Cell Cell StructureStructure

Two Types of CellsTwo Types of Cells ProkaryotesProkaryotes

Pro = beforePro = before Karyon = nucleusKaryon = nucleus Lacks:Lacks:

NucleusNucleus Internal Internal

compartments compartments (membrane bound (membrane bound organelles)organelles)

Small, simple, single-Small, simple, single-celled organismscelled organisms

BACTERIABACTERIA

EukaryotesEukaryotes Eu = trueEu = true Karyon = nucleusKaryon = nucleus Has:Has:

Nucleus Nucleus Internal Internal

compartments compartments (membrane bound (membrane bound organelles)organelles)

Complex, multi-celled Complex, multi-celled organismsorganisms

PLANTS & PLANTS & ANIMALSANIMALS

Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells

BacteriaBacteria Have no nuclei or internal compartmentsHave no nuclei or internal compartments Small, single-celled organismsSmall, single-celled organisms

Prokaryotic StructuresProkaryotic Structures

Cell wallCell wall surrounds the cell surrounds the cell

membrane and provides membrane and provides structure and supportstructure and support

Can have three shapes:Can have three shapes:coccus (spherical)coccus (spherical)bacillus (rod-shaped)bacillus (rod-shaped)spirillum (spiral) spirillum (spiral)

Flagella/CiliaFlagella/Cilia(Factory Vehicles)(Factory Vehicles)

threadlike threadlike structuresstructures

protrude from the protrude from the cell’s surfacecell’s surface

allows for allows for movementmovement

Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

Animal Cells or Plant CellsAnimal Cells or Plant Cells Have a nucleus and organellesHave a nucleus and organelles Complex and multi-celledComplex and multi-celled

Eukaryotic StructureEukaryotic Structure

Animal Cell Plant Cell

All Cells Have:All Cells Have:

Cell (plasma) membraneCell (plasma) membraneCytoplasmCytoplasmRibosomesRibosomesDNADNA

Cell (Plasma) MembraneCell (Plasma) Membrane(POLICEMAN)(POLICEMAN)

Separates the cell from its environmentSeparates the cell from its environment Regulates what enters and exits the cellRegulates what enters and exits the cell Protects the cellProtects the cell

CytoplasmCytoplasm(RIVER)(RIVER)

Semi-fluid (jelly-like) interior of the cellSemi-fluid (jelly-like) interior of the cell What holds the cell’s structuresWhat holds the cell’s structures

CentriolesCentrioles(DIVIDERS)(DIVIDERS)

ONLY IN ANIMAL ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLSCELLS

Make microtubules Make microtubules (for cytoskeleton)(for cytoskeleton)

Help cells divideHelp cells divide Found in pairs next Found in pairs next

to nucleusto nucleus

NucleusNucleus(BRAIN)(BRAIN)

Control Control (information) (information) centercenter

Manages all cell Manages all cell functionsfunctions

Contains DNAContains DNA

Nuclear Membrane/EnvelopeNuclear Membrane/Envelope(GUARD OF NUCLEUS)(GUARD OF NUCLEUS)

Separates the nucleus from the Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cellrest of the cell

Regulates what enters and exits Regulates what enters and exits the nucleusthe nucleus

Protects the nucleusProtects the nucleus

NucleolusNucleolus(RIBOSOME MAKER)(RIBOSOME MAKER)

Found inside Found inside the nucleusthe nucleus

Makes Makes ribosomesribosomes

RibosomesRibosomes(BUILDERS)(BUILDERS)

Are “free” (scattered Are “free” (scattered in cytoplasm) or in cytoplasm) or attached to rough attached to rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum.reticulum.

Make (synthesize) Make (synthesize) proteinsproteins

ChromatinChromatin(DNA)(DNA)

Genetic informationGenetic information DNA provides the DNA provides the

instructions for all instructions for all the activities that the activities that occur in a celloccur in a cell

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE)(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE)

Network of membranes (2 Kinds)Network of membranes (2 Kinds)

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE)(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE)

Rough ERRough ERRibosomes Ribosomes attachedattached

Move proteins Move proteins through cellthrough cell

Where proteins Where proteins are madeare made

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE)(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE)

Smooth ERSmooth ERNo ribosomes attachedNo ribosomes attachedMake lipids; break down toxic Make lipids; break down toxic substancessubstances

Golgi Apparatus/BodyGolgi Apparatus/Body(MAILMAN/UPS)(MAILMAN/UPS)

Processes, packages and ships new Processes, packages and ships new proteinsproteins

Flattened membraneFlattened membrane

VesiclesVesicles(VEHICLES)(VEHICLES)

Small sac that transports thingsSmall sac that transports things Takes newly made proteins from Takes newly made proteins from

the ER to the Golgi apparatus the ER to the Golgi apparatus

VesicleER Golgi apparatus

new proteins

LysosomesLysosomes(TRASHMAN)(TRASHMAN)

Contain digestive Contain digestive enzymesenzymes

Digest worn out Digest worn out cell parts, food, cell parts, food, or invadersor invaders

VacuolesVacuoles(WAREHOUSE/STORAGE)(WAREHOUSE/STORAGE)

Stores water, food, wastes, and other Stores water, food, wastes, and other materialsmaterials

VacuolesVacuoles(WAREHOUSE/STORAGE)(WAREHOUSE/STORAGE)

When full gives When full gives plants rigidityplants rigidity

Animal cells only have Animal cells only have small vacuolessmall vacuoles

Plants have a CENTRAL VACUOLEPlants have a CENTRAL VACUOLEVery largeVery large

MitochondriaMitochondria(POWERPLANT)(POWERPLANT)

Produces energy Produces energy for the cellfor the cell

Uses food Uses food (glucose) and (glucose) and oxygen to make oxygen to make energyenergy

Have own DNA Have own DNA and ribosomesand ribosomes

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton(FRAMEWORK)(FRAMEWORK)

Microscopic fibersMicroscopic fibersMicrotubules and Microtubules and

MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton(FRAMEWORK)(FRAMEWORK)

Microfilaments:Microfilaments:threadlike structures made up of threadlike structures made up of

the protein actinthe protein actinproduce a tough, flexible produce a tough, flexible

framework that supports the cellframework that supports the cellhelp with movementhelp with movement

MicrotubulesMicrotubuleshollow structures made of tubulins hollow structures made of tubulins

(protein) that help maintain cell shape(protein) that help maintain cell shapeplay an important role in cell divisionplay an important role in cell divisionbuild projections from the cell surface—build projections from the cell surface—

cilia and flagella—that enable some cells cilia and flagella—that enable some cells to swim rapidly through liquidsto swim rapidly through liquids

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton(FRAMEWORK)(FRAMEWORK)

PLANT CELL ONLY!!!PLANT CELL ONLY!!!

ChloroplastChloroplast(CHEF)(CHEF)

Produce energy for cell by Produce energy for cell by photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Convert light energy into food energyConvert light energy into food energy Store as starchStore as starch

ONLY IN PLANT CELLSONLY IN PLANT CELLS Leukoplasts Leukoplasts

(COOKIE (COOKIE JARS)JARS)

Stores starchStores starch

Chromoplasts Chromoplasts (CRAYOLAS)(CRAYOLAS)

Stores colored Stores colored pigmentspigments

Cell WallCell Wall(SKELETON)(SKELETON)

ONLY IN PLANT CELLSONLY IN PLANT CELLS (and prokaryotes)(and prokaryotes)

Surrounds cell membraneSurrounds cell membrane Supports and protects cellSupports and protects cell

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

CELLCELL

The basic unit of life.The basic unit of life.

What is a group of cells working What is a group of cells working together?together?

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

TISSUETISSUE

A group of similar cells working A group of similar cells working together to perform a function.together to perform a function.

What is a group of tissues working What is a group of tissues working together?together?

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

ORGANORGAN

A group of similar tissues working A group of similar tissues working together to perform a function.together to perform a function.

What is a group of organs working What is a group of organs working together?together?

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

SYSTEMSYSTEM

A group of similar organs working A group of similar organs working together to perform a function.together to perform a function.

What is a group of organ systems What is a group of organ systems working together?working together?

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

ORGANISMORGANISM

A group of similar organ systems A group of similar organ systems working together to perform a working together to perform a function.function.