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CELLSThere are over 3,000,000,000,000 of me in your body!
Bacteria are also cells and there are over 60,000,000,000,000 of them in your body!
YUCK!!!
THE CELL
• The Cell- the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms– The smallest unit of an organisms that is
classified as living– The building blocks of life
DISCOVERY OF THE CELL• Robert Hooke (1665)- first named the cell when
he looked at cork through a microscope and compared them to jail cells
• Antoine van Leeuwwenhoek (1674)- first person to observe live cells (algae & bacteria)
• Theodore Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, & Rudolph Virchow (1839-1858)- authors of the – CELL THEORY
• All living things are composed of cells• Cells are the basic unit of function & structure of living
things• All cells come from pre-existing cells
ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
• Organelles- ‘little organs’- are tiny structures that carry out specialized functions within the cell.
• Nucleus is called the _______________ of the cell. It is a large __________ spot in eukaryotic cells. It _________________ all cell activity. It contains most of the ___________________ material of the cell. The large solid spot in the nucleus is the _____________________.
Control center
Nucleolus
Genetic
Coordinates Dark
NUCLEOLUS
• Nucleolus is a __________________ of
chromatin (genetic material). It
manufactures
__________________________. The
chromatin is _______________ in its
active form.
Ribosomes
DNA
Dense mass
CELL MEMBRANE
• Cell Membrane performs a number of critical functions for the ________. It regulates all that _____________ and leaves the cell. It is made up of a ___________________ bi-layer, which composes most of its surface, ______________________ which stabilizes it, and_________________________ which act as channels for entering and exiting molecules.
Enters Cell
Phospholipid
CholesterolMembrane proteins
Cell Membrane
2-4
• outer limit of cell • controls what moves in and out of cell
• selectively permeable
•phospholipid bilayer • water-soluble “heads” form surfaces• water-insoluble “tails” form interior• permeable to lipid-soluble substances
• cholesterol stabilizes the membrane
• proteins• receptors• pores, channels, carriers• enzymes• CAMS• self-markers
3-4
CYTOPLASM• Cytoplasm is the _________ - ___________
material inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus. Cytoplasm contains a large amount of _______________ and many chemicals and structures that carry out the life ______________________ in the cell. These structures that the cytoplasm contains are called _____________________. Unlike a gelatin dessert, however, cytoplasm constantly _________________ or streams.
Jello
Water
Functions
Organelles
Circulates
Like
MITOCHONDRIA• Mitochondrion is the _______________________
of the cell. It is the site of ______________ ________________. It has a ____________________ membrane. The inner membrane is where most _______________ respiration occurs. The inner membranes is _____________ with a very large surface area. These ruffles are called ___________. Mitochondria have their own ______________ and manufacture some of their own _______________.
Folded Cristae
Double Production
Powerhouse
Proteins
Cellular
Energy
Ribosomes
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- TWO TYPES
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a series of double membranes that ________ back and forth between the cell membrane and the _______________. These membranes fill the ____________________ but you cannot see them because they are very ___________________. The rough E.R. has __________________________ attached to it. This gives it its texture.
Travel
Nucleus Cytoplasm
thinRibosomes
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- TWO TYPES
• Ribosomes are small structures that manufacture __________________________ for the cell.
• Smooth E.R. ____________ ribosomes. It acts as a _______________ _________________ throughout the cytoplasm. It runs from the cell membrane to the nuclear ________________ and throughout the rest of the cell.
Membrane
System Transport Lacks
Proteins
GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
• Golgi Apparatus (Body) is responsible for packaging _________________________ for the cell. Once the proteins are produced by the ______________ on the E.R., they pass into the _______________ like cisternae that are the main part of the Golgi body. These proteins are then squeezed off into the little _________________ which drift off into the cytoplasm.
Proteins
Ribosomes Pocket
Vesicles
VACUOLES• Vacuole: They are sort of like a ___________________
bubble in the cytoplasm. Vacuoles in animal cells are considerably ________________ than those in plant cells. In animal cells, vacuoles may store food that needs to be ____________________. The cell sap vacuole in plants is much _________________ than animals. In addition to storing important substances, it also helps __________________ the plant. The ____________________of water filling the cell sap vacuole pushes out against the cell wall. This gives the wall enough strength to hold up fairly large green (non-woody) plants.
Consumed
Smaller
Clear
Larger
Support Pressure
LYSOSOME- ANIMAL ONLY• Lysosomes are called ______________________
sacks. They are produced by the ________________ body. They consist of a single membrane surrounding powerful _______________ enzymes. Those lumpy brown structures are digestive _____________. They help protect you by __________________ the bacteria that your white blood cells engulf. _______________ act as a clean up crew for the cell.
Digestive Enzymes
Suicide
Killing
Lysosomes
Golgi
CENTRIOLES- ANIMAL ONLY
• Centrioles are only found in __________________ cells. They function in cell _____________________.
Animal Division
CELL WALL- PLANT ONLY• Cell wall: Since plants don't have
______________, they need a little something extra to ____________________ them. The cell wall is made of a tough fiber called ____________________________she s:which does this job. When you combine the stiff cell wall with the outward _____________________of a full cell sap vacuole, you get enough ___________________ to hold up large plants. Tree cell walls contain other tough materials such as __________________, which make them even stronger.
Support
Cellulose
Pressure Strength
Cork
Skeletons
CHLOROPLAST- PLANT ONLY• Chloroplast: Located in plant cells are large
irregular shaped green structures called chloroplasts. They are _________________ because they contain a green pigment called ________________________. Chlorophyll ______________________ the energy of sunlight which can be used to help ______________________ food for the plant cell. This process is called ______________________________.
Photosynthetic
Chlorophyll Absorbs
Manufacture
Cytoplasmic Organelles
2-12
Endoplasmic Reticulum• connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles• transport system• rough ER
• studded with ribosomes• protein and lipid synthesis
• smooth ER• lipid synthesis• break down of drugs
Ribosomes• free floating or connected to ER• site of protein synthesis
3-8
Cytoplasmic Organelles
2-15
Golgi apparatus• group of flattened, membranous sacs• packages and modifies proteins
Mitochondria• membranous sacs with inner partitions• generate energy
3-9
2-16
Cytoplasmic OrganellesLysosomes
• enzyme-containing sacs• digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances
Vacuoles• fluid filled sacs• for food storage•Many small in animal cells•One large one in plant cells
3-10
Vesicles• membranous sacs• store substances