Cells & Cell Organelles

Structure & Function

Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html

A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES

_______ ___________ ___________ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES

1. All living things are made of _____________.2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism

(= basic unit of __________)3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells

CELL SIZEComparison of cell sizes:

CELL THEORY

___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

Cells

lifeexisting

PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA

CELL MEMBRANE(also called plasma membrane)

Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)

Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ & NON-POLAR tails facing ________ Proteins attached to surface (inside or outside)= _____________Proteins stuck into membrane = ______________ (can go part way in or all the way through)

OTHER MOLECULES:• GLYCOPROTEINS

proteins with ___________attached; allow cells to recognize “self”• STEROIDS (lipids)

Membranes are ____________________________________

(=Semi-permeable) Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out

__________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane

phospholipids proteins

BILAYER outin

PeripheralIntegral

sugars

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

cytoplasm

LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC

HYDROPHILIC

HYDROPHOBIC

Image by Riedell

WHAT DOES IT DO?

Acts as a boundary

Controls what enters and leaves cell

Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

Cell membranes MOVE!

Molecules in cell membranes are

constantly moving and changing

Click here to See Fluidity

Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif

CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane)

ORGANELLE-small structure with a specific function (job)

Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html

Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm

Organelles suspended in gel-like goo

NUCLEUSLargest organelle in animal cells

Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

(also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE)

DOUBLE MEMBRANE

Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

NUCLEUS

NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleusImage from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

WHAT DOES IT DO?Contains genetic material (DNA)

DNA is spread out as CHROMATINin non-dividing cells

DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells

WHAT DOES IT DO?

Control center of cellImage from:

Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do

Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

NUCLEOLUS

Dark spot in nucleus = __________

Makes RNA for ribosomes

Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg

NUCLEOLUS

CYTOSKELETON

• Helps cell maintain shape

• Gives support• Help move

organelles around

Made of PROTEINS:• MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & • MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)

Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm

Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

CENTRIOLESCentrioles function during cell division in animal cells to pull chromosomes apart.

CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLEMade of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)Extend across the cell to attach to the

chromosomes during cell division & pull them apart.

Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA)

Look like “little sausages”

Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg

MITOCHONDRIA

Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane

Folded inner membrane increases surface areafor more chemical reactions

Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe

Has its own DNA

MITOCHONDRIA

Come from cytoplasm in EGG

You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!

http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg

WHAT DOES IT DO?

Burns glucose to release energy

Stores energy as ATP

“Powerplant of cell”

Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Image by: Riedell

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

2 KINDS:SMOOTH or ROUGH

Network of hollow membrane tubules

Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)

Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell

Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

• Has RIBOSOMESattached

• Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and

transportedImage from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)

• Has NO ribosomes attached

• Has enzymes for special tasks

Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)

Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif

•Makes membrane lipids (steroids) •Regulates calcium (muscle cells) •Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

RIBOSOMES

• Made of PROTEINS and RNA

• Protein factory for cellJoin amino acids to make proteins

Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg

Image by: RIedell

RIBOSOMES

Can be attached to Rough ER

OR

free in cytoplasm

Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)

Pancake like membrane stacks

Modify, sort, & package molecules from ERfor storage OR transport out of cell

Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.hImage from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu

Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html

See a Golgi movie

It’s ALL connected!

LYSOSOMES

Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINScalled digestive enzymes

Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html

Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

LYSOSOMES

Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

See lysosomes in action:

LYSOSOMES

Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpghttp://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg

“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________APOPTOSIS

Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells

Apoptosis plays a role in:

Embryonic developmentNormal body cell maintenance

Immune system responsesCancerAIDS infectionTransplant rejection

http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm

FLAGELLA & CILIAMade of PROTEINS called

MICROTUBULES

(9 + 2 arrangement)

Works in cell movement

http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg

CILIAMove cell itselfMove substances past cells

Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe

CILIA• Many• short

FLAGELLA•Few•Long

HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT?

Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?

• Cell wall• HUGE vacuoles• Chloroplasts• No centrioles

CELL WALLSupports and protects cell

•Is found outside of cell membrane•Made of carbohydrates &

proteins•Plant cell walls are mainly of

cellulose•Bacterial cell walls are made

of peptidoglycan (ppg)

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

VACUOLES

Storage space

Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif

VACUOLESStorage space for: ________________________

________________Proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, water, salts & waste

Huge in __________cells , small in _____________ cells,No vacuoles in ____________

plantanimal

bacteria

Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells(HOMEOSTASIS)

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif

CHLOROPLASTSurrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________ _____________ =membrane sacs inside

Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happensUse energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)

FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

DOUBLEDNA

THYLAKOIDS

PLANT

http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg

WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?

• Cell wall • NO NUCLEAR

MEMBRANE• DNA is circular• No membrane

bound organelleshttp://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm

BACTERIA arePROKARYOTES

PLANTS & ANIMALSare EUKARYOTES

No membrane bound organelles

Organelles with membranes

USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON