Cell Structure

&Organelle Function

What is the Cell Theory?

• The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in the human body.

• It can be specialized to do many things.• Main job is to make proteins.

Cell Structure• Consists of a mass of cytoplasm (jell like

insides), within a cell membrane.

• Inside the cytoplasm are the organelles.

Cell Structure• Nucleus: (The brain, control center)–Surrounded by a double layer

membrane.–Contains the DNA, called Chromatin.• Controls cell activities.

Cell nucleusNuclear membrane

chromatin

nucleolus

Cell Structure• Nucleolus: (Ribosome factory)

– Found inside the nucleus.–Makes ribosomes.

Cell Structure• Ribosomes:

– Protein factory. Makes proteins by taking amino acids and connecting them into chains.

ribosome

ER

Cell Structure• Endoplasmic Reticulum: (assembly line)

– A network of passageways made from membranes that transports proteins around the cell.

– Rough ER has ribosomes.– Smooth ER has NO ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Cell Structure• Golgi Complex : (UPS of the cell)

– A series of saclike membranes where proteins are packaged, stored, and shipped off to their destinations.

Cell Structure•Mitochondria : (power plant of

the cell)– Organelle covered by a double membrane, where

cellular respiration takes place. Burn sugar (glucose) to make energy (ATP)

Cell Structure•Chloroplasts (solar panels) : (plant

cells only: Solar Power)– Double membrane sacs that contain

Chlorophyll. – It can take light energy and convert it into

sugar (glucose) by Photosynthesis.

Cell Structure• Lysosomes (recycle bin):– Vesicles(Sacs) filled with digestive enzymes and

acid. They break down and recycle old organelles in the cell.

• Peroxisomes (Germ-X):– Vesicles (Sacs) filled with enzymes that break

down toxins in the cell.

Cell Structure•Cytoskeleton : (skeleton of the cell)– A net-like framework that gives the cell its shape.– Composed of threadlike proteins called

microfilaments, microtubules.

Cell Structure• Vacuoles:• Stores water and dissolved mineral cells. In

plants there is one large central vacuole.

Cell Structure• Cell Wall:– Found only in PLANTS. (found also in

prokaryotes/bacteria)– Rigid layer of cellulose outside the membrane

that supports plant cells.

cell membrane cell wall

Cell Structure• Cell Membrane: (fence around the cell)– Semipermeable barrier that controls what enters

and leaves the cell