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This is the lecture in which we took a tour of the cell. We skipped the first half of the slides discussing the abiotic origin of life. Skip ahead to the slide that asks the question: "why are cells so small?" and begin there!
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Abiotic Origin of Cells, Cell Theory and Tour of the Cell
“Big Idea” Question: How did MASSIVE eukaryotic cells evolve from smaller ancestral prokaryotic cells?
Review: Can you identify the macromolecules?
(and what are the names of their components?)
Cell Theory and A Tour of the Cell
! I. Review macromolecules ! II. Early Earth, the Origin of Life, and the RNA
World ! III. Cell Theory ! IV. A Tour of the Cell
The Earth’s Early Atmosphere
CH4 CH4
Stromatolites
Pioneers in Cell Biology: Louis Pasteur
How Did Life Originate?
! Four stages: ! Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules ! Joining these small molecules into macromolecule
polymers. ! Packaging molecules into “protobionts.” ! Origin of self-replicating molecules that make
inheritance possible.
! What is the physical evidence?
Experiments in the Origin of Life: Stanley Miller
Stage 1. Abiotically synthesized amino acids from simple molecules found in Earth’s early atmosphere.
Stage 2: Synthesis of polymers
Simple polymers like polypeptides of amino acids may have formed by dehydration synthesis on hot sand or clay and been washed back out by tides.
Simple spheres of lipids may have been the first
cell-like structures.
Stage 3: Packaging macromolecules into “protobionts”
Stage 4: Origin of Self-replicating molecules that make inheritance
possible.
How could these four stages have resulted in life?
Simple macromolecules and genetic material that can be copied and inherited packaged into a simple lipid membrane fulfills the requirements of a simple cell.
The cell: a minimalist view
! “Must haves:” ! A plasma membrane- delimiting boundary that
allow some passage of substances ! Genetic material- “the blueprint instructions” ! Ribosomes- The machinery that does the
building.
Pioneers in Cell Biology: Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke’s Microscope vs. the Modern Microscope
Pioneers in Cell Biology: Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Schleiden and Schwann
!"##$%&"'()$
1. All organisms are made of cells. 2. Cells are the structural and
functional units of life. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Tour of the Cell
Why are cells so small?
Eukaryotic Cells are MARVELS of Compartmentalization
A Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
The Nucleus
The Endomembrane System
Endomembrane System: Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Endomembrane System: The Golgi Apparatus
! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvfvRgk0MfA
The Endomembrane System: Lysosomes
The Endomembrane System: Review Video in your disk that came with the book!
Lysosome Formation
Vacuoles
The Energy Converters: Chloroplasts
The Energy Converters: Mitochondria
The cytoskeleton!!!
1. How do you provide structural integrity to the insides of a cell?
2. How can you provide SHAPE to a cell?
3. How can you MOVE stuff around inside of a cell?
4. How can you make a cell MOBILE?
What IS the cytoskeleton?
Cytoskeleton: participates in cell division!
http://www.youtube.com/v/P7m3WfzgZdI
Actin Microfilaments enable cells to move.
http://www.youtube.com/v/WAjeMV4Lkmw
Motor proteins carry their cargo and “walk” along microtubule “tracks”
http://www.youtube.com/v/4AnPVuzF7CA
How do cilia and flagella work?
http://www.youtube.com/v/ZQpx9s58xY8
Cell surfaces PROTECT, SUPPORT, and JOIN cells
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
Four Functional Categories of Eukaryotic Organelles
1. Manufacturing 2. Breakdown
3. Energy Converting 4. Support, Movement & Communication
a. Nucleus
b. Ribosomes
c. Rough ER
d. Smooth ER
e. Golgi Apparatus
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Vacuoles
a. Chloroplasts
b. Mitochondria
a. Cytoskeleton
b. Cell Walls
c. Extracellular Matrix
d. Cell Junctions
Which of the following is NOT a stage that could have resulted in the abiotic origin of cellular life?
A. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules B. Joining these small molecules into macromolecule
polymers. C. Spontaneous generation of animals from inorganic
material D. Packaging molecules into “protobionts.” E. Origin of self-replicating molecules that make
inheritance possible.
Eukaryotic cells are distinct from prokaryotic cells in that…
A. They contain genetic material B. They are able to metabolize food into energy C. They possess internalized membranes D. They possess ribosomes
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?
A. Provide shape and support for the cell. B. Convert energy from one form into another. C. Make the cell mobile. D. Participate in cell division.
Which of the following best summarizes the function of the
endomembrane system?
A. Enables a cell to be mobile. B. Provides support, and a means for
communication with other cells. C. Finishes proteins for secretion or functions in
the plasma membrane or inside other organelles.
D. The primary means by which messenger RNAs are translated into functional proteins.