Cell StructuresCell Structures

The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory

All living things are composed of All living things are composed of cells.cells.

Cells are the basic units of Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living structure and function in living things.things.

New cells are produced from New cells are produced from existing cells.existing cells.

2 Basic Types of Cells2 Basic Types of Cells

ProkaryotesProkaryotes (prokaryotic cells) (prokaryotic cells)– Cells that Cells that DO NOTDO NOT have a have a nucleusnucleus– Examples: bacteriaExamples: bacteria

EukaryotesEukaryotes (eukaryotic cells) (eukaryotic cells)– Cells that Cells that DODO have a have a nucleusnucleus and and

other organellesother organelles– Examples: plant cells and animal Examples: plant cells and animal

cellscells

Cell StructuresCell Structures

Specialized structures that perform Specialized structures that perform specific functions in the cell are specific functions in the cell are called organelles.called organelles.

Organelle means “little organ”.Organelle means “little organ”.

1 - Name: Cell Wall1 - Name: Cell Wall 2 - 2 - PicturePicture – this should be an illustration that shows – this should be an illustration that shows

what the structure what the structure doesdoes; what is the ; what is the functionfunction of the of the structure? NOT a picture straight from textbook.structure? NOT a picture straight from textbook.

3 - 3 - DescriptionDescription of the picture that you came up with; of the picture that you came up with; Example: the offensive line protects the quarterback.Example: the offensive line protects the quarterback.

4 – 4 – FunctionFunction - How does your picture connect to the - How does your picture connect to the function of the cell part? function of the cell part? Example: the cell wall is like Example: the cell wall is like the walls of the factory because it supports and the walls of the factory because it supports and protects the factory.protects the factory.

5 - 5 - TypeType - Plant or Animal cell; Prokaryote or - Plant or Animal cell; Prokaryote or Eukaryote; Eukaryote; Example: found in all prokaryotes, fungi Example: found in all prokaryotes, fungi and, plant cells; NOT found in animal cells!!! and, plant cells; NOT found in animal cells!!!

Cell MembraneCell Membrane Physical Description: Physical Description: thin, flexible thin, flexible

barrierbarrier around the cell (just inside around the cell (just inside the cell wall OR the outside border of the cell wall OR the outside border of animal cells)animal cells)

Function: controls what Function: controls what enters and enters and leavesleaves the cell; support and the cell; support and protectionprotection

Type of Cell: found in Type of Cell: found in allall cells cells Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the security guardsecurity guard

of a factoryof a factory

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Physical Description: the Physical Description: the fluid-likefluid-like material inside the cell membranematerial inside the cell membrane

Function: contains the organelles; Function: contains the organelles; “cell jelly”“cell jelly”– Site for chemical reactionsSite for chemical reactions

Type of Cell: found in Type of Cell: found in allall cells cells Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the airair of a factory of a factory

NucleusNucleus

Physical Description: Physical Description: largelarge organelle that organelle that is usually near the center; is usually near the center; containscontains the the cell’s genetic material cell’s genetic material (DNA) (DNA) a boss a boss controls his/her employeescontrols his/her employees

Function: Function: controlscontrols the cells activities and the cells activities and Type of Cell: found in all Type of Cell: found in all eukaryoteseukaryotes Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the bossboss of a factory of a factory

Nuclear Membrane Nuclear Membrane (aka Nuclear Envelope)(aka Nuclear Envelope)

Physical Description: Physical Description: double layered double layered membranemembrane that surrounds the that surrounds the nucleus; has nucleus; has porespores

Function: Function: ProtectsProtects the nucleus; pores the nucleus; pores allow material allow material in and outin and out of the of the nucleus.nucleus.

Type of Cell: found in all Type of Cell: found in all eukaryoteseukaryotes Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the officeoffice of a of a

factoryfactory

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Physical Description: internal Physical Description: internal

membrane systemmembrane system 2 Types: 2 Types: Rough—has ribosomesRough—has ribosomes

Smooth—NO ribosomesSmooth—NO ribosomes Function: Function: Smooth—assembles Smooth—assembles

components of the cell membrane;components of the cell membrane; Rough—modifies proteinsRough—modifies proteins

Type of Cell: found in all Type of Cell: found in all eukaryoteseukaryotes Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the assembly lineassembly line

of a factoryof a factory

RibosomesRibosomes

Physical Description: Physical Description: veryvery small, small, roundround structures either structures either attachedattached to to the endoplasmic reticulum or the endoplasmic reticulum or freefree (floating in the cytoplasm)(floating in the cytoplasm)

Function: makes Function: makes proteinsproteins Type of Cell: found in all Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes eukaryotes

AND AND some prokaryotessome prokaryotes Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the workersworkers in a in a

factoryfactory

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Physical Description: Physical Description: stack of stack of membranesmembranes in the cytoplasm in the cytoplasm

Function: Function: attachesattaches carbohydrates carbohydrates and lipids to proteins; gives proteins and lipids to proteins; gives proteins the the “address”“address” of their final of their final destinationdestination

Type of Cell: found in all Type of Cell: found in all eukaryoteseukaryotes Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the mailroommailroom or or

packaging department of a factorypackaging department of a factory

LysosomeLysosome Physical Description: Physical Description: small, round small, round

sackssacks in the cytoplasm in the cytoplasm Function: Function: breaks downbreaks down lipids, lipids,

carbohydrates, and proteins into carbohydrates, and proteins into useable molecules; break down old useable molecules; break down old or damaged organellesor damaged organelles

Type of Cell: found in all Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes eukaryotes BUTBUT are very are very rarerare in in plant cellsplant cells

Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the janitorjanitor of a of a factoryfactory

VacuoleVacuole Physical Description: large, spacious Physical Description: large, spacious

sacksack in the cytoplasm in the cytoplasm Function: Function: storesstores materials for the cell materials for the cell

(water, food, waste, etc…)(water, food, waste, etc…) Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes

(usually (usually one largeone large vacuole vacuole in plantsin plants and and many smallmany small vacuoles vacuoles in animalsin animals))

Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the storage storage warehousewarehouse of a factory of a factory

MitochondriaMitochondria Physical Description: “bean-shaped” Physical Description: “bean-shaped”

organelle that has a organelle that has a folded inner folded inner membranemembrane (called cristae) (called cristae)

Function: use Function: use FOODFOOD to make high- to make high-ENERGYENERGY compounds for use by the compounds for use by the cellcell

Type of Cell: found in all Type of Cell: found in all eukaryoteseukaryotes Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the power plantpower plant or or

coal-burning furnace of a factorycoal-burning furnace of a factory

ChloroplastChloroplast

Physical Description: tubular Physical Description: tubular organelle that organelle that contains chlorophyllcontains chlorophyll (a (a green pigment)green pigment)

Function: use energy from Function: use energy from SUNLIGHTSUNLIGHT to to MAKE FOODMAKE FOOD molecules through molecules through photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Type of Cell: found in plant cellsType of Cell: found in plant cells Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the cafeteriacafeteria OR OR

solar energy panels of a factorysolar energy panels of a factory

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton Physical Description: a network of Physical Description: a network of

protein filaments in the cytoplasm; protein filaments in the cytoplasm; made of made of microtubules microtubules and and microfilamentsmicrofilaments

Function: helps Function: helps supportsupport the cell and the cell and maintain its maintain its shapeshape; ; movesmoves organelles organelles within the cell; aids in within the cell; aids in cell movementcell movement

Type of Cell: found in Type of Cell: found in allall cells cells Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the support beamssupport beams

and and cranescranes of a factory of a factory

CentriolesCentrioles

Physical Description: bundles of Physical Description: bundles of microtubulesmicrotubules

Function: part of the cytoskeleton Function: part of the cytoskeleton that that aids in cellular divisionaids in cellular division

Type of Cell: found in Type of Cell: found in animalanimal cells cells Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the cranescranes used to used to

move things in a factorymove things in a factory

Plant Cells vs. Animal CellsPlant Cells vs. Animal Cells

Cell WallCell Wall ChloroplastsChloroplasts No CentriolesNo Centrioles Lysosomes are Lysosomes are

rarerare 1 Large Vacuole1 Large Vacuole

No Cell WallNo Cell Wall No ChloroplastsNo Chloroplasts Centrioles Centrioles Lysosomes are Lysosomes are

commoncommon Several Small Several Small

VacuolesVacuoles

Animal CellAnimal Cell

Plant CellPlant Cell

Job of CellsJob of CellsThe main job of all cells is to The main job of all cells is to

make proteinsmake proteins Different cells make different typesDifferent cells make different types Protein production: Protein production:

– Ribosome Ribosome – Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum – Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus – Final Destination of the Protein Final Destination of the Protein

(may be outside of the cell)(may be outside of the cell)