Cells and Cells and OrganellesOrganelles

The building blocks of LifeThe building blocks of Life

Mr. Carter’s Science ClassMr. Carter’s Science Class

The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory

All living things are made of All living things are made of cells.cells.

New cells are only produced New cells are only produced from existing cells.from existing cells.

Cells are made of chemical Cells are made of chemical compounds and run on chemical compounds and run on chemical reactions.reactions.

All Cells contain DNA.All Cells contain DNA.

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

1. List all of the levels of organization 1. List all of the levels of organization that are SMALLER than cells.that are SMALLER than cells.

2. List all of the levels of 2. List all of the levels of organization that are BIGGER than organization that are BIGGER than cells.cells.

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

1. List all of the levels of organization 1. List all of the levels of organization that are SMALLER than cells.that are SMALLER than cells.Protons,neutrons,electronsProtons,neutrons,electronsAtoms Atoms Compounds (or molecules)Compounds (or molecules)OrganellesOrganelles

A CellA Cell

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

2. List all of the levels of organization 2. List all of the levels of organization that are BIGGER than cells.that are BIGGER than cells. TissueTissue OrganOrgan Organ SystemOrgan System OrganismOrganism PopulationPopulation SpeciesSpecies EcosystemEcosystem PlanetPlanet Solar SystemSolar System GalaxyGalaxy UniverseUniverse

The 2 Basic Types of CellsThe 2 Basic Types of Cells

ProkaryotesProkaryotes (prokaryotic cells)(prokaryotic cells)Cells that Cells that DO NOTDO NOT have a have a nucleus nucleus

and organellesand organellesExamples: bacteriaExamples: bacteria

EukaryotesEukaryotes (eukaryotic cells)(eukaryotic cells)Cells that Cells that DODO have a have a nucleusnucleus and and

other organellesother organellesExamples: plant cells, fungi cells, Examples: plant cells, fungi cells,

and animal cellsand animal cells

Cell OrganelleCell Organelle

Specialized structures that perform Specialized structures that perform specific functions in the cell are specific functions in the cell are called organelles.called organelles.

Organelle means “little organ”.Organelle means “little organ”.

Organelle NameOrganelle NamePhysical DescriptionPhysical Description: : What the What the

organelle looks likeorganelle looks likeFunction: Function: What the organelle DOES What the organelle DOES

for the cellfor the cellType of Cell: Type of Cell: Which type of cell Which type of cell

contains this organelle?contains this organelle?Analogy: Analogy: If the cell were a factory, If the cell were a factory,

what would this cell organelle be and what would this cell organelle be and why?why?

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

Cell WallCell WallPhysical DescriptionPhysical Description: : Thick, strong Thick, strong

barrier around the cell made of barrier around the cell made of indigestible carbohydrates.indigestible carbohydrates.

Function: Function: supports and protects the supports and protects the cellcell

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found in plant, bacteria, found in plant, bacteria, and fungi cells. and fungi cells. NOT in animal cells.NOT in animal cells.

Analogy: Analogy: it is like the it is like the walls, ceiling, walls, ceiling, and floor and floor of a factory because they of a factory because they protect the factory and support the protect the factory and support the structure.structure.

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

Cell MembraneCell MembranePhysical Description: Physical Description: thin, flexible thin, flexible

barrier made of phospholipidsbarrier made of phospholipids around around the cell (just inside the cell wall OR the cell (just inside the cell wall OR the outside border of animal cells)the outside border of animal cells)

Function: Function: controls what controls what enters and enters and leavesleaves the cell; support and the cell; support and protectionprotection

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found in found in allall cells cellsAnalogy: Analogy: it is like the it is like the security guardsecurity guard

of a factory because it controls what of a factory because it controls what enters and leaves the cellenters and leaves the cell

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Physical Description: Physical Description: the the fluid-likefluid-like material inside the cell membrane material inside the cell membrane that fills up the cellthat fills up the cell

Function: Function: all cell organelles floar all cell organelles floar around in the cytoplasm; “cell jelly”around in the cytoplasm; “cell jelly”Site for chemical reactionsSite for chemical reactions

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found in found in allall cells cellsAnalogy: Analogy: it is like the it is like the airair of a factory of a factory

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

NucleusNucleus

Physical Description: Physical Description: largelarge organelle that organelle that is usually near the center; is usually near the center; containscontains the the cell’s genetic material cell’s genetic material (DNA) (DNA)

Function: Function: controlscontrols the cells activities by the cells activities by protecting the DNAprotecting the DNA

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found in all found in all eukaryoteseukaryotes Analogy:Analogy:it is like the it is like the officeoffice of a factory of a factory

because that is where the boss is keptbecause that is where the boss is kept

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

Nuclear Membrane Nuclear Membrane (aka Nuclear Envelope)(aka Nuclear Envelope)

Physical Description: Physical Description: double layered double layered membranemembrane that surrounds the that surrounds the nucleus; has nucleus; has porespores

Function: Function: ProtectsProtects the nucleus; pores the nucleus; pores allow material allow material in and outin and out of the of the nucleus.nucleus.

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found in all found in all eukaryoteseukaryotesAnalogy: Analogy: it is like the it is like the office dooroffice door of a of a

factory because it lets things into and factory because it lets things into and out of the office.out of the office.

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

DNADNA

Physical Description: Physical Description: The nucleic acidThe nucleic acid found found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or floating freely in prokaryotic cells. floating freely in prokaryotic cells.

Function: Function: controlscontrols the cells activities by the cells activities by controlling the making of proteins (protein controlling the making of proteins (protein synthesis).synthesis).

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found inside the nucleus of found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or floating freely in eukaryotic cells, or floating freely in prokaryotic cells. prokaryotic cells.

Analogy: Analogy: it is like the it is like the bossboss of a factory of a factory because he controlls the factorybecause he controlls the factory

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

RNARNA

Physical Description: Physical Description: The nucleic acidThe nucleic acid that that copies the DNA and then makes proteins copies the DNA and then makes proteins for the cellfor the cell

Function: Function: carriescarries the DNA’s code and the DNA’s code and translates it into proteins.translates it into proteins.

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found inside the cytoplasm of found inside the cytoplasm of all cellsall cells

Analogy: Analogy: it is like the it is like the managermanager of a factory of a factory because she takes the boss’ orders to the because she takes the boss’ orders to the workers. workers.

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

Rough Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)Reticulum (Rough ER)

Physical Description: Physical Description: internal internal membrane system membrane system covered in covered in ribosomes (so that it looks rough)ribosomes (so that it looks rough)

Function: Function: assembles and modifies assembles and modifies proteins made in the ribosomesproteins made in the ribosomes

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found in all found in all eukaryoteseukaryotesAnalogy: Analogy: it is like the it is like the assembly lineassembly line

of a factoryof a factory

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

RibosomesRibosomes

Physical Description: Physical Description: veryvery small, small, roundround structures either structures either attachedattached to to the endoplasmic reticulum or the endoplasmic reticulum or freefree (floating in the cytoplasm)(floating in the cytoplasm)

Function: Function: makes makes proteinsproteinsType of Cell: Type of Cell: found in all found in all eukaryotes eukaryotes

AND AND some prokaryotessome prokaryotesAnalogy: Analogy: they are like the they are like the workersworkers in in

a factorya factory

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)Reticulum (Smooth ER)

Physical Description: Physical Description: internal internal membrane system membrane system without without ribosomesribosomes

Function: Function: Assembles lipids and other Assembles lipids and other components of the cell membranecomponents of the cell membrane

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found in all found in all eukaryoteseukaryotesAnalogy: Analogy: it is like the it is like the assembly lineassembly line

of a factoryof a factory

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Physical Description: Physical Description: stack of flattened stack of flattened membranesmembranes in the cytoplasm in the cytoplasm

Function: Function: attachesattaches carbohydrates and carbohydrates and lipids to proteins; send proteins to lipids to proteins; send proteins to their final destinationtheir final destination

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found in all found in all eukaryoteseukaryotesAnalogy: Analogy: it is like the it is like the shipping shipping

departmentdepartment of a factory because it of a factory because it packages and moves proteins packages and moves proteins

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

LysosomeLysosomePhysical Description: Physical Description: small, round small, round

sackssacks in the cytoplasm in the cytoplasmFunction: Function: breaks downbreaks down lipids, lipids,

carbohydrates, and proteins into carbohydrates, and proteins into useable molecules; break down old useable molecules; break down old or damaged organellesor damaged organelles

Type of Cell: found in all Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes eukaryotes BUTBUT are very are very rarerare in in plant cellsplant cells

Analogy: it is like the Analogy: it is like the janitorjanitor of a of a factoryfactory

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

VacuoleVacuolePhysical Description: Physical Description: large, spacious large, spacious

sacksack in the cytoplasm in the cytoplasmFunction: Function: storesstores materials for the cell materials for the cell

(water, food, waste, etc…)(water, food, waste, etc…)Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes found in all eukaryotes

(usually (usually one largeone large vacuole vacuole in plantsin plants and and many smallmany small vacuoles vacuoles in animalsin animals))

Analogy: Analogy: it is like the it is like the storage storage warehousewarehouse of a factory of a factory

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

MitochondriaMitochondriaPhysical Description: Physical Description: “bean-shaped” “bean-shaped”

organelle that has a organelle that has a folded inner folded inner membranemembrane (called cristae) (called cristae)

Function: Function: use use FOOD and OxygenFOOD and Oxygen to to make ATP (make ATP (ENERGY)ENERGY) compounds for use compounds for use by the cellby the cell

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found in all found in all eukaryoteseukaryotesAnalogy: Analogy: it is like the it is like the power plantpower plant or or

coal-burning furnace of a factory coal-burning furnace of a factory because it makes the energy for the cellbecause it makes the energy for the cell

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

ChloroplastChloroplast

Physical Description: Physical Description: flattened discs that flattened discs that contains chlorophyllcontains chlorophyll (a green pigment). (a green pigment). Looks like a stack of green pancakes.Looks like a stack of green pancakes.

Function: Function: use energy from use energy from SUNLIGHTSUNLIGHT to to MAKE sugarMAKE sugar molecules through molecules through photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found in plant/algae cellsfound in plant/algae cellsAnalogy: Analogy: it is like the solar panels of a it is like the solar panels of a

factory because they trap the sun’s light factory because they trap the sun’s light and turn it into useful sugars for the cell.and turn it into useful sugars for the cell.

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

CytoskeletonCytoskeletonPhysical Description: Physical Description: a network of a network of

protein filaments in the cytoplasm; protein filaments in the cytoplasm; made of made of microtubules (microscopic microtubules (microscopic beams)beams)

Function: Function: helps helps supportsupport the cell and the cell and maintain its maintain its shapeshape; ; movesmoves organelles organelles within the cell; aids in within the cell; aids in cell movementcell movement

Type of Cell: Type of Cell: found in found in allall cells cellsAnalogy: Analogy: it is like the it is like the support beamssupport beams

and and cranescranes of a factory of a factory

Animal Cell

Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell

Plant Cells vs. Animal CellsPlant Cells vs. Animal Cells

Cell WallCell Wall Are angularAre angular

ChloroplastsChloroplastsNo CentriolesNo CentriolesLysosomes are Lysosomes are

rarerare1 Large Vacuole1 Large Vacuole

No Cell WallNo Cell Wall Are roundishAre roundish

No ChloroplastsNo ChloroplastsCentrioles Centrioles Lysosomes are Lysosomes are

commoncommonSeveral Small Several Small

VacuolesVacuoles

Job of CellsJob of CellsThe main job of all cells is to The main job of all cells is to make make

proteinsproteins, grow, and eventually , grow, and eventually reproduce.reproduce.

Different cell types do different thingsDifferent cell types do different thingsProtein production: Protein production:

Ribosome Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus Final Destination of the Protein (may Final Destination of the Protein (may

be outside of the cell)be outside of the cell)

All cells are made up of 4 All cells are made up of 4 moleculesmolecules

3 of them are on any nutrition 3 of them are on any nutrition facts panel.facts panel.

Fats (lipids)Fats (lipids) CarbohydratesCarbohydrates ProteinsProteins

The 4The 4thth are found in all living are found in all living things.things.

Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

Group Examples Functions

Carbohydrate Glucose  CelluloseGlycogen

1.Short term energy source 2.Structure of plants

Lipids Fats and oils 1. Components of membranes 2.Long term energy storage 3.Insulation

Proteins Enzymes  Sucrase and lactase  Keratin  Collagen

Organic catalysts  Digestive enzymes  Structural protein in muscles, hair, and skin 

Nucleic acids DNA  RNA  ATP

1. Information molecule 2.Molecule of heredity 3.Director of metabolism involved in protein synthesis 4.immediate source of energy for cellular work