Cell Structure &

Function

Chapter Outline

(a) identify cell structures (including organelles) of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique:

• chloroplasts

• cell membrane

• cell wall

• cytoplasm

• cell vacuoles

• nucleus

What is a cell?

• Building blocks of life

• Simplest units of life

• Chemical reactions in the cell keeps us

alive

Cells

White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells

Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Other Examples of Cells

Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell

Bacteria

Cell Structures in Plant

and Animal Cells • nucleus

• cytoplasm

• cell membrane

• cell wall

• cell vacuoles

• mitochondria

• chloroplasts

Animal and Plant Cells

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell Structure and Function:

http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

Animal Cell

Animal Cell

Nucleus

Functions of the nucleus:

1. Controls cell activities such as

cell growth and the repair of

worn-out parts

2. Essential for cell division

3. “Brains” of the cell

Nucleus

Cytoplasm • A gel-like substance enclosed within the cell

membrane; it is mostly water

• Contains enzymes and organelles

Organelles in the Cytoplasm

• Mitochondria

• Chloroplasts (only in plant cells)

• Cell vacuoles

Mitochondria

• Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria

• Energy production

• Energy used to perform cell activities such as

growth and reproduction

Vacuoles in Animal Cells

• A vacuole is a fluid-filled space

enclosed by a membrane

• Animal cells have many small

vacuoles that contain water and food

substances such as proteins and

carbohydrates

Label and identify the diagram

Pop Quiz!

A

B

C

D

F

E

Plant Cell

Plant Cells:

http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

Plant Cell

Differences Between Animal

and Plant Cells

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Cell wall absent Cell wall present

Chloroplasts absent Chloroplasts present

Vacuoles are small,

temporary in animal cells

Vacuoles are large, sap-

filled in plant cells

Cell Wall

• Surrounds the cell surface

membrane

• Cell wall is made of

cellulose

• Protects the cell from injury

• Gives the plant cell a fixed

shape

• Cell wall is fully permeable

Chloroplasts

• Found only in plant

cells

• Chloroplasts contain a

green pigment called

chlorophyll

• Chlorophyll is essential

for photosynthesis, the

process by which plants

make food

Vacuoles in Plant Cells

• Plant cells usually have

a large central vacuole

which contains a liquid

called cell sap

• Cell sap contains

dissolved substances

such as sugars, mineral

salts and amino acids

Pop Quiz!

Label and identify the diagram

A

B

C

F

D

E

Specialized Cells

Red Blood Cell

Root Hair Cell

Nerve Cell Egg Cell

Cell Differentiation

The process by which cells develop special structures or lose certain structures to enable them to carry out specific functions.

Hence, cells become differentiated to form specialized cells.

The structure of each cell is adapted to perform the specific functions of the cell.

Cell Differentiation

How do cells

work together in

a multi-cellular

organism?

Organisation in Living Things:

http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

Tissue A tissue is a group of similar cells which work together

to perform a specific function.

Examples of tissues:

• Muscle, the lining of the intestine, the lining of the

lungs, phloem, root hair tissue

Connective

Tissue

Organ Different tissues may be combined together to form

organs.

An organ is a structure made up of different tissues

working together to perform a specific function.

Examples of organs:

• Heart, lung, brain, leaf, root

Lungs

An organ is a structure made up of different

tissues working together to perform a

specific function.

Organ System

Organs work together to

form organ systems.

Various systems work

together to make up the

entire organism.

Examples of organ systems:

• Circulatory system,

respiratory system,

digestive system,

nervous system and

reproductive system

Circulatory System

System Organs Circulatory Heart

Veins

Arteries

Capillaries

Nervous Nerves/Neurons

Brain

Spinal Cord

Respiratory Trachea/Nose/Mouth

Lungs

Organs work together to form organ

systems.