribosom es are present in the outer nuc lear memb rane
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Inner Structures of Eukaryotic
Cells: The Nucleus
Transmis sion Electron Micrograph (TEM) ofHemocyte Nuc leus
Freeze Fracture Replica of a Nucleus: Outer
Membrane and Pore Complexes
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Some Eukaryotic Cells Lose Their
Nucleus as They Mature
TEM of Human Enuc leated Erythro cytes (Er)
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Nuclear envelope refers to:
outer
nuclearmembrane
nuclearporecomplexes
outer
andinner
nucl...
none
oftheabo
ve
25% 25%25%25%
1. outer nuclear membrane2. nuclear pore complexes
3. outer and inner nuclearmembrane and porecomplexes
4. none of the above
I St t f E k ti C ll
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Inner Structures of Eukaryotic Cells:
Cytoplasmic Membrane- bounded
Organelles
An imal Cell Plant Cell
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Different Cytoplasmic Organelles
Perform Distinct Cell Functions
Production, circulation,
storage, and delivery of
substances produced or
taken by the cell (those
organelles constitute theendomembrane system)
Production of energy
Movement and
maintenance of the cellsshape
Chloro plasts in Plant
Cells
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Different Cytoplasmic Organelles
Perform Distinct Cell Functions
Organel les of Anim al Cel ls
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Different Cytoplasmic Organelles
Perform Distinct Cell Functions
Organel les of Plant Cells
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Organelles of the
Endomembrane System
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Organelles of the Endomembrane
System: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
The ER is const i tu ted o f smooth (SER) and rou gh (RER) regions.
Both animal and plant cel ls have SER and RER
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Organelles of the Endomembrane
System: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) The ER is a membrane bounded
organelle. The smooth and roughregions of the ER areinterconnected
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes. It isa network of pipe-likeinterconnected tubes. Functionsof the SER include synthesis oflipids, processing of sugars, anddetoxification of drugs andpoisons
Rough ER has bound ribosomesattached to the outside. The RERis in fact an extension of the outernuclear membrane. Functions ofthe RER include anchorage ofnewly synthesize proteins, and thefinishing of proteins
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Organelles of the Endomembrane
System: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Pancreatic Cell : In Eukaryotic Cells, Nucleus, Cytoplasm , andOrganelles Are Present. ER, Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Organelles of the Endomembrane
System: Golgi Apparatus
The Golg i App aratus is a s ing le m embrane-bounded o rganel le
con st i tu ted of pi led sac- l ike cisternae. Both animal and plant
ce l ls have Golg i Apparatus
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Organelles of the Endomembrane
System: Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi Apparatus receives, packs, and ships vesicles comingfrom the ER, or from other parts of the cell back to the ER
Vesicles arriving from the ER (on cis side) coalesce in the Golgiapparatus, where they mature and form new vesicles that would beshipped (from trans side) to other cell locations
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Organelles of the Endomembrane
System: Golgi Apparatus
Golg i Apparatus in Neuron
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Organelles of the Endomembrane
System: Vesicles and Lysosomes
Transpor t and Secre tory Ves ic les (s ing le membrane-
bou nded organel les) . Both animal and plant cel ls havet rans o rt ves ic les
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Organelles of the Endomembrane
System: Vesicles
Pancreat ic Secretory Cell : Basal and Apical Parts
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Organelles of the Endomembrane
System: Vesicles and Lysosomes
Lyso som es are typical of animal cel ls ; lysosom es are vesic les that contain hydrolyt ic
enzymes. Tay-Sachs is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutat ions inlysosomal enzymes
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How Do Vesicles, Lysosomes, and
Vacuoles Move?
Cytoskeletal e lements and m otor prote ins interact with the vesic le s sur face
receptor proteins. Such interaction leads to vesicle mo vement.
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Organelles of the Endomembrane
System: Central Vacuole
Mature plants generallycontain a large centralvacuole that may occupy50-90% of the cells
interior The central vacuole is asingle membrane-bounded organelle. Suchcell membrane is termed
tonoplast The central vacuole
stores a variety of organicand inorganic compounds
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Organelles of the Endomembrane
System
Plasma Membrane and Nuclear Envelope
Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER, RER)
Golgi Apparatus Transport, Secretory Vesicles, and
Vacuoles
Lysosomes (only in animal cells) Central Vacuole (only in plant cells)
O ll f th d b t t l
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Organelles of the endomembrane system control
production, circulation, storage, and delivery of
substances produced or taken by the cell
True
False
50%50%
1. True
2. False
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trans side : sorting of vesicles
:secretion of vesicles
SER
RER
Golgi
apparatus
centralvacuole
25% 25%25%25%
1. SER
2. RER
3. Golgi apparatus
4. central vacuole
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cell storage: tonoplast
:endomembrane system
SER
RER
Golgiapparatus
centralvacuole
25% 25%25%25%1. SER
2. RER
3. Golgi apparatus4. central vacuole
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Energy- Producing Organelles
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Energy- Producing Organelles:
Mitochondria
Mitocho ndria are dou ble membrane- bou nded organelles present in nearly al l
eukaryotic cel ls (plant, animals, fungi, etc.). Mitocho ndria proc ess
macromolecules to obtain energy throu gh a process termed aerobic
respiration . Mitocho ndria have their own DNA (mito cho ndrial DNA, mDNA)
and ribosomes in thei r matr ix .
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O
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Energy- Producing Organelles:
Chloroplasts
Chloroplast areplastids that contain the green pigment chlorophyllalong with other photosynthetic pigments. Chloroplasts performphotosynthesis
Chloroplasts are double membrane-bounded organelles present inplant cells.
In the stroma, chloroplast DNA and ribosomes can be found
E P d i O ll
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Energy- Producing Organelles:
Chloroplasts
If ll did t h it h d i
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If a cell did not have mitochondria,
it would be unable to:
move
produceenergy
synthe
tizelipids
an...
allofth
eabo
ve
25% 25%25%25%
1. move
2. produce energy3. synthetize lipids and move
vesicles
4. all of the above
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Select the choice that indicates organelles
bounded by a double membrane
Golgiapparatus
&ve...
SER&RER
mito
chondria&chlor
...
allofth
eabo
ve
25% 25%25%25%
1. Golgi apparatus &
vesicles
2. SER & RER
3. mitochondria &
chloroplasts
4. all of the above
E P d i O ll
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Energy- Producing Organelles:
Chloroplasts
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M t P d i O ll
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Movement- Producing Organelles
and Cytoskeleton
Motion produc ed by ci l ia or f lagel la
Motion of ves ic les prov ided by c ytoske le ton
Amoebo idal movemen t p rov ided by cy toske leton
M t P d i O ll
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Movement- Producing Organelles
and Cytoskeleton
Skeleta l Muscle and Cardiac Mu scle
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Shape Maintenance and Movement- Producing
Organelles and Cytoskeleton: The Cytoskeleton
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Movement- Producing Organelles and
Cytoskeleton: The Cytoskeleton
Microtubules grow out
from a centrosome, a
microtubule-
organizing region. Inanimal cells, the
centrosome contains
a pair of centrioles
Centrioles are madeof nine triplets of
microtubules
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Movement- Producing Organelles and
Cytoskeleton: Cilia and Flagella
Cil ia and flagel la are extensions of the plasma memb rane that con tain an array of nin e pairs
of peripheral mic rotub ules and a central one (9+2 array). Cil ia and flagel la are roo ted on the
basal body , con sti tuted of nine peripheral tr iplets of microtu bules. Cil ia are sho rter than
flagella
M P d i O ll d
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Movement- Producing Organelles and
Cytoskeleton: Flagella
Flagella propel the
cell (flagellatedcell) in
a whip-like motion
Sperm cells ofanimals, plants, and
algae are flagellated
Sperm Cel ls in Semini ferous Tubules
M t P d i O ll d
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Movement- Producing Organelles and
Cytoskeleton: Cilia
Cilia provide movementto free-swimmingeukaryotic unicellularorganisms (i.e.Paramecium)
In multicellularorganisms, they generallyconstitute ciliatedepithelia (i.e. trachea and
oviducts). What is thefunction of these ciliatedepithelia?
Ciliated Cells in Tracheal Epithelia
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Thi ll b l t th
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This organelle belongs to the
endomembrane system. Do you agree?
Yes N
o
50%50%
1. Yes
2. No
Thi ll b l t th
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This organelle belongs to the
endomembrane system. Do you agree?
Yes No
50%50%
1. Yes
2. No