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Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis – In the cytosol
Uses 2 ATP’s
Makes 4 ATP’sMakes 2 NADH’s
Left with 2 pyruvates
Start with Glucose
Glycolysis - in the cytosolNOTICE THE SPLITTING HERE!EVERYTHING FOLLOWNG MUST BE MULTIPLIED BY 2!
Pyruvate to the mitochondria
Kreb’s Cycle – in the mitochondrial matrix
Electron Tranport Chain (detailed)
ATP synthase in mitochondria – virtual animation
Electron Transport Chain – virtual animation
Where do the electrons come
from?
ATP synthase allows for
chemiosmosis
Reactions in Respiration
Inputs• Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
Glucose 2ATP 4ADP 2NAD+
• Krebs Cycle (mitochondria) Pyruvate NAD+
CoA FAD ADP
Outputs• Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
2ADP 4ATP 2NADH 2 pyruvate
• Krebs Cycle (mitochondria) NADH CO2
FADH2
ATP
Reactions in Respiration (cont.)
Inputs• Electron Transport Chain in
mitochondria membraneNADHFADH2
O2
Outputs• Electron Transport Chain in
mitochondria membrane– NAD+
– FAD– ATP
– H2O
Cellular Respiration Summary
3 Basic Steps:1) Glycolysis (in the cytoplasm)
2) Kreb’s Cycle (inner mitochondrial space)
3) Electron Transport Chain (mitochondrial membrane)
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
glucose pyruvate + ATP + NADH
pyruvate NADH + FADH2 + ATP + CO2
NADH + FADH2 + O2 ATP + H20
Photosynthesis
Light + CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2
Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
Inputs Outputs
Reactions in Photosynthesis (Chloroplast)
Inputs• Light Dependent Reactions in
the Thylakoid Light H2O
NADP+ ADP
• Calvin Cycle in the Stroma ATP CO2
NADPH
Outputs• Light Dependent Reactions in
the Thylakoid O2
NADPH ATP
• Calvin Cycle in the Stroma ADP NADP+ Glucose (C6H12O6)
Light Reaction … light energy shakes chlorophyl … releases electons
In the Thylakoid
In the Stroma• The ATP and
NADPH was made during the light reactions (thylakoid)
• CO2 enters the cycle at top
• Glucose / Organic compounds are the output
Review – Big Picture
Sunlight to ATP
Big Picture Review
chloroplast
H2O
O2
NADPH
StromaThylakoid
CO2
Glucose
Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
pyruvate
CO2
NADH
mitochondria
Kreb’s CycleNADH
FADH2
Electron Transport
ATP
H2O
ATP
ATP
ATP
Photosynthesis and Respiration work together!
• Matter is cycled within these two processes
• Energy flows through these two processes
• Sunlight provides the energy that eventually becomes ATP in you
What’s ATP used for?• ATP is the
spending money of the cell
• It allows for other molecules to be phosphorylated
• Phosphorylation allows for transport work, mechanical work, and chemical work
Redox Reactions
• Carbon is oxidized by Oxygen (oxidizing agent)• Oxygen is reduced by Carbon (reducing agent)
Why does the food we eat not immediately combust in our bodies?
• Many, many, many, many steps taken to release the energy!
• Glycolysis• Kreb’s cycle• ETC
• This insures we don’t blow up from our food being oxidized too quickly!
No oxygen = anaerobic pathway
• Yeast/bacteria– Produce ethanol
when deprived of oxygen … still has some energy
• Humans– Produce lactic acid
when deprived of oxygen
– Recycled in liver to produce pyruvate
Anaerobic Respiration• Without Oxygen
– No electron transport chain … less ATP
• 2 types:
1) Alcoholic fermentation: (bacteria, yeast)
Pyruvate + NADH Ethanol + NAD+ + CO2
2) Lactic Acid fermentation: (animals like you)
Pyruvate + NADH Lactic Acid + NAD+
What’s different about these two equations?
How can you set up an experiment to detect the difference?
Catabolic Pathways
• Note: it’s not just carbohydrates (glucose) that gets converted into ATP
• What happens to proteins?
• What happens to fats?
Control of Respiration … feedback systems
• Lots of AMP (low energy molecule)– Stimulates enzyme to
produce ATP
• Lots of ATP or Citrate– Shuts down enzyme to
prevent overproduction