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Cells and EnergyChapter 44.1 Chemical Energy and ATP4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration4.6 Fermentation
Chemical Energy and ATPATP is needed for ALL processes in the
cellMolecules in food like starch, sugars, and
fats store energy in the bonds
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule
ATP, ADP, AMP (forms of energy)
T = Tri= ThreeD = Di- TwoM = Mono= One
ATP- fully chargedADP- half chargedAMP- uncharged
ADP ATP
Energy
Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partiallychargedbattery
Fullychargedbattery
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
A = Adenosine (nitrogenous base)P = Phosphate
ATP transfers the energy from food to the cell function
Break bonds – Release energyATP ADP + P
Form bonds – store energyADP + P ATP
Where does ATP come from?
Living things have to break down carbon compounds to make ATP
We digest food: break down to carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Lipids 146 ATPCarbohydrates = 36 ATP
Proteins- usually broken down into amino acids- about the same amt of ATP as carbs
Plants don’t eat…How do plants get their
food?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS!
Process by which plants convert LIGHT ENERGY into CHEMICAL ENERGY (sugars)
LIGHT FOOD
How does one get energy?
Autotroph: Make their own food
Heterotroph: need to CONSUME food
Chemoautotroph: Do not Eat. Do not go through Photosynthesis. CHEMOSYNTHESIS - use CHEMICAL ENERGY to make ATP.
Live near cracks of ocean floorEnergy comes from chemicals Nitrogen-fixing bacteriaVideo
Section 4.1 ReviewWhat is the difference between an autotroph
and a heterotroph?
How are ADP and ATP related?
What is the use of chemicals for a source of energy known as?
Autotroph—makes own foodHeterotroph—needs to eat food
ADP is missing a phosphate (and energy)ATP has all 3 phosphate and lots of energyThey go back and forth
Chemosynthesis
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
Producers make their own food
Plants are producers.
Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.
Light + carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
Where does photosynthesis happen?
Chloroplast!
• Go inside a chloroplast.• Find a Thylakoid – disc-like
structure• Inside the thylakoid - Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy.
Two Processes of Photosynthesis
Light Dependent Reaction
Calvin Cycle or light independent reaction or dark reactions
Overview of Photosynthesi
sLight Dependent Reaction
1. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight.
Water is broken down Oxygen is released
2. Oxygen leaves the plant and goes into the air
3. ATP and NADPH are made to FUEL the Calvin cycle (Light independent reactions or also known as the dark reactions)
Calvin Cycle Light Independent
Dark reactions
1. CO2 is added to a cycle of reactions to build larger molecules (ATP and NADPH are used)
2. A molecule of simple sugar is formedGlucose (C6H12O6)
Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Overview
Light Dependent Reaction
Calvin Cycle
H2O(Water)
O2
(Oxygen)
CO2
Carbon dioxide
ATP NADPH
GlucoseC6H12O6
Section 4.2 ReviewWhat is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What goes into the light reactions? What comes out as a waste product? What is given off that is needed to power the Calvin Cycle.
What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out as a useful product? What else comes out that is needed for the light reactions?
Absorbs energy from sunlight
IN: light and waterWaste OUT: OxygenOUT: ATP and NAPDH
IN: CO2, ATP and NADPH OUT Product: Glucose (C6H12O6)OUT: ADP and NADP+
4.4 Overview of Cellular RespirationThere is LOTS of energy available in
GLUCOSE--FOOD.
If all the energy in food was released at once, you would blow up!
Energy has to be released and CAPTURED- a little bit at a time
Requirements: OXYGEN!
Where? In the mitochondria
mitochondrion
animal cell
Big PictureGLUCOSE
Then
With oxygen
Aerobic Respiratio
n
Without oxygen
Fermentation
Alcoholic
Lactic Acid
Glycolysis
Not a lot of ATP made
Glycolysis- splitting sugar
First Step
anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
takes place in cytoplasm
splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules
produces some ATP molecules in the process
If there IS Oxygen: Two Stages of Cellular
Respiration Occur1. Krebs cycle
O2 is required
Breaks up the compounds from Glycolysis
Makes some ATP
Makes more molecules that carry energy to send to the ETC
Produces CO2
2. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
O2 Required
Makes LOTS of ATP
H2O made as waste product
Cellular Respiration: Mirror Image of Photosynthesis
Overview
GlycolysisWith Oxygen
Without Oxygen
Cellular Respiration1. Kreb’s Cycle2. Electron Transport Chain
Fermentation•Alcoholic or Lactic Acid
If there is NO Oxygen??
Fermentation occursNo ATP is made.
Fermentation Two types
_______________ fermentation (Products: CO2 and Alcohol)
__________ ________ fermentation (Product: Lactic acid)
Alcoholic
Lactic acid
Section 4.4 Review—Part A
Where does glycolysis take place?
What goes into glycolysis? What comes out of glycolysis?
Why does fermentation occur?
What are the two different types of fermentation?
Cytoplasm
IN: Glucose OUT: 2 ATP & 2 - 3 carbon molecules
No oxygen present; to allow for glycolysis to continue
Lactic acid Alcoholic
Section 4.4 Review—Part B
Where does Cellular respiration take place?
What goes into the Kreb’s cycle? What comes out?
What goes into electron transport? What comes out?
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
Mitochondria
IN: 3 carbon molecules OUT: ATP, CO2
IN: Energy Storing compounds and OxygenOUT: Water and ATP!!!
Reactants of one are basically the products of the other