Cement Combinations for Durable Concrete

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Cement Combinations forDurable Concrete

Proceedings of the International Conferenceheld at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UKon 5-7 July 2005

Edited by

Ravindra K. DhirDirector, Concrete Technology UnitUniversity of Dundee

Thomas A. HarrisonBRMCA Technical Director,Quarry Products Association

and

Moray D. NewlandsCPD/Consultancy Manager, Concrete Technology UnitUniversity of Dundee

ThomasTelford


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Published by Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD.www.thomastelford.com

Distributors for Thomas Telford books areUSA: ASCE Press, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400, USAJapan: Maruzen Co. Ltd, Book Department, 3-10 Nihonbashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103Australia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, Victoria

First published 2005

The full list of titles from the 2005 International Congress 'Global construction: ultimate concreteopportunities' and available from Thomas Telford is as follows

• Cement combinations for durable concrete. ISBN: 0 7277 3401 6• Concrete for transportation infrastructure. ISBN: 0 7277 3402 4• Application of codes, design and regulations. ISBN: 0 7277 3403 2• Achieving sustainability in construction. ISBN: 0 7277 3404 0• Repair and renovation of concrete structures. ISBN: 0 7277 3405 9• Use of foamed concrete in construction. ISBN: 0 7277 3406 7• Admixtures - enhancing concrete performance. ISBN: 0 7277 3407 5• Applications of nanotechnology in concrete design. ISBN: 0 7277 3408 3• Role of concrete in nuclear facilities. ISBN: 0 7277 3409 1• Young researchers' forum. ISBN: 0 7277 3410 5

For the complete set of 10 volumes, ISBN: 0 7277 3387 7

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 0 7277 3401 6

© The authors, except where otherwise stated

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This book is published on the understanding that the authors are solely responsible for the statements madeand opinions expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/oropinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensurethat the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, noliability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the authors or publishers.

Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books, Bodmin, Cornwall


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PREFACEConcrete is at something of a crossroads: there are many opportunities and some threats. For theseopportunities to transpose into beneficial practice, engineers, material scientists, architects,manufacturers and suppliers must focus on the changes that are required to champion concrete andmaintain its dominance within the global construction industry.

The Concrete Technology Unit (CTU) of the University of Dundee organised this Congress to addressthese changes, continuing its established series of events, namely, Challenges of ConcreteConstruction in 2002, Creating with Concrete in 1999, Concrete in the Service of Mankind in 1996,Economic and Durable Concrete Construction Through Excellence in 1993 and Protection ofConcrete in 1990.

The event was organised in collaboration with three of the world's most recognised institutions: theInstitution of Civil Engineers, the American Concrete Institute and the Japan Society of CivilEngineers. Under the theme of Global Construction: Ultimate Concrete Opportunities, the Congressconsisted of ten Events: (i) Cement Combinations for Durable Concrete, (ii) Concrete forTransportation Infrastructure, (Hi) Application of Codes, Design and Regulations, (iv) AchievingSustainability in Construction, (v) Repair and Renovation of Concrete Structures, (vi) Use of FoamedConcrete in Construction, (vii) Admixtures - Enhancing Concrete Performance, (viii) Applications ofNanotechnology in Concrete Design, (ix) Role of Concrete in Nuclear Facilities, (x) YoungResearchers Forum. In all, a total of 420 papers were presented from 68 countries.

The Opening Addresses were given by Sir Alan Langlands, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of theUniversity of Dundee, Mr John Letford, Lord Provost, City of Dundee, Mr Colin Clinton, President ofthe Institution of Civil Engineers, and senior representatives of the Japan Society of Civil Engineersand the American Concrete Institute. The Congress was officially opened by Mr Peter Goring,President of the Concrete Society, UK. The ten Event Opening Papers were presented by ProfessorR K Dhir, University of Dundee, UK, Mr E S Larsen, COWI A/S, Denmark, Dr W G Corley,Construction Technologies Laboratory Group, USA, Dr M Glavind, Danish Technological Institute,Denmark, Professor P Robery, Halcrow Group Ltd, UK, Mr D Aldridge, Propump Engineering Ltd,UK, Dr M Corradi, Degussa Construction Chemicals Division, Italy, Professor S P Shah,Northwestern University, USA, Professor C Andrade, Institute of Construction Science, Spain andProfessor P C Hewlett, British Board of Agrement, UK. The Closing Papers were given by ProfessorK Scrivener, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland, Mr N Hussain, Ove Arup &Partners, Hong Kong, Professor H Gulvanessian, Building Research Establishment, UK, Mrs G M TJanssen, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, Dr D R Morgan, AMEC Earth &Environmental, Canada, Dr E Kearsley, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Professor M Collepardi,ENCO-Engineering Concrete, Italy and Mr P Doyle, Jacobs Babtie Nuclear, UK.

The support of 50 International Professional Institutions and 32 Sponsoring Organisations was amajor contribution to the success of the Congress. An extensive Trade Fair formed an integral part ofthe event. The work of the Congress was an immense undertaking and all of those involved aregratefully acknowledged, in particular, the members of the Organising Committee for managing theevent from start to finish; members of the Scientific and Technical Committees for advising on theselection and reviewing of papers; the Authors and the Chairmen of Technical Sessions for theirinvaluable contributions to the proceedings.

All of the proceedings have been prepared directly from the camera-ready manuscripts submitted bythe authors and editing has been restricted to minor changes, only where it was considered absolutelynecessary.

Dundee Ravindra K DhirJuly 2005 Chairman, Congress Organising Committee

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INTRODUCTION

As civilisation moves into the third millennium, the demands placed on infrastructure areincreasing and concrete will be the only material to provide an economic solution. However, thedemands on natural resources are placing pressures on concrete to evolve and become asustainable material which can meet the societal and economic requirements of the planet.

Developments in the technology in processing the raw materials that are required to makeconstituents for concrete has led to the inclusion of novel materials to aid grinding of cementclinker and provide greater chemical activation. The efficiency of cements is now greater thanthey have ever been, however, the increasing emphasis on sustainability has meant that nontraditional materials such as co-combusted industrial by-products are now being used as asupplement to traditional cementitious materials.

Further pressures on concrete to adapt to the demands of the environment have led todevelopments in blending cements and other additions to meet specific performancerequirements. Modifications to heat of hydration, particle packing and rheology by materialselection and mix design methodology has meant that concrete can now be tailor made to meetfresh and hardened requirements. The recent progress in non-Portland cement technology hasalso focussed on providing specific performance requirements through use of specialist cementssuch as calcium aluminate and alkali-activated cements.

The infrastructure of the future will have increasing demands in terms of engineeringperformance and long term durability and these important aspects are now being considered at amaterials level. Properties such as shrinkage, toughness and strength development are beingmanipulated through consideration of constituent materials in order to meet performancerequirements. In terms of durability, modern concrete must perform in the harshest environmentsand appropriate use of cements is vital in ensuring concrete meets its working life requirements.Notwithstanding the above, the need for sustainability is always a consideration and the potentialfor value-added benefits of waste materials and by-products, reduction of energy demand andemissions and end-of-life issues must all be considered if concrete is to be the preferred optionfor future development.

The Proceedings 'Cement Combinations for Durable Concrete' dealt with all these subject areasand the issues raised six clearly defined themes: (i) Processing, Materials and Characterisation,(ii) Blends for Specialist Concretes, (iii) Blends with non-Portland Cements, (iv) EngineeringPerformance, (v) Durability, (vi) Implications for Environmental Assessment. Each theme startedwith a Keynote Paper presented by the foremost exponents in their respective fields. There were atotal of 92 papers presented during the International Conference which are compiled into theseProceedings.

Dundee Ravindra K DhirJuly 2005 Thomas A Harrison

Moray D Newlands


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ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Concrete Technology Unit

Professor R K Dhir OBE (Chairman)

Dr M D Newlands (Secretary)

Professor P C HewlettBritish Board of Agrement

Professor T A HarrisonQuarry Products Association

Professor P ChanaBritish Cement Association

Professor V K RigopoulouNational Technical University of Athens, Greece

Dr S Y N ChanHong Kong Polytechnic University

Dr N Y HoL & M Structural Systems, Singapore

Dr M R Jones

Dr MJ McCarthy

Dr T D Dyer

Dr K A Paine

Dr J E Halliday

Dr L J Csetenyi

Dr L Zheng

Dr S Caliskan

Dr A McCarthy

Dr A Whyte

Mr M C Tang

Ms E Csetenyi

Ms P I Hynes (Congress Assistant)

Mr S R Scott (Unit Assistant)


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SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COMMITTEEProfessor P N Balaguru, Program Director

National Science Foundation, USA

Professor Francois de Larrard, Head of DivisionLaboratoire Central des Pont et Chaussees, France

Mr Cyrus Dordi, Vice President (Technical Services)Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd, India

Mr Per Fidjestol, Technical DirectorElkem ASA Materials, Norway

Dr Graham Grieve, Executive DirectorCement and Concrete Institute, South Africa

Professor Muhammad Nasureel Haque, Professor, Department of Civil EngineeringKuwait University, Kuwait

Professor Roger J Kettle, Subject Group ConvenorAston University, UK

Professor Wieslaw Kurdowski, Emeritus ProfessorUniversity of Mining & Metallurgy, Poland

Professor Jacques Marchand, ProfessorLaval University, Canada

Dr W J McCarter, Postgraduate DirectorHeriot Watt University, UK

Dr Sylva Modry, Principal Research ScientistCTU Klokner Institute, Czech Republic

Professor Viet Hue Nguyen, Principal Research Scientist & ProfessorVietnam Academy of Science & Technology, Vietnam

Professor S Pavlenko, Head ofDept of Civil EngineeringSiberian State University of Industry, Russia

Professor V Penttala, Head of DepartmentHelsinki University of Technology, Finland

Mr William F Price, National Commercial Technical ManagerLafarge Cement, UK

Professor Karen Scrivener, Director, Laboratory of Construction MaterialsSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland

Dr Ian Sims, Director, Materials ConsultancySTATS Ltd, UK

Professor Ferenc D Tamas, Professor EmeritusUniversity of Veszprem, Hungary

Professor G Thielen, ProfessorForschungsintitut der Zementindustrie, Germany

Professor Asim Yeginobali, Director ofR & D InstituteTurkish Cement Manufacturers' Association, Turkey


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COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS

Institution of Civil Engineers, UK

American Concrete Institute

Japan Society of Civil Engineers

SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS WITH EXHIBITIONAalborg White, Denmark

Aggregate Industries

ARUP

Bid Cities Fund

British Board of Agrement

British Cement Association

Building Research Establishment

Bureau Veritas Laboratories Ltd

Castle Cement Limited

CEMBUREAU

Cementitious Slag Makers Association

Danish Technological Institute

Degussa - Construction Chemicals

Dundee City Council

Elkem Materials Ltd

FaberMaunsell

FEBELCEM

Foam Concrete Ltd

Halcrow Group Ltd

Heidelberg Cement

Jacobs Babtie Group

John Doyle Construction

Master Builders Technologies

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SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS WITH EXHIBITION(continued)

PANalytical

Propump Engineering Ltd

Putzmeister Ltd

RMC Readymix

Rugby Cement

STATS Ltd

Tarmac Group

The Concrete Centre

United Kingdom Quality Ash Association

EXHIBITING ORGANISATIONS

Cambridge Ultrasonics Ltd

Celsum Technologies Ltd

CNS Farnell Ltd

Concrete Repairs Ltd

Germann Instruments A/S

Glenammer Engineering Ltd

John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Metrohm UK Ltd

Retsch UK Ltd

Sonatest Ltd

Wexham Developments

Zwick Testing Machines Ltd

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SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS

Asociacion de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Spain

Asociacion de Ingenieros del Uruguay, Uruguay

Association of Slovak Scientific & Technological Societies, Slovakia

Associazione Italiana Ingegneria dei Materiali, Italy

Austrian Society of Engineers & Architects, Austria

Bahrain Society of Engineers, Bahrain

Belgian Concrete Society, Belgium

Brazilian Concrete Institute, Brazil

Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Canada

China Civil Engineering Society, China

Chinese Institute of Engineers, Taiwan

Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrimesores de Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico

Concrete Institute of Australia, Australia

Concrete Society of Southern Africa, South Africa

Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri, Italy

Construction Institute, USA

Czech Concrete Society, Czech Republic

Danish Concrete Association, Denmark

Deutscher Beton-und Bautechnik-Verein EV, Germany

Engineers Australia, Australia

Federation of Scientific & Technical Unions in Bulgaria, Bulgaria

Feberation de l'lndustrie du Beton (FIB), France

General Association of Engineers in Romania, Romania

Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, Hong Kong

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SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS

Hungarian Cement Association, Hungary

Indian Concrete Institute, India

Institute of Concrete Technology, UK

Institution of Engineers, India

Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Institution of Engineers, Malaysia

Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka

Institution of Engineers, Tanzania

Institution of Structural Engineers, UK

Instituto Mexicano del Cemento y del Concreto AC, Mexico

Irish Concrete Society, Ireland

Japan Concrete Institute, Japan

Jordan Engineers' Association, Jordan

Korea Concrete Institute, South Korea

Netherlands Concrete Society, Netherlands

New Zealand Concrete Society, New Zealand

Nigerian Society of Engineers, Nigeria

Norwegian Concrete Association, Norway

Singapore Concrete Institute, Singapore

Slovenian Chamber of Engineers, Slovenia

The Concrete Society, UK

Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers, Turkey

Yugoslav Society for Materials & Structures Testing, Serbia & Montenegro

Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers, Zimbabwe


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CONTENTSPreface iiiIntroduction ivOrganising Committee vScientific and Technical Committee viCollaborating Institutions viiSponsoring Organisations With Exhibition viiExhibiting Organisations viiiSupporting Institutions ix

Opening PaperCement: A Question of Responsible Use 1R K Dhir, University of Dundee, UK

THEME 1 PROCESSING, MATERIALS AND CHARACTERISATIONKeynote PaperAnalysis of Trace Elements in Clinker Based on Supervised 13Clustering and Fuzzy Decision Tree InductionF D Tamas, F P Pach, J Abonyi, University ofVeszprem, Hungary,A M Esteves, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Portugal

Influence of Life Culture Treatments of Flax to Produce Flax Waste 23Aggregate Cement CompositesB Dupre, A Goullieux, L Marmoret, M Queneudec

Evaluation of Phosphogypsum as an Alternative of Gypsum in the 31Fabrication ofCEMII/A-M32.5R Portland CementM B Diop, A A Ndiaye, S Ndiaye, B Lo, O Sakho, P D Tall,A C Beye, W Soboyejo

A New Method for Determining Soluble Silica in Hardened Concrete 45F Goma

Durability Aspects of CEMII/B-M with Blastfurnace Slag and Limestone 55ELang

The Effect of Hydraulically Classified Ultra Fine Ash on Mortar Properties 65R Rathbone, T Robl, M McCabe, K Tapp

Characterisation of Limestone and Fly Ash for a Rational Use in Concrete 71R Magarotto, F Moratti, N Zeminian

Rheological Characterisation of Cement-Based Compositions for the 81Extrusion TechnologyG L Guerrini, R Alfani

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Radio-analyses in Production of Cement 91G Alitto, V Nastro, P De Luca, A Nastro

THEME 2 BLENDS FOR SPECIALIST CONCRETES

Keynote Paper

Durability of an Ultra-High Fibre Reinforced Cement Composite 99Under a Service State Loading and in an Aggressive EnvironmentP Rossi, E Parant, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees, France

Water-Cement Ratio Law and Silica Fume Concrete Mix Design 107S Bhanja, B Sengupta

Enhancing Concrete Performance by Using Environment Friendly 113Finely Divided MaterialsS A Rizwan, M F Chaudhry, S E Benjamin

SEM Investigation of Microstructure in High Strength Concrete with 123OPC Alone, Binary and Ternary MixesP Kumar, S K Kaushik

Ternary Concrete Mixtures Containing Ground Granulated Blast 133Furnace Slag and Fly AshN K Becknell, W M Hale

Resistance of Different Cement Types to Sulfate Attack in the Light 143of Long-Term InvestigationsS Chladzynski, A Garbacik

A Rational Approach to Determine the Best Packing of Particles to 155Enhance Concrete QualityG F Loedolff, G P A G van Zijl

The Effect of Ground Granulated Blasfurnace Slag on the Strength 165Development and Adiabatic Temperature Rise of Concrete MixesS J Barnett, M N Soutsos, J H Bungey, S Millard

Early-Age Temperature Rises in GGBS Concrete: 173Part 1: Determination ofTl ValuesL Zheng, K A Paine, R K Dhir

Early-Age Temperature Rises in GGBS Concrete — 183Part 2: Tl Values for Low Heat and Very Low Heat CementsK A Paine, L Zheng, R K Dhir

Development of Hand-Held Rheology Tool and Suitable Testing Criteria 195R Cullen, R P West

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Study of the Hydrous Behaviour of a Cement Mortar Formulated 203Using a Water-Reducing Proteinic AdmixtureA Chikhi, R M Dheilly, M Queneudec

Rheological Study of Blended Cement Concrete 211V Corinaldesi, G Moriconi

Rheological Design and Development of Highly Fluid Concrete: 219The Future for Designing Cementitious Products?R Fowler

Using Mineral Additions to Improve Properties of High Calcium Fly Ash 229as Cement and Concrete MixtureP Turker, A Yeginobali, A Baskoca

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Blended Cements by 241Utilising the Coarser Fraction of High-Calcium Fly AshS Antiohos, V Vouros, S Tsimas

Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Different Fine Admixtures 251and Their Comparison with Properties of Usual ConcreteV Bilek, P Schmid

The Use of Waste Materials and By-Products in Lightweight Concrete 261H Szilagyi, A Mircea, Z Kiss

THEME 3 BLENDS WITH NON-PORTLAND CEMENTS

Keynote Paper

New Polymeric Matrix for Durable Concrete 2690 Figovsky, Polymate Ltd, Israel

Properties of Alkali-Activated Aluminosilicate Materials with 277Fire-Resistant Aggregate After High Temperature LoadingP Rovnanikova, P Bayer, P Rovnanik, J Novak

Geocement Composites Based on Basalt Fabric and Alkaline 287Aluminosilicate BinderM A Mokhort, Y L Tsybulya

Effect of Chemical Activation Method and Curing Conditions on Strength 293Development of High PFA Content MortarsM R Jones, E Csetenyi, L J Csetenyi, R K Dhir

Carbonation of Natural Hydraulic Lime (NHL) 3.5 299A El-Turki, R J Ball, G C Allen

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Further Investigations Into Some Aspects of Flow Applied Floor Screeds 309N Beningfield, A Pickard, C Swan

Development ofBelite Based Cements in China 323T Sui, Z Wen, J Wang, L Fan

Some Properties of Hardened Concrete 329W Kurdowski, P Gemel

THEME 4 ENGINEERING PERFORMANCE

Influence of Limestone Fillers on the Mechanical Performances of Cement Pastes 339Z Guemmadi, G Escadeillas, B Toumi, H Houari, P Clastres

Some Notes on Size Effect and Influence of Aggregate Roughness 3 51M T Barbosa, E Sanchez

Drying Shrinkage of Concrete Samples Exposed to Extreme Hot Weather 357A M Alshamsi, H D Imran, A Bushlaibi

Chemical Evaluation of Crack Development in Cement-based Sandcrete Structure 363J O Odigure

An Experimental Study of Porosity and Permeability Characteristics of 371Steel Fibre Reinforced ConcreteM Beddar

Influence of Fibrous Waste Addition on the Shrinkage of Mortars 383M Beddar, L Belagraa

Microstructure Changes and Volume Changes of Concrete 391Components in a Setting PhaseJ Litos, J Hosek

Influence of Different Kinds of Cement on Early Shrinkage of Concrete 399J Jasiczak, P Szymanski

Plastic Cracking of Concrete - The Roles of Osmotic and Matric Suction 407V N T Dao, P H Morris, P F Dux

Evolution of the Drying Shrinkage of High Performance Concrete 417A Brahma, L Bal

A Mechanism of Autogenous Shrinkage of Cementitious Materials 425T Nawa, T Horita

Self Preserving Concrete 435D Srinivasan

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Mechanical Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete at Different Temperatures 441S Caliskan, K Turk, S Yazicioglu

An Optimisation Design Procedure for Prestressed 449Reactive Powder Concrete BridgeG Yan, Z Yan, Y Fang

Durability of Hardened Mortar Under High-Vacuum Condition 457Y Sakoi, T Horiguchi, N Saeki

Aligning Long Steel Fibres in Fresh Concrete 467R P West, S Zhang, J Mandl

On Durability of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete AllS Cangiano, E Cadoni, G Frigeri, G A Plizzari, T Teruzzi

Fracture Toughness and Impact Strength of High- Volume 487Class-F Fly Ash Concrete Reinforced with San FibresR Siddique

Investigation of Fibre Reinforcing the Cover of Concrete Columns 495M N S Hadi, D G Montgomery

Effect of Axial Force and Fibre Type on the Shear Behaviour of High 505Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete BeamsI G Shaaban

Ductility and Toughness Characteristics of Steel Fibre High Strength Concrete 517T A M Rasheed, M I M Rjoub

Static Modulus of Elasticity of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete 527V Kumar, A K Sinha, M M Prasad

An Experimental Investigation on Shear Enhancement of Partially Cracked 537RC Beams with Bi-Directional Carbon FabricsJ Jayaprakash, A A A Samad, A A A Ali, A A Ashrabov

Effect of Influence of Beam Width/Fibre Length Ratio on the Behaviour 547of Fibre Reinforced Concrete BeamsR Ravi, C K Williams, G Balasivasankar

Hygric and Thermal Properties of High Performance Concrete 555M Jirickova, E Mnahoncakova, Z Pavlik, R Cerny

Compressive Strength Prediction of High Performance Concretes 563B Toumi, Z Guemmadi, H Houari

Zero Energy Concrete: Rationalising Precast Concrete Production in Action 571I Torresan, R Khurana


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THEME 5 DURABILITY

Keynote Paper

Deicer Salt Scaling Resistance Of Supplementary Cementing Material 579Concrete: Laboratory Results Against Field PerformanceJ Marchand, M Jolin, Laval University, Y Machabee, FQRNT Canada

Key Features in View of Modelling the Permeability of Concrete 591E A B Koenders, F H Cos, W J Bouwmeester-van den Bos

Leaching of Cement Pastes Exposed to the Action of Manure Organic Acids: 601Comparison of the Relative Aggressiveness of the Different AcidsA Bertron, J Duchesne, G Escadeillas

Computational Analysis of the Parameters of Coupled Water and 611Chloride Transport in Cement MortarZ Pavlik, M Jirickova, P Rovnanikova, R Cemy

The Effect of Gas Path Length on the Measured Permeability of Concrete 621D R Gardner, R J Lark, B Barr

Chloride Permeability of White Portland Cement Concrete Modified 631with Silica Fume and MetakaolinS S Marikunte, I L Moutairou

Diffusion Coefficient of Chloride Ions Under Simulated Conditions 639A A Ramezanianpour, M Khademi, H R Ashrafi

Alkali-Silica Reaction of Concrete Containing Glass - 651Interaction with Reactive AggregatesR K Dhir, T D Dyer, M C Tang

Materials Selection System in Mechanical Design of 663Waterproof Layer on Concrete SlabJ Takahashi, A Miyamoto

Self-Healing of Cracks in Concrete with Portland Limestone Cement 675SMANanayakkara, TElakneshwaran

White Concrete for Buildings and Structures 685J S Damtoft, E P Neilsen

Should You Be Using More PFA ? 693L K A Sear

Strength As An Integral Characteristic of Concrete 701D I Gladkov, A P Nesterov, L A Suleimanova

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Use of Fly Ash and Dense Graded Aggregates to 709Construct Durable Concrete PavementsS Jerath, N Hanson

Assessment of Chloride Penetration into Fibre Reinforced Concrete Under Loading 1X1Antoni, T Horiguchi, N Saeki

Long-Term Monitoring ofFBEC Steel Bars Corrosion in 725Chloride-Contaminated Concrete0 S B Al-Amoudi, M Maslehuddin, S H Al-Idi

Corrosion ofRebars in Blended Cement Concretes 735A K Tiwari, R M Cursetji

Thermodynamic Compatibility ofThaumasite with Hydrated Cement Phases 743M T Blanco-Varela, J Aguilera, S Martinez-Ramirez

Influence of Cement Type in Thaumasite Formation 749M T Blanco-Varela, S Martinez-Ramirez, F Adeva, I Pajares

The Reliability of Crack Predictions for Hardening Concrete Structures 757F Czerny, E A B Koenders, K van Breugel

Prediction of Service Life in Cracked Reinforced Concrete 767Structures Subjected to Chloride Attack and CarbonationH-W Song, H J Kim, S J Kwon, C H Lee, K J Byun, C K Park

Computer Modelling of Concrete Service Life 111V G Papadakis, M P Efstathiou

THEME 6 IMPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Evaluation and Comparison of Mechanical Characteristics and Durability 787of Concrete with Different Cement Replacement Levels by Fly AshN de Belie, G Baert, A-M Poppe

Study of the Thermal Behaviour of Concrete Containing 799Thermoplastic Wastes as AggregatesV Kasselouri-Rigopoulou, S Kolias, S Gavela

Effect of Weight Reduction on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of 807Cement-Rubber Composites Formulated with Shredding Operation WasteA Benazzouk, O Douzane, M Queneudec

Reuse of Plastic Waste in Cementitious Concrete Composites 8170 Yazoghli-Marzouk, R M Dheilly, M Queneudec

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Setting Time and Heat of Hydration of Wastepaper Sludge Ash-Ground 825Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (WSA-GGBS) Blended PastesA Chaipanich, J Bai, M O'Farrell, J M Kinuthia, B B Sabir, S Wild

Closing PaperRole of Cement in Improving Concrete Durability 835K Scrivener, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland

Late PapersTheme 4: Keynote PaperPractical Solutions with Durable Concrete 843P Goring, John Doyle Construction, UK

Optimising Cement Combinations for Concrete Used in Carbonation 853and Chloride Exposure ConditionsL Zheng, R K Dhir

Index of Authors 861

Subject Index 865

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Documents

Cement Combinations for Durable Concrete