Cells to Body Systems

Cells Simple

organisms such as bacteria, are single cell.

Plants and animals are made up of many cells.

Each kind of cell has a particular function.

Cells: Size & Shape Size and Shape depend upon its function. Red blood cells are small and disc

shaped to fit through the smallest blood vessel.

Muscle cells are long and thin. When they contract they produce movement.

Nerve cells which carry signals to the brain are very long.

Functions of CellsC e ll F un c tion

R e lea s ing en e rgy from fo o d .

M a k ing n e w ce lls fo r g ro w th a n d re p a ir.

G e tt in g rid o f b o dy w as te s.

C e ll w o rk to g eth e r to p erfo rm b a sic life p roce sses tha t kee p o rg a n ism s a live .

Plant /Animal Organelles and Functions

Nucleus: The organelle that determines all of a plant’s cell activities and prduces new cells.

Cytoplasm: A jellylike substance that contains many chemicals to keep the cell functiong.

Nucleus: The organelle that determines all of the animal cells activities and produces new cells.

Vacuoles: Organelles that store food, waste, or water.

Chromosones: Threadlike structures that contain information about plant.

Chloroplasts: Organelles that make food for the plant cell.

Chromosones: Threadlike structures that contain information about the animal.

Mitochondria: Organelles that release energy from food.

Cell Membrane: A covering that hold the plant cell together and separates it from surroundings.

Vacuole: An organelle that stores food, water, and waste.

Cell Membrane: a covering that holds the animal cell together and separates it from its surroundings.

Cell Wall: A rigid layer that supports and protects plant cells.

Mitochondria: Organelles that release energy from food.

Cytoplasm: a jellylike substance that contains many chemicals to keep the cell functioning.

Tissues, Organs, & Systems

Cells work together to perform a specific function and form a tissue.

Just as cells work together to form a tissue, tissues work together form an organ.

Organs work together to perform a function and form a system. Example: circulatory system.

Plant cells also form tissues, such as the bark of a tree. And plant cells work together, forming organs, such as roots and leaves.

The Circulatory System

T h e C irc u la to ry S ys tem

T h e liq u id pa rt o f the b lo odis ca lledp la sm a.

B lo od lea ves th e he a rt th ro u gh a rte rie s.T h e se le a d to C a p illa rie s w h ich a re so sm all th a t

b lo od ce lls m o ve th ro u gh the m in s in g le file .

B lo od a lso co n ta in s p la te le ts,tin y p ie ce s o f b lo o d ce lls in s ide m em b ran e s.

T h e C ircu la tory S ys te m tran sp orts oxyge n , nu trien ts a n d w a ste s th ro ug h the b lo o d .

The Respiratory System Air enters the body through nasal

passages is filtered, then travels down the trachea.

The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi, which lead to the lungs.

At the end of the bronchi are tiny tubes called aveoli, small air sacs.

Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged in the aveoli and the oxygen rich blood enters the body through the pulmonary veins.

The Digestive System Digestion begins as you ingest food

through your mouth Glands in your mouth produce saliva to

moisten food and start chemically processing the food.

The food passes through the esophagus to the stomach and moves to the small intestine.

Nutrients diffuse through the villi, tiny projections from the intestine, into the blood.

The Excretory System The function of the excretory system is to

remove wastes from the body. Cell wastes include carbon dioxide and

ammonia. The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and

urethra make up the excretory system. The body also removes wastes through

sweating. Sweat is a salty liquid that evaporates from the skin.

Systems Working Together

T h e S ke le ta l S ys tem

M u sc le s a re a tta ch e d to b on e s b y te n do nsto u gh ba n d s o f co n ne c tive t is su e.

B o ne s a re a ttach ed to e ach o th er by liga m e n tsB a nd s o f co n n e c tive t is su e th a t h o ld the ske le ton tog e th e r.

A hu m an sk e le ton h as 20 6 b o ne s.E a ch ha nd h a s 2 6 b o ne s.T h e sk u ll h as 2 3 b on e s.

B o n e s a re o rg a n ize d in to a ske le to n w h ich s up p ort you r bo d y.

The Muscular System Role Movement Three types of muscles are:

Skeletal Muscles: Voluntary muscles that move bones and hold your skeleton upright (Example: Biceps).

Smooth Muscles: Involuntary muscles that contract slowly and move substances through the organs they surround (Example: intestines).

Cardiac Muscles: make up the walls of the heart. Their function is to pump blood (Example: Heart).

The Nervous System The nervous system connects all the tissues and

organs to your brain. It consists of two parts: The central nervous

system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

The central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord.

The peripheral nervous system, or PNS, consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and organs.