CELLS! History of Cells *Robert Hooke used the first microscope to look at a thin slice of cork in He saw a lot of little boxes, which reminded him of small rooms that monks lived in called CELLS! 10 years later, Anton van Leeuwenhoek viewed pond water under a microscope and discovered many tiny, living creatures which he called animalcules. History of Cells Today, we know that they were not animals, but single- celled organisms. History of Cells The Cell Theory * Three scientists, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow put together what we know today as the cell theory. The Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3. All cells arise from existing cells. The Cell Theory Song - YouTube The Cell Theory Song - YouTube Remember where cells fit into the levels of classification. 2 Major Categories of Cells Cells Cells - Parts of the Cell Rap - YouTube Cells - Parts of the Cell Rap - YouTube Cells - Parts of the Cell Rap - YouTube PROKARYOTES The smallest and simplest cells are prokaryotes. They are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other internal compartments. 2 Major Categories of Cells The Cell Song - YouTube The Cell Song - YouTube The Cell Song - YouTube EUKARYOTES The first cells with internal compartments. Evolved about 2.5 billion years ago. Eukaryotes include plants and animals and have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. PROKARYOTES Without separate compartments (organelles), prokaryotes cannot carry out many specialized functions. PROKARYOTES They are very simple and very small. PROKARYOTES The familiar prokaryotes that cause infection and food to spoil belong to a class commonly called bacteria. PROKARYOTES They can live in a range of environments: some do not even need oxygen to survive, some make their own food, some live in extreme hot or extreme cold. PROKARYOTES They can grow and divide very rapidly. PROKARYOTES There are no internal organelles, so the cells enzymes and ribosomes are free to move around in the cytoplasm. Prokaryote Structure Genetic material (DNA or RNA) is a single circular molecule. This loop is located near the center of the cell. Prokaryote Structure Cell Membrane (Cytoplasmic Membrane) that allows certain materials in/out of the cell. Prokaryote Structure There is a cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane, providing structure and support. Prokaryote Structure They lack the internal supporting skeleton, so they depend on a strong cell wall to give the cell shape. Prokaryote Structure Some have flagella, long threadlike structures that protrude from the cells surface and enable movement. Prokaryote Structure Some may have tiny hairs, cilia for movement. Prokaryote Structure Ribosomes to make proteins. Prokaryotes things to remember Prokaryotes are BACTERIA. Prokaryotes have NO nucleus. PRO rhymes with NO.NO NUCLEUS! Prokaryotes have CELL WALLS. EUKARYOTES EUKARYOTE an organism whose cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. EUKARYOTES Eukaryotes include Plants and Animals. EUKARYOTES EU rhymes with Do.Eukaryotes DO HAVE A NUCLEUS! Eukaryote Organelles Cell wall only in plants. Composed of proteins and carbohydrates, including cellulose, it helps support and maintain the shape of the cell, protects it from damage, and connects it with adjacent cells. Eukaryote Organelles Chloroplast only in plants. Organelles that use light energy to make carbohydrates from CO 2 and HO. Chloroplast only in plants. Organelles that use light energy to make carbohydrates from CO 2 and H 2 O. Eukaryote Organelles Central Vacuole only in plants. Stores water. When the central vacuole is full, it makes the cell rigid, which enables the plant to stand upright. EUKARYOTES Cytoplasm includes everything inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. EUKARYOTES Flagella and Cilia only in some animal cells. Both are used for movement. Flagella is like a long tail. Cilia are short, hair like structures. EUKARYOTES Cytoskeleton provides the interior framework of an animal cell, much like a human skeleton. EUKARYOTES Cell Membrane it is fluid, like a soap bubble. It separates the inside from the outside of the cell. This barrier allows only certain substances into the cell and out of the cell. EUKARYOTES Nucleus houses DNA. It is like the brain of the cell and regulates the cells functions. EUKARYOTES Nucleolus small dense region in the center of the nucleus that puts together ribosomes. EUKARYOTES Ribosomes make proteins. EUKARYOTES Endoplasmic Reticulum the highways system of the cell that transports proteins. If it has ribosomes stuck to it, its known as rough E.R. If it does not have ribosomes stuck to it, it is known as smooth E.R. EUKARYOTES Golgi Apparatus packaging and distribution center of the cell. EUKARYOTES Lysosomes digestion center of the cell. EUKARYOTES Mitochondria The powerhouse of the cell. By breaking down big molecules, the mitochondria makes ATP for the cell. ATP is energy!