CENSUS OF INDIA 1951

VOL. ~li PART lB

VIT_f\.L STATISTICS

WEST BENGAL

1941-19~"

BY A. MITRA

of the Indian Civil Service, Superintendent of Census Operations, West Bengal,

and

P.G.~HOUDHURY, . Assista1:t Director of Health Services, Vital Statistics, W€st Bengal.

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CENSUS OF INDIA 1951

VOL. VI PART lB

VITAL STATISTICS

WEST BENGAL

1941-1950

BY A. MITRA

of the Indian Civil Service, Superintendent of Census Operations, West Bengal,

and

P. G. CHOUDHURY, Assistant Director of Health Services, Vital Statistics, West Bengal.

PuBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PuBLICATIONS, DELIII. Pt\INT!:D BY TilE GoVERNMENT OF INDIA PREss, CALCUTTA UDYao •.

1952. . . • ....

CONTENTS

PREFACE PAGE

Preliminary . remarks Errors in registration of vital statistics · .

Births Deaths Deaths by age, sex and communities Deaths classified by cause of death Death rate from child birth . Health Services of West Bengal Food production Roads Protected water supply Housing in crowded areas Diet Middle class family budget enquiry, 1945-46

TABLES

1 3 4 4 4 5 8

10 11 13 14 16 18 20

1. Table 1. Actual number of births and deaths annually reported for each sex for the State of West Bengal during the decade 1941-50 21

2. Tables 1.1-1.10. Actual number of births and deaths reported for each sex in the State of West Bengal, division and district during 1941-50 . • 21-26

3. Table 2. Total births 1941-50 for each year by male and female and by district 27 4. Table 3. Births rates-number of births per one thousand of the total population calculated

on the population of 1941 for the year 1941~50 and each individual year by male and female and districts • 27

5. Table 4. Births rates-number of births per one thousand of the total population calculated on the estimated population on 30th June of each year 1941-50 and for each year specially by male and female, district by district 28

6. Table 5. Female births reported per one thousand male births reported annually in each district 1941-50 and for each year . 28

7. Table 6. Total deaths 1941-50 and for each year by male and female, by districts . 29 8. Table 7. Death rate-number of deaths per one thousand of the same sex calculated on the

population of 1941 for 1941-50 and for each year by male and female and by district 29 9. Table 8. Death rat~number of deaths per one thousand of the same sex calculated on the

estimated population :m 30th Juna of each year 1941-50 by male and female and district • 30 10. Table 9. Annual death rate by sex and age groups 1941-50 (deaths reported per one

thousand of the same sex and age living at the census of 1941) for 1941-50, for each year by male and female and by age groups . 30

11. Table 10. Female deaths per one thousand male deaths annually in each district ]Jl41-50 and for each year 31

12. Table 11. Number of deaths annually reported for each sex at given age groups 1941-50 for males 31

13 .. Table 12. Nwnber of deaths annually reported for each sex at given age groups 1941-50 for females • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32

14. Table 13. Female deaths per one thousand male deaths annually by selected religions 19U-50 and for each year . • • • • • • • • . . • • 33

15. Table 14. Monthly average number of female deaths per one thousand male deaths all religions (Hindu and Muslim) for 1941-50 arranged by the 12 months 33

16. Tables 15.1-15.12. Annual deaths from selected causes, i.e., cholera, fever, SII'all-pox · plague, dysentery, diarrhrea, enteric group of fevers, respiratory diseases other than tuberculosis of lungs, suicide, child birth, malaria, kala-azar, tuberculosis of lungs and snake bites by sex 1941-50 actual deaths reported, year by year and for period 1941-50 by male and female, district by district (12 tables) • • . . • • • . 34-39

17. Tables 16.1-16.12. Annual death rate from selected causes as stated above by sex 1941-50. Reported annual death rate per one thousand of the same !.ex calculated on the population of 1941 for 1941-50 and for each individual year by male and female (12 tables) ~ ~0-45

11. Tables 17.1-11.12. Number of deaths reported from ·selected causes as stated above per OIMP thousand deaths from all causes by sex for period 1941-50 and Lor eacb year b7 male and female. district by district (12 tables) • • 46-51

APPENDICES L Appendix A-A brief account of the history_of Vital Statistics in West Bengal 2. • B-Extracts from the Report of a Pilot Survey held in the districts of Bankura.

3. 4. 5. 8. .,. 8.

" " "

"

Nadia. 24-Parganas. Maida and Darjeeling in the year 1~48 • C-The Bengal Births and Deaths Registration Act of 1873 • I-Milestones in the development of vital statistics in India and outside . II-A calendar of registration of vital events from 1870 in Bengal III-List of Notifiable Diseases • IV-Births and Deaths since 1870 in districts of West Bengal • V-Good and bad registration areas by districts of West Bengal •

52

56 62 64 64 66 67 69

1-REFACg 'It is as reasonable to represent one kind of imprisonment by another, as it is to

represent anything that really exists by that which exists not ! ' -" Robinson Crusoe's Preface " to the third volume of Robinson Crusoe-Daniel Defoe (quoted by Albert Camus in The Plague).

At the instance of the Superintendent o1 Census Operations, West Bengal and Sikkim, the Assistant Director, Vital Statistics, to the Direc­torate of Health Services, Wesi Bengal, compiled sixty tables of which eighteen were principal and fortytwo . subsidiary. The tables were devised on the subsidiary tables and statement~ printed in the 1931 and 1921 Reports for the Census of Bengal thus making comparisons possible over a period of forty years (1911-1950). The fortytwo supporting tables yield details hitherto inaccessible to any but departmental workers and crude absolute figures are given as much as possible, considering how misleading percentages and rates are liable to be of figures already suspect and often patently spurious.

One can quite pertinently ask, why, then, bother to publish figures that are incorrect, if not false, that underestimate several kinds of vital occurrences as much as several times the published figure? Are they intended for make­belief, whitewash or an apology?

It will not take the experienced eye more than a few minutes to discover how untrust­worthy the crude figures are by themselves, and, indeed this little preface will not attempt to conceal the many defects and loopholes. Yet the tables are presented with two objects in view. Firstly, it seeks to focus public attention on the deplorable state of birth and death regis.;, tration in our country. In 1933 L. S. Vaidya­nathan observed in his Actuarial Report on the Census of India 1931 that "a study of the figures in the Table will show that Delhi, Assam and Bengal are almost in the vanguard of provinces that maintain inaccurate vital records as the increases in the population of the decade in these provinces traced through vital records are nearly 64, 61, and 57 per cent. respectively in defect of the increases revealed by the census enumeration."1 As will be presently stated the position, instead of improving, has deteriorated even by 1931 standards. ·

Not that registration of vital occurrences even in countries like Great Britain and the U. S. A. is perfect, but whereas ·in these and other countries a ceaseless effort goes on to per­fect the machinery by legislation and propa­ganda, the primitive machinery in our country,

'Census of India, Vol. I; Part -1 India Report, p. 111.

never sought to be improved, is breaking down for apathy and lack of administrative supervi­sion. The importance and val.ue of vital statis­tics for Public Health Departments, to medical science and to other social needs are increasingly realised. In an atmosphere thick with the fumes of planning the fact that Vital Statistics " define the problems and meas:ure the results of public­health work ", and form the basjs ot aU intell~­gent programmes is generally admitted, medical men and researchers deplore the present state and method of collection, while the uses of a birth or death certificate are becoming far too numerous even in the life of the common man. But the determination to improve registration is lacking. Very few of us even know that a birth or a death is compulsorily notifiable within eight days of its occurrence, that the law lays down penalties for failure to report, that this law is as old as 1873. This legislation has never had teeth in it. A pilot survey conducted in 1947-48 by the Assistant Director, Health Services, Vital Statistics, to the Directorate of Health Services, in certain parts of West Bengal recor¢f,ed wide­spread apathy, even hostility on the part of physicians and midwives towards registration. The State Government now propose to introduce the compulsory issue of bir.th certificates to all school-going children in Primary and Secondary Schools and thereby popularise birth and death registration. They also propose to fasten the responsibility of reporting births and deaths on physicians and midwives through the Rural Health Centres, but :until the importance of registration is drjven home to the minds of the common people through long years of steady propaganda, physicians and 1 midwives made legally liable, the chances o~ the idea catching on are small. The U. S. Department of Com­merce through the U. S. A. Census Bureau issues to every physician a Physician's Handbook on Birth and Death Registration which d~scribes the duties of physicians and midwives on the filling of certificates of birth and death, the method of their preparation, the importance of registration, the system of registration, and an International List of causes of Death for ready reference and as if to interest and invite the physician to take pride in his work as a contri­bution to the Nation, it publishes as an appendix C eight tables and four charts summarising and

showing the trends of vital occurrences in the U. S. A. First prepared in 1910 it was revised and published in 1939 and given to every practi­tioner. 1 A similar booklet, and an imperative maud in the law's grammar Iespecting them, may induce physicians and midwives to take more active interest.

In the second place, the tables, while they are their own apology and although the crude figures they record must be largely fictitious, yet present a picture consistent within their frame­work, a logic of reality in spite of the figures being unreal. It will be seen that underregistra­tions are fairly uniform and do not take sudden leaps and bounds from year to year, and the texture of reporting of vital occurrences by causes of death has the virtue of an even tension. In the majority of the tables few distinct trends are noticeable-this corresponds to gen,eral and expert experience-and insofar as they are so, they yield clues to the real state. This achieves the second object, that the tables exhibit ratios, tensions and relations that correspond to reality, while the data are unreal-and therefore do not deserve to be summarily dismissed. They give food for thought.

Population-West Bengal's population in the 1951 Census (1 March) stands at 24,810,308. · The population in 1941 (1 March) for the same area was 21,837,295. There has been thus an apparent increase of 2,973,013 persons or- 13·6 per cent. in population over the decade. But in the following discussion, figures of Cooch Behar not having been included in the tables, the popu­lation of Cooch Behar is excluded upon which the population of West Bengal stood at 24,139,150 on 1 March 1951 and 21,196,453 on 1 March 1941, showing an apparent increase of 2,942,697 or 13·9 per cent. in population over the decade. This however does not take into account the immigra-

tion of refugees into West Bengal lrom l'ak.istan and the steady migration into Calcutta and other districts from other Indian States and foreign countries. Displaced persons from Pakistan numbered 2,117,896 inclusive of Cooch Behar and without that district 1,999,15-1 on 1 March and although clear instructions were issued to enu­merators not to show as displaced infants and children born to displaced parents after their immigration, it is by no means certain that these instructions were strictly observed. Figures of immigration into West Bengal during the decade cannot be set off against tutal increase so readilv, because immigration in the census is judged by ~eturn of place of birth and not by date of entry mto the State. Thus the figures of immigration that will be eventually published in the Census tables will include those that were counted as migrants in past censuses and only detailed but faulty investigation by age groups may yield a partial clue to the figures of migration between 1

1941 and 1950. Natural increase is therefore very difficult to assess and Statement 1 merely gives iri absolute figures the excess of registration of births over deaths by sex and district. But it is pertinent to try to assess the natural increase by the exclusion of displaced persons which yields 2,942,697 less 1,999,154 or 943,543 for West Bengal excluding Cooch Behar, or an increase at the rate of 4·51 per cent. for the decade or an annual rate of increase of ·46 per cent. The excess of births over deaths numbered 362,105.

Errors in registration of vital events-When ' this figure is compared with the actual increase of population over the decade it reveals a defect of about 88 per cent. in the registration of births and deaths. The findings for each district in Statement 1 will show a similar degree of defect and a very similar ratio. If, however, the total of displaced persons is considered the defect in

STATEMENT 1 Vital Statistics 1941-51

l>btrlc\1

Varlatloa EsceM 1Hl·Ol of blrtb

('-t-naua ~DIU.. aooordlntl to JllrUte .Lleat.ba over death(+)

111U IIIU .......... 111,1-i>U 111,1•1111 d•llcleooy (-) E:.o-(+) and during inter· deilci4JiacJ' (-) -period

.Llllf•...,nce e&Ofloo(+) I.AJiumo Ilia delle"(-) pt~r•·.,nt•.ce Of ooilUDD toeuluma 6

oYer ........... ' I s ' 6 e 7 • " +:U.l,41l0 1<4

+ %1!1,2711 J..,t - 17,0ilt b~

+ 47 .~'tit ~" + 1011,\1.14 67 + J;j.J,611l: 1111 + IHJ,7•l "'' + ~~~.~J7 Jill ...-;il.i.~ilt 1114 + .... .Jfl,. .:.v + '""·~~~ 114 + ·~.471 7• + 11,1111 "" ... ""'·Jtl 7J

• Phy,idan's Handbook on Birth and Death Registration: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Ceusua 1939. Pril:ed 1~ cents but available without charie from the Bureau of the Cew~ upon reque:.t.

registration reduces to 62 per cent. and State- of the primary reporters-the village watchman mcnt 2 gives Statement 1 corrected fo~ t~e -deserted owing to their meagre pay or recruited numbers of displaced persons for every d1stnct in the World· War ll or removed by famine in and for the State. This defect would no doubt 1943, not replaced until after· several years, reduce further if an accurate assessment of reasons sufficient to cause a grievous breakdown migrants were possiLle but even then the defect were it not that the law held a great deal of in registration does not compare unfavourably fear and sanctity for this class of people, the with that of the previous decade (1931-40) which defect in ·registration cannot· be regarded as was 62·3 per cent. Considering that a great many unusual.

STATEMENT2

Errors in Registration of Vital Statistics (without Displaced Population) 1941-51 · ·

Dlslrlcta

Burdwao Blrbhum }lankura Mldnapur

:~~~~?f . · 24-Parganaa •

Calcutta •

~ ~~!~fdabad • West Dlnajpur Jalpalgurl Darjeellng .Maida

Census 11141

2

1,890,732 1,048,317 1,289,640 8,190,647 1,877,729 1,490,304 8,669,490 2,108,891

840,303 1,640,530

683,484 845,702 376,869 8H,Sl5

Census 1961

8

2,191,667 1,066,889 1,819,259 3,359,022 1,65',320 1,611,373 4,609,309 2,648,677 1,144,924 1,715,759

720,673 914,638 445,260 937,580

Difference in Displaced population population

4 I)

+ 300,936 96,105 + 18.572 11,783 + 29,619 9,294 + 1es,375 83,579 + 176,591 61,153 + 121,069 61,096 + 939,819 627,262 + 4.iP,786 433,228 + Bv4,621 426,907 + 75,229 68,729 + 137,089 1,16,610 + 68,836 98,572 + 68,891 15,738 + 93,265 60,lo98

, ToTAL ror Weat Bengal 21,1116,453 24,139,160 +2,942,697 1,999,154 (excluding Ooocb Behar)

· Applying the average rate of increase over the decade, and excluding the displaced population, the annual increase in population comes to 94,354 or 4·5 per mille. The decade had no de-arth of Malthusian checks, of which more presently. The ardent Malthusian will be delighted at the poor rate of growth to the curbing of which war, famine, pestilence, civil commotion and rioting and chopping off of the country lent generous hands. Table 3 shows the total . births by male and female, district by district, year by year, as well as the decennial average for the whole of West Bengal, while Table 7 correspondingly shows the total deaths. The devastating sweep of the famine will be evident from a comparison of the two tables. Only two districts, Hooghly and West Dinajpur, showed a small excess of births over deaths in 1943, and Darjeeling showed a small excess in respect of female births. All other districts went down heavily under the sickle of death, whereas none of them, except Calcutta, where a trend of depopulation seems to be chronic up to the end of 1948, showed signs of a decreasing population up to 1942. Between 1881 and 1890 there was a bad famine and the Census Report for 1891 had occasion to observe· how it took from three to four years to restore the vitality of the worst affected tracts1

• A similar period was taken after 1943. Births touched the lowest mark in almost all districts in 1944 the year immediately after the famine, while they touched the highest in 1946. The excess of

1 Census of India. 1891. Report Volume, p. 62.

Natural • incre&ll6

In population

6

+204,830 + 6,789 + 20,326 +134,796 +125,4311 + &9,1178 +412,557 + 6,658 -122,286 + 16,600 + 21,679 -29,736

• + 63,163 + 33,067

Births 1941·60

7

421,749 277,689 8!6,624 771,046 308,863 244,837 668,128 844,718 226,391 429,699 148,989 231,963 106,826 165,678

Deatba 1941-50

8

DUrerence Col. (6) min a•

Col.(9)

'10

Col. 10 In percentage

to Col. 6

i1 872,214 + 49,636 + 166,295 76 287,396 - 9, 707 • + 16,496 24 3 268,935 + 46,689 - 26,364 130 649,876 + 121,170 + 13,6~6 . 10 233,206 + 76,667 + 49,781 40 257,270. - 12,438 . '. 72,406 121

m:g~g .:!:. :~:m' .t s~::r~: . ' 1,sl~ 237,648 - 11,257 - 111,029 Ill 898,734 + 80,866 - 14,365 87 140,166 + 8,824 . +. 12,765. 69 216 689 + 16,864 - 46,100 156 98,050 +· 7,776 + 45,878 86

140,437 + 26,136 + 7,1131 '24

+943,643 4,660,984 4,298,879 t362,106 + 681,488 62 J

_deaths over births continued in' ) Burdwan, Bankura, Midnapur, 24-Parganas and Malda in 1943 and 1944 ; in Howrah, Nadia, Murshidabad, Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling through 1943, 1944 and 1945. In Calcutta excess of deaths over births chimed in with this trend and swelled the figures inordinately. Birbhum took the .longest time· to recover ; excess of deaths over births contin:ued till the end of 1947, to recover slightly in 1948 and 1949, to relapse again in 1950 ... Table 1 gives the births and deaths annually reported for the State of West Bengal for 1941--50 and confirms the above conclusions. The year 1950 was a year of bad health and epidemics and in Birbhum, Nadia and· West Dinajpur deaths exceeded births. . Births gained their peak in 1946,-life asserting itself over death-to taper off to norm~l p:r:o_portions · towards 1950, and figures of birth rates at the end of the decade as well as of death rates may nourish hopes of a small falling rate in · both.' But how far this seemingly reducing birth· and death rates are real cannot be assessed with certitude, because on all showing there may have been a further fall in ; efficiency of registration since 1946. The average number of female births per 1,000 male births was 926·2 for 1941-50 and that for deaths was 918·5, 'and while the figures from year to year have fluctuated and show no definite regular trend it is a matter of concern that female deaths per 1,000 male deaths touched their peak in 1949 (955·6) for the decade, while figures for 1944-50 have been much higher than those for 1941-43 (Table I): ..

Birtlu-The distribution of births by sex, year and district during 1941-50 is shown in :J'able 3 while the birth rates are shown in Tables -1, 5 and 6. About 466 thousands of births per year were the normal experience for the State, 242 thousands being males and 224 thousands females, thus yielding a birth rate of 24·0 per mille on an average in the middle of each year, of which 12·3 per mille were males and 11·7 were females. There were more males born than females and the rate, 926·2 female births per 1,000 male births, for 1941-50 represents more or less the rate for the individual intermediate years. The birth rate starting at 25·5 in 1941 touched its lowest in 1944 at 17·9 as a result of the Famine, climbed again to 24·7 in 1946 to fall off steadily to reach 20·7 per mille in 1950. Before 1943 a birth rate of over 30 per mille of population was recorded by the districts of Birbhum (34·2 in 1941 and 34·8 in 1942), Nadia (32·6 in 1941 and 33·8 in 1942), Murshidabad (34·5 in 1941 and 33·0 in 1942), Jalpaigurl (30·7 in 1941 and 30·9 in 1942) and Darjeellng (30·1 in 1941), and a birth rate below 20 per mille was noticed only in the districts of llowrah (19·7 in 1941 and 15·7 in 1942), Calcutta (13·9 in 1941 and 9·4 in 1942) and Maida (17·9 in 1941 and 14·0 in 1942). The birlh rate imme­diately after the Famine (1944) was lower than that in 1941 In almost all districts, and the propor· tionate fall in the birth rate was maximum in the district of Murshidabad (17·9) to be followed by Nadia (19·3), Birbhum (20·6), Darjeellng (20·5) and Jalpalgurl (21·2). Thus the districts where birth rates were the highest in 1941-42 showed the greatest relative fall in birth rate in 1944, decidedly a greater rate of fall than those districts which showed a smaller birth rate in 1941-42. Calcutta has been showing a steadily climbing birth rate since 1943, one reason for it possibly being greater efficiency in registration.

Death.t-Deaths by year, district and sex and averages for the decade are given in Tables 7, 8 and 9. About 429 thousand deaths per year were the normal experience for the State, 224 thousand being males and 205 thousand females, thus yield· ing a death rate of 20·3 per mille on an average in the middle of each year. The average specific death rate for males for 1941-50 was 19·4 per mille and for females 21·2 per mille. The specific death rate (number of deaths per !,000 of the same sex) for females was found to be greater than that for males for every year of the decade In the districts of Burdwan. Hooghly (except in 19-13), Howrah (except in 19-13), 24-Parganas (ncept in 1943), Calcutta, Nadia (except in 1941, 19-12 and 19-\5). Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling. The nCE'ptions for 19-13 in Hooghly, Howrah and 24. Parganas may well ha\·e been due to defective r«'gistratlon of female d('aths in the Famine year.

The remaining districts do not show any notice­able preponderance uf male deaths per 1.000 males over female deaths per 1,000 fer.~ales, but just a narrow often doubtful margin. The pre­ponderance of female deaths per mille females over male deaths per mille males has been less than 2 in most districts and years but in Calcutta was as much as 20·2 in 1950, 18 6 in 1943, 18 In 1943. 16·1 in 1944, 15·4 in 1949. 1-1·4 in 1!l·l7. 12·1 in 1945, 11·5 in 1941, 11·1 in 1946, 5·5 in 1942 and 14·3 as the annual average for the dE:-C'ade (cal· culated on the estimated population at the middle of each year). This is 86 per cent. more than the specific death rate for males in Calcutta and the reason should be investigated.

The maximum deaths were registered in Burdwan, Hooghly, Howrah, Calcutta, Maida, West Dinajpur and Jalpaiguri in 1944, the year following the famine. It is possible that deaths in these districts had been greater in 1943, and went unregistered. Of these, none except Burdwan and West Dinajpur was a surplus rice­growing district. Deaths touched their maxi· mum in 1943 in the other districts (Birbhum, Bankura, Midnapur, 24-Parganas, Nadia, and Murshidabad) all of which were either surplus or self-sufficient in food-grains in normal times. Before 1943, death rates above 25 per mille were recorded in the districts of Nadia and Darjeeling, a death rate above 20 but below 25 per mille in Birbhum, Bankura, Murshidabad and J alpalguri, a rate below 20 in the remaining districts, the lowest being Malda. In 1943 all districts showed very high death rates, Nadia recording the maxi· mum, followed by Birbhum and Murshida~ad where the death rate was around 30 per mtlle. The rise in death rates between 1941 and 1943 was maximum in the Nadia district and next in Murshidabad where. it is pertinent to note, birth

. rates were the highest before 1943. Following the trend for birth rates, it may be obc;f'rved that those districts in which the death rate was high in 1941-42 showed a proportionately greater rise in its rate in 1943 than other districts where the death rate was comparatively low before 1943.

Deaths by age and sex and communities­These are given in Tables 8-15. The force of mortality was found to be greater among females than among males, although the actual number of male deaths was more than female deaths. This apparent contradiction may be due to two causes: the preponderance of males over females in the State and the steady immigration of a large male population. The greater mortality among females must be a big factor in the steady decline of the female population of the State, where the gap between the number of males and females has been steadily widening since 1901. The ratio of female deaths to 1,000 male deaths

5

was an annual average of 918·5 for the decade, but as has already been noted, female deatr.s per 1,000 male deaths have been greater in the years 1944-50 than in 1941-43. The greater mortality among females than among males,-a circum­stance contrary to the expectations of a civilised country-is itself a grave enough reflexion on the state of its public health and the fact that it has been worse in the past three years than pre­viously probably indicates how inadequate exist­ing medical and public health measures have been to cope with a sudden influx ·of over 2·1 million refugees.

It may be mentioned in passing that in 1943 female deaths exceeded male deaths only in Burdwan, Calcutta, Nadia, Jalpaiguri, West Dinajpur and Darjeeling. But in 1944 female deaths exceeded male deaths in these other dis­tricts as well as in those of 1943 : Birbhum, Hooghly, Howrah and 24-Parganas. In Hooghly, Howrah and Calcutta undernourishment and un­employment may have removed many women who were residents as well as those who had gathered from other districts.

The specific rate of female deaths during the decade was higher than that of male deaths in the age groups of 1-5, 5-10, 15-40 and 60 and above, while the specific death rate for males were higher than that for females in the age groups 0-1, 10-15 and 40-60 years. This more or less corresponds to a universal trend but the differences are far more acute than in western countries and absolute figures, even as they are, · are depressing. The reasons for the higher specific mortality among females in the age­groups 1-5, 5-10, and 15-40, and 60 and above, not only as an annual average for the decade but for each year, may be found in the comparative neglect to which female children below 10 and women above 60 years of age are subject, greater risks attendant on women in the reproductive stage 15-40. Women enjoy a lower specific mortality than men only in the age groups 10-15 and 40-60, in the former because nature endows them with greater sturdiness in that period as is universally observed ; in the latter because they have gone through the reproductive stage and are left in relative peace and comfort. Also because the hazards of life are greater for males in the age group 40-60 which are increased by the fate of the vast majority of males at these ages finding themselves the only breadwinners of their families and therefore bearing all the attendant strain and anxiety. Thus, these two groups do not indicate any exceptional social attention or medical aid. and the overall picture contributes to a steady decline of females.

The specific death rates according to ages show the normal U shaped curve. The bottom of

1 CENSUS

the u is at the age group 10-15 years, the death rate for infants between 0 and 1 being 172·1 for males and 156·0 for females, the death rate for the age groups of 60 years and above being 84·6 for males and 94·4 for females. Table 9 will show that infants and children up to 5 years of age fell the easiest victims to the 1943 famine, and next came persons aged above 30 years. Persons between the ages of 5 and 30 years suffered least and fought the Famine best.

Tables 10-12 illustrate and confirm the above remarks in detail. The districts of Howrah, 24-Parganas and Calcutta where the hazards of life for males are greater than those for females showed a greater number of male deaths than females, although the picture for specific morta­lity rates for males and females are necessarily different. The reproduction age takes a heavy toll of women, 1,246 female deaths for every 1,000 male deaths in age group 15-20, and 1,296 female deaths per 1,000 male deaths in the age group 20-30. The proportion of female deaths to 1,000 male deaths was an annual average of 918·5 for the decade, but as will be evident from this discussion this average conceals a number of gaping wounds which cry out for vigorous social and public health measures. The differ­ence between male and female deaths greatly widened in 1943, the famine year, which can be partly explained by the defect in registration of female deaths at this period. But this difference narrowed down in later years. In Birbhum female deaths per 1,000 male deaths exceeded 1,000 in 1944 {1,035·2), 1945 (1,028·1), 1946 (1,012·9) and 1949 {1,Q15·7), and the same happened in Midnapur in 1948 {1,000·8) and 1949 (1,017·0) and it occurred also in Nadia in 1949 {1,017·0).

Tables 13 and 14 will show that female deaths per 1,000 male deaths are lowest among Christians (851·6• for the decade) and highest

·among Hindus {922·5) and intermediate for Muslims {896·3). AR appreciable seasonal varia­tion in the monthly averages of female deaths per 1,000 male deaths for all religions during the decade is noticeable in Table 15, the highest rate being touched in November and the lowest in June. In November, disease and confinement strike jointly their hardest while in June the comparative slackness of disease and paucity of confinements lower the rates. The female death rate per 1,000 male deaths for Hindus reaches its peak in November (970·4) while that fol"' Muslims touches 979·9; the trough is reached in June, Hindus standing at 894·6 and Muslims a'f 841·5.

Deaths classified by causes of death-This is where, next to overall defective registration of births and deaths, we find registration most at fault. ·Whereas even in 1939 the Bureau of the

2

Census of the U.S. A. claimed that "about nine­tenths of all births and an even higher propor­tion of deaths which occur yearly in the United States are attended by physicians", it would not perhaps be an exaggeration to assert that about nine-tenths of all births and an even higher pro­portion of deaths in our country are not attended by qualified or unqualified midwives or physi­cians. Consequently causes of still birth (or an accurate record of it), death of infants at birth, maternal and infant mortality have never been properly investigated in our land except for small samples, and diseases causing death at ages over one year go improperly or fancifully recorded. It will presently be seen that in those districts where medical attention is more easily procurable deaths due to " Fever" have showed a steady decline. Causes of death are left to the fancy of the illiterate village watchman. Even in rural or town hospitals the clinical and therapeutic standards are such as would put under doubt quite a proportion of the declared causes of death. Against such a background it

6

i.; pleasant to note the even texture of the figures for each district over the decade ; they even dis­play trends. And be it noted that the figures are all crude figures and no effort has been made to graduate them.

Tables 15 series exhibit deaths due to different causes. The average number of annual deaths by sex due to each major cause during the decade together with their rates and proportion to total deaths is shown in Statement 3.

It will appear that about 54 per cent. of total deaths is claimed by Fever, a term which, frankly, means lack of diagnosis ~nd perhaps treatment. 9·1 per cent. goes under respiratory diseases other than T. B. of the lungs, 6·7 per cent. under dysentery and diarrhoea, 4 per cent. under cholera, 2 -per cent. under smallpox, 1·7 per cent. under pulmonary tuberculosis, and under 1 per cent. for other diseases. The magni­tude of the problem for the State is thus obvious. The annual death rate by principal causes is given in Statements 3 and 4.

STATEMENT 3

At'erage number of Annual Deaths by Sex due to several causes with their Rates and Proportion to Total Deaths 1941-50

DU'fBS. RAn PIIOPOBTIOK TOTAL

llale Pema.le Male J'emale Male Female

Cl.ol- 11,03& 8,866 •8 1·0 40·8 48·0 41·0

'•"ra ucludlna Ka.larla and Ka.Ja.uar 68,848 611,876 11-11 11-1 298·8 200•0 2UI·3

llmaU·po:l 4,252 ,,287 •4 ., 111•0 20·7 18·~

l'latlll• 7 2 •001 •OOOll ·03 •01 ·0~

Dy ... al«}' aad Dlarrboea aod ut<orlc 1101111 o1f renn . U,756 18,1166 1·8 1·, 65·8 07•8 06·8

lleeplralor7 dl- otber thaD T. B. oflunp . 111,1111 12,623 1·7 1·8 86•3 no·t< 7t<·6

l.lul<lde 662 6311 •Of> •1 2·6 2•6 ~·6

C'bU<l birth 8,3111 •I 16•6 7·11

Kal&rla • 61,923 60,747 4·6 1·2 231·7 2~6·8 ~:J3·D

ll:a.la-uer 1,888 1168 •1 •1 8·2 4·7 ; ... T. 11. oflunp • ,,826 2,821 •4 •8 21·6 12·i 17•3

lwebll.- . -. 871 771 •1 •1 8·11 8·7 a· II

774·6 768·1 771•8

STATEMENT 4

Decennial Death Rates per 1,000 Population in West Bengal 1941-50

])yiM'tltery, lJiarrho.a

T. B.c:.f , ..... Cholera J'enra 8JDa.ll·po:l and &oterle lla.latla Kala·aaat Group of L•n~ I' even

uu •7 1·2 •• 1·1 •·o •011 ·~!!

ltU •• 1·6 oOI 1·1 4·0 o()7 ·:ll .... !•7 16·1 ·1 1·11 7·8 ·00 •3:!

1N4 : 1-IJ 18·1 ... 1·7 7·11 •(of ·86

ltU • •4 11·7 1·! 1·1 1·11 •J2 •3J .... ., tOol -t 1·1 4·8 •I$ ·~· ... , •6 ••• •1 1·1 3-11 ·U •all

·~Ia • • • •8 1·1 •4 1·1 ••• •II •88 , .... , •• .. , •1 1·1 1·8 •U ·87

u~ .. ,., .. 1·1 1·7 '119 ·Jt

Except for two understandably big leaps (in 1 !H:l, the famine year, and 1944, the aftermath) cholera has remained almost parallel to the base at the mean rate of ·6 per mille. So has small­pox at ·2 with two big leaps in 1944 and 1945 (the years following the famine) and two smaller leaps in 1948 and 1950 (the years of heavy influx of displaced persons). So have dysentery and diarrhoea remained steady at the mean rate of 1·3 (except for 1·9 in 1943 and 1·7 in 1944) and Kala-azar at the mean rate of ·14 per mille. Malaria shows a slight decline from 1942 with peaks in 1943-46. T. B. of the lungs shows an upward trend during the decade.

The districts of Howrah, 24-Parganas, Calcutta, and Nadia recorded an average annual rate of deaths due to cholera of about 1 per mille, while Burdwan, Birbhum, Bankura, Midnapur, Hooghly, Murshidabad, Malda and West Dinajpur showed rates ranging between ·5 and 1 per mille. J alpaiguri showed a mean rate below ·5 per mille and Darjeeling, the lowest mean rate of ·1 per mille during the decade. The low rate in J alpaiguri may be ascribed largely to the improved and protected water­supply in the majority of tea gardens which cover the district, and that in Darjeeling to a similar reason and the temperate climate. Nowhere else do the rates show the beneficent action of preventive inoculation or improved water-supply.

Very similar is the pi~ture presented by small­pox. It reached peaks in 1944 and 1945 and again in 1950 for the State as a whole while indi­vidual districts suffered in no fixed pattern. Calcutta and Howrah showed the maximum death rate from smallpox (where however public health staff per capita are the largest}, while Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling and Malda recorded the minimum. Dysentery and diarrhoea were prevalent in all districts together with respiratory diseases. There is no marked trend of decline and there­fore no sign that the scourge is under control.

The worst districts for Fever were Birbhum, Nadia and Murshidabad while Hooghly, Howrah, 24-Parganas and Calcutta were better off. It should be noted that Birbhum, Nadia and Murshidabad constitute the central portion of the State where medical and public health conditions are poor. This may account for a large number of deaths having been returned as Fever. By contrast there is a larger proportion of qualified and unqualified medical practice in Hooghly, Howrah, 24-Parganas and Calcutta-which are predominantly urban;-mention of the causes of· death is naturally more specific in these districts thus extricating a large number of deaths from the anonymity of Fever.

The decline in Malaria may be ascribed in a large measure to the intense dlive of mepacrine,

atabrine, pal:udrine and. quinine that followed the 1943 famine and continued unabated till last year. Mention also must be made of the antimosquito campaign conducted by the American, British and Indian Armie~ during World War II which made large tracts of the country pleasantly habit­able and set up new standards of cleanliness and public health (for instance, Raja-bhatkhawa and the Duars of J alpaiguri, Sal bani and Khargpur in Midnapur, Ramporehat in Birbhum, Dhubulia and Ranaghat in Nadia, Panagarh in Burdwan and a numbe"r of places in 24-Parganas). The D.D.T. spraying conducted by the State in 1950 produced notable results and there is a new hope everywhere that Malaria is not inevitable. Malaria was worst in Birbhum, Nadia and Murshidabad, where the annual death rate was more than 9 per mille. Calcutta showed the lowest rate.

There is a very small but steady and notice­able decline in deaths from Respiratory Diseases other than T. B. of the Lungs in all districts except Malda and West Dinajpur ,- where they are surprisingly enough on the increase. This decline may be due to defective registration or to the increased efficiency of dispensaries and the large number of free beds _in A. G., F. R. E., and general hospitals and to a more general use of sulpha drugs and penicillin among physicians. No marked trend is noticeable in suicides as only Howrah and 24-Parganas show large figures.· Calcutta, by reason of her being a city, ought to show a larger number of suicides but they are

. probably masked by other declarations. Deaths from snake-bite are almost uniform over the State on the basis of number of persons per square mile and were at a level of ·1 per mille, not by any means a small figure. Deaths from snake-bite were lowest in Howrah, Calcutta, Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling.

Happily, plague was confined only to Calcutta and Howrah ; in Calcutta it flared up in 1949 but was quickly brought under control, and public health measures were very efficient in this direction.

Kala-azar was conspicuously low in Bir­bhum, Bankura, Midnapur and Howrah. West Dinajpur was notorious while Darjeeling was bad. Deaths from T. B. of the Lungs were · highest in Calcutta, the minimum and maximum deaths per 1,000 deaths from all causes, being 47·2 (1943) and 82·8 (1942) for males respectively, and 50·5 (1943) and 103·6 (1942) for females respectively, the annual averages standing at 58·6 for males and 65·4 per mille deaths for females. Next in death from T. B. of the Lungs comes Darjeeling with annual averages of 53·2 for males and 51·6 per mille deaths for females, while the minimum and maximum for males were 42·0 (1946)

2A

and ;o 2 (1949) and those for females were 43·1 (19-U) and 65·2 (1949). In other districts the intensity varied from ·1 to ·6 per mille during the decade.

a.

A point to note about deaths from Kala-azar and T. B. of the Lungs is the very noticeably con­sistent small figures of female deaths from these caust:S in comparison to male deaths. This can only be explained by the comparatively poor diagnosis of these diseases amongst females than males. That this is so is amply supported by figures ·of deaths from these two causes in Calcutta, where because facilities of treatment for males and females are almost even, the rate of deaths from T. B. of the lungs of females per 1,000 deaths from all causes exceeds that of males and that for Kala-azar for females is within 1 per mille of that for males. By contrast, deaths from these two . causes are recorded at much lower figures for females than for males in Darjeeling, and there is a wide margin between male and female deaths from these two causes in all other districts.

Death rate from child birth-Death rate from child-birth per 1,000 female death from all causes during the decade presents a depressing picture. For the State figures were highest in 1948 and 1949. In Burdwan the figure mounted steadily from 8·5 . (1944) to 22·8 (1948) to 'fall to 16·4 in 1950, in Birbhum from 5·3 (1944) to 15 6 in 1948 to 8·1 in 1950; in Bankura from 7·5 (1944) to 17·0 (1946) to fall to 11·9 in 1950 ; in Midnapur from 89 (1943) to 22·8 (1946) to fall to 19·4 in 1950 ; in Hooghly from 14·2 (1945) to 24·2 (1948) and 18·1 in 1950; in Howrah it varied between 9 9 and 13 8 between 1943 and 1949 and stood at 6 3 in 1950. In 24-Parganas the figure was 8·1 in 19H and steadily climbed to 19·3 in 1949 and dropped to 14·8 in 1950. In Calcutta it climbed from 1·6 in 1943 to 17·6 in 1949 and fell to 12·1 in 1950. In Nadia it rose from 4·2 (1943) to 23·1 (1948) and dropped to 13·8 in 1950, in Murshidabad from 3 6 in 1943 to 16·5 in 1948 and 12·2 in 1950 ; in Maida from 10·4 in 1944 to 22·9 in 1949 and 13 7 in 1950; in West Dinajpur from 22·9 in 1944 to 45 5 in 1949 to 29·1 in 1950; in Jalpaiguri from 29 5 in 19H to 73·2 in 1942 to 56·2 in 1950 ; in Darjecling from 18·5 in 1943 to 33·6 in 1949 to 16 2 in 1950. The steep rise from 1943-44 to 1949 may have been due to improved registrati~n while it is not clear to which cause the fall m 1950 is to be ascribed. The average annual in· fantile mortality for the decade, it may be re­called, was 172·1 for males and 156·0 for females.

• • • In 1950 W. M. Frazer published -• A History

ol Engti.sh Public Health 1834-1939' and the fullowing information has been extf3cted from

his book. Says Frazer " The population (England & Wales) was gi\·en at the Census of 1921 as 37,885,242. In the period of a hundred years, therefore, the population of England and Wales had increased from 12 million to more than three times that number. Such an increase could only have been achieved in the exceptional economic and industrial circumstances of this country in the nineteenth century with markets throughout the world clamouring for manu­factured goods, for which food and raw mate­rials were received in return. The birth rate was, however, falling rapidly mainly in the ranks of the middle and upper classes and, except amongst the very poor, the Victorian family of ·ten or a dozen children was seldom seen. In the period 1871-75 the birth rate had reached the peak figure of 35·5, and it began to fall rather rapidly after 1890, at a time when the general standard of living in the community as a whole had reached its highest point. By the quinquennium 1916-20, which included some of the war years, this figure had dropped to 20·1. There is litUe doubt that the rapid decline of the birth rate after 1890 was due very largely to the spread of the knowledge of contraceptive methods amongst people in the higher income groups, and there was an increasing tendency as the years went by for these methods to be adopted by the better-off skilled workers. But the use of contraceptives must be regarded as only the means by which, largely, the birth rate was reduced, and the desire for smaller families, a social phenomenon of great consequence in the twentieth century, can be traced to a number of causes, including the ·emancipation of women and the general demand for more luxury and more comfortable conditions of living. The birth rate rose again in 1920 and 1921 as a result of the demobilisation of the armed forces, but later in the decade the tendency towards a decline in the annual number of births re­asserted itself, and in the period 1926-30 the rate had dropped to 16·7.

"The declining birth rate was, however, masked by an almost equal reduction in the death rate, which in the period 1916-20 had declined to the figure of 14·4. Until the end of the nineteenth century the infantile mortality rate had remained obstinately at or near 150 but after 1900 a highly welcome decline took place. In the period 1901-05 this figure had dropped to 138, in 1911-15 to 110, and in the quinquennium 1916-20 to 90. The reduction of the infantile mortality rate to the latter figure meant that, as compared v.'ith the nineteenth century, the lives of 60 infants, out of each 1,000 born, were being saved each year, and this was a substantial offset to a declining birth rate. (Pp. 354-5.)

" So ended the last of the cholera outbreaks in this country (1893). No outbreaks of cholera occurred in this country between the years 1866 and 1893. For that occurring in 1831-2 there are no mortality statistics available. In the epide­mic of 1848-9 there were 54,398 deaths, in 1853-4, 24,516 deaths, in 1866, 14,378 deaths and in 1893, 135." (P. 168.) .

" This epidemic (smallpox, 1870-3), wh1ch occurred throughout England from the end ·of 1870 to the close of the second quarter in 1873, was part of a world-diffused pandemic. From the last quarter of 1870 to the end of the first quarter in 1873 when the outbreak terminated, the number of deaths from smallpox in England was 44,079 out of which 10,287 were contributed by London. In the London Smallpox and V ac­cination Hospital the case-mortality rates for the years 1870 and 1871 were, respectively, 66·2 and 77 per cent. in unvaccinated persons ; and, in the two years combined, the rate amongst the vac­cinated was 15 per cent. Dr. Seaton, who com­piled this report for the Local Government Board, emphasizes that, in spite. of the severity of the smallpox outbreak of 1870-3, the country had been saved from something very much worse by the system of vaccination which had been in force for 30 years ; and he observes that the mortality of this epidemic, alarming as it had been, had not approached what was the usual annual smallpox mortality of the Kingdom at the time when vaccination was unknown. 'The average annual smallpox death rate of the metro­polis in the pre-vaccine period was from 400 to 500 per hundred thousand of population ; the mean annual death rate of this epidemic was 148, having in 1871 been 243 and in 1872, 54.'_ (Pp. 169-70.) The total notifications of smallpox in London from the beginning of the epidemic (November 1901) to the end of March; 1902, amounted to over 6,000. (In Liverpool) the out­break lasted until December, 1903, and caused much suffering, during the course of which 2,278 persons were found to be suffering from the disease. (Pp. 289-90.) What was noteworthy about this epidemic was that it had died down completely by the end of 1906, and had scarcely left a trace behind it. From the end of 1906 up to the present day, the· amount of severe smalJ­pox (Variola Major) in any period has been very small, and such outbreaks as have occurred were mainly due to imported cases which had escaped

through the net of the Port sanitary authorities. (P. 370.)

"The more important of the facts about the transmission of plague were established by the Indian Plague Commission. As a prophylactic; Haffkine's vaccine has been· used in areas subject to plague epidemics with some success. Plague was last seen in epide~c form in this country in 1665-6 .•• Careful precautions are taken at the ports to destroy rats on ships by fumigation. (Pp. 269-70.)

"By the second decade of the twentieth century the main infectious diseases which had so much affected the mortality rates during the previous hundred years had been almost, i~ not entirely, stamped out. Apart from occas10~al imported cases, typhus, cholera and relapsmg fever had disappeared with the abolition of the conditions which favoured their spread, and the enteric group of diseases was decidedly less troublesome than before. In 1911 13,852 cases of these diseases were notified, in 1914 8,778, and in 1916 5,564. (P. 364.) -

"The value of publicity and of directing at-. tention to the exact cause of maternal deaths, instead of to generalities, was shown in what has come to be known as the. "Rochdale experiment" which was begun in 1931. For the preceding ten years, Rochdale had the unenviable ~tinction of having the highest Maternal Mortality rate in the country. Dr. Andrew Topping who be­came Medical Officer of Health in 1930 estab-' lished the fact that the great majority of deaths were due to absence of adequate antenatal care· and to unnecessary interference in labour on the· part of doctors, and not occult rickets, 'women working in the mills', smokeladen atmosphere, etc., which had been advanced as causes. Frank exposure of the real cal.lses by public lectures and in tbe local press, extension and improve­ment of antenatal and domiciliary midwifery .J

services, together with cooperation from general practitioners, brought the rate down to well below average within 18 months and it has re­mained at a comparatively low level since then. (P. 418.)

"Another favourable factor was the mort_tlity rate from tuberculosis (all forms) which, 4"fn the period 1916-20, had fallen to 1·4 per thousand of the population." (P. 355:)

10

.. Is it the pig that makes the Hye or the stye the pig? "

-Report of the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working classes.. 1885 (quoted by W . .M. Frazer in A Htswry of English Public Health).

llealth Services of West Bengal-A casual (lbserver or even a critic of the Health Services of West Bengal will admit the considerable achieve­ments of the Department of Public Health since 19-17 in the reorganisation of health services, improvement of rural water supply, inoculations and vaccination, the increase in the number of mobile medical units, sanitary and health staff, improved supply of medicines to itinerant health visitors, dispensaries and hospitals. A bold step has been taken in the building up of rural health centres, in unions and thanas, in the rapid ex­pansion of hospital beds thro'l,lghout Wc::st Bengal, in an improved supply of women health visitors and midwives. The major hospitals in Calcutta and district towns have received beneficent attention and not a few of them have been en­larged and more fully staffed. The Govern­ment recently has created a number of new muni­cipalities thus bringing their population within the ambit of municipal amenities.

All this ought to have reflected a substantial improvement of vital statistics figures were it not for the serious problems of sanitation and public health created by a sudden influx of 2·12 million displaced persons from East Bengal the majority of whom had to be huddled into make­shift camps of canvas and bamboo. l'he effect has also been masked by the general conditions of living which show no signs of improvement, but rather of deterioration. This section will briefly deal with the background of the Vital Statistics discussed above and will make the question, quoted above. which a Royal Commission. in Eng­land put to itself in 1885, appear fraught with the deepest of meaning.

In 18-12 Edwin Chadwick submitted his Report of an Enquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain and made the following observations (pp. 369-71 of the Synuptical Volume quoted by W . .M. Frazer in A ll1story of English Public Health pp. 18-19) which apply .,.ith particular force and poignancy to preSt'nt cond1tions in our country and put the finger on our malady. These points had of course been made earlier by· .Malthus, but -whereas Malthus's dissertation was wholly gloomy, Chadwick's language betrays great determination to alter the state of affairs that he had found the country in:

.. That the various forms of epidemic, endemic and other disease caused, or aggravated, or pro­pagated chiefly amoni!sl the labouring classes by

atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances by damp and filth and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population in every pa""t of the Kingdom, whether dwelling in separate houses, in rural villages, in small to·wns, in the larger towns-as they have been found to prevail in the lowest districts of the metropolis.

"That such disease, wherever its attacks are frequent, is always found in connexion with the physical circumstances above specified, and that where those circumstances are removed by drain­age, proper cleansing, better ventilation and other means of diminishing atmospheric impurity, the frequency and intensity of such disease is abated ; and where the removal of the noxious agencies appears to be complete, such disease almost entirely disappears ".

"That the formation of all habits of clean­liness is obstructed by defective supplies of water".

"That the annual loss of life from filth and bad ventilation is greater than the loss from death or wounds in any wars in which the c0untry has been engaged in modern times ".

"That the ravages of epidemics and other diseases do not diminish but tend to increase the pressure of population ".

"That in the districts where the mortality is the greatest the births are not only sufficient to replace the numbers removed by death, hut to add to the population".

· " That the younger population, bred under noxious physical agencies, is inferior in physi­cal organisation and general health to a popula­tion preserved from the presence of such agencies".

" That these adverse circumstances tend to produce an adult population shortlived, impro­vident, reckless, and intemperate, and with habitual avidity for sensual gratifications".

"That the primary and most important measures and, at the same time, the most practi­cable, and within the recognised province of public administration, are drainage, the removal of all refuse of habitations, streets and roads and the improvement of the supplies of water".

"That the expense of public drainage, of supplies of water laid on in houses, and of means of improved. cleansini would be a pecuniary gain, by diminishing the existing charges attend­ant on sickness and premature mortality ".

u

With these observations as a background a series of official statistics will be quoted, with the minimum of comment, to illustrate the state of (a) food-production, (b) roads, (c) protected wakr-supply, (d) housing in crowded &reas and (e) diet of the majority of our population. The statistics quoted are all of recent compilation and officiaf and are intended to place the tasks of the Government in the Department of Public Health in a correct perspective. The presenta-

tion of statistics will be fragmentary yet sufficient .. to indicate the magnitude of the task.

(a) Food Production

Statement 5 below is quoted from page 11 of Prospectus for Agriculture in West Bengal (Government of West Bengal 1949) and gives the geographical distribution of principal crops and Statement 6 from page 12 of the same pamphlet.

STATEMENT 5

Name of District

24-Parganas Nadia.. • Jllurshidaba.d Midnapur Bankura Howrah Burdwan Birbhum Hooghly Maida. • West Dinajpur Jalpaiguri • Da.rjeeling •

Name of District

24-Parganas Nadia . • Murshidaba.d l\Iidnapur" Bankura. Howrah Burdwa.n Birbbum Hooghly Maida. • West Dinajpur J alpaip:uri • D>\rj<>eling •

Geographical Distribution of Principal Crops (Area in 1,000 acres)

Paddy

1,445 530 785

1,854 688 206

1,023 735 467

'. 487 611 426 63

TOTAL 9,320

Wheat

9 42

2 . 11

7 11 1

11 3 2 1

TO'l'AL 100

STATEMENT 6

Pulses

114 174 280 98 12 36 47 49 30 45 16 7

908

Potato

5 1 6

10 3 6

15 5

29· 1 3 6 2

92

Oilseed Sugar-cane

8 2 13 7 13 12 12 4 34 2

1 2 9 2 8 1 3

25 2" 34 2 34 2 3

150 54

Jute Other vegetables

35 82 26 140 33 83 9 102

49 4 12 5 37

13 28 22 23 180 16 29 23 16 2 12

204 776

Comparative yields of Rice, Wheat and Sugar-cane per acre in different countries and provinces.

Countries and Provinces Yields per acre Countries and Provinces Yil!ld:; per acre (in lb., 1924-33) (in J.b., 1924-33)

Italy Rice 2,903 Europe . Wheat 1,146 Canada . .

" 372 Japan " 2,276 United States of America 846 ..

Egypt 2,153 Argentina .. 780 .. Australia 714 ..

United States of America 1,469 India " 636

Bihar and Orissa .. 882 Siam .. 943 United Provinces .. 786 ... Punjab 738 India .. .. na West Bengal 738

West Bengal Sind . . . .. 593

" 998 Cef!tral Provinces .• 444 "

Centnl Prorin­.1\ihar •• on-.

• SugU't'IUIII (nw ngar)

12

STATEMENT 6-concld.

Yielda .- acre ProviDeea (in lb.)

Bombay • • P .. njab (l"ndiYided) W eet Bengal • •

Sugal'('&ne {raw 11ugar)

y ieolds llf"l' ()('re

(in lb.)

5.7~2 1,91!1 f,!!!!3

Statements 7 and 8 quoted from page 20 of the same pamphlet giver (a) a Comparative Table of

Farming Units and (b) Distribution of Acreage held by a Family in districts of West Bt>ngal.

ProYinoe

Bombay • Punjab {undiYidod)

·Madras. • • Bihar and on- . Bengal {undiYidod) A.lltam • • • Cent.ral ProYinoee •

Dlatric&

Jlantura 1\lrbbum 1\urdwaa. l>lnalJ>IU • Boot~hly, Howrab , J alpaillUll• Maida• •

=~'!:~~:..... Nadia• • U·h'IUIU

STATEMENT 7 Comparative Table of Fanning

Number of acres per

oultiYator Country

Unit.s

12·2 9·2 f·9 3·1 3-1 3·0 8·5

England and Wales Germany • France Denmark Belgium U.S.A. Holland

STATEMENT 8 Distribution of acreage held by a family

Aver&(le Paa C&N'r. 01' l'.mLDB 'Wl'rB area held

l:!rfam.Uy u acree) Le .. than 11-8 8-4 4--&

I acrea acres &cretl acres

8•17 63•7 8•11 7·8 4•& 4·84 15·1· 10·1 7·4 8•& 6•83 28•8 10·11 8·11 10•8 6•3i 24•2 IHI 11•1 10•2 8·74 32·4 13·1 13•0 10·11 8•&3 68·2 14•8 &•1 4•& 8•76 6•8 8•0 10·11 16•4 8•84 64·2 7·8 8·4 8·11 4•23 88·2 18·1 10·11 10•6 4•30 88·8 10·1 11•8 7·6 4•83 18•8 11·8 10·8 10·1 4•38 66•& 10•7 8•8 4•7

&-10 acrf'l!l

14·8 10•2 26•6 2!!•3 1!!•8 17·6 83·2 lf>•D 17•8 18•11 20•8 10•11

• ll'lgurea for pre-Partition dlotrleta. Prom the ~port or Laud Reveuue Com.miMlou,11140, Volume II, P•ll••U4·&.

A Yf'rR!ll' •ir.e ofbnluin~t• (in acn'tl)

6!!·00 21-110 20·25 40·1ltl 14·00

1-48·00 26·00

Above 10 ..,, .. 10'8 "'2

1~·~ 1!i·O 10'2 6'4

20•6 6·11 6·7 7·7

11·8 7•2

Statement 9, quoted from page 14 of the same pamphlet, gives the comparative efficiency of

different categories of livestock in various parts of the world.

STATEMENT 9 Comparative efficiency of different categories of livestock in various parts of the world

A.J'PBO:IDIATB Al'NUAL IIII& YIELD Al'PBOJ:IMATJ: ANNUAL EGO Ill' LB9. P.J:B DAD 01' ANI11At PBODUCTION PER BIRD

Cow Buffalo Goat Fowl Duell.

A-m 170• f30• 80§ 4It 39t Bihar ·} 44(1• 1,7708 {

340§ 60t 13Uf on- . . 200§ 50t 127t O..ntral ProYiDoe 500• 700• 110§ 4Rt ROt Unit.....! Pro•iD- soo• I.ooo• 125§ 70t lOOt Punjab . 1,400• 2,160• 440§ 55t 50t t\ind . 1,0008 1,500• 235§ Mt -lilt 8olllbay. 500• 8858 115§ 60f Jr.ll'f Wto..a Jk.npl 420 960 80 36 7.} Burma . 381§ 4881 600§, 40t t~nt

llM\marlt:. 7,oo!i§ 120t 1\elitllliD • . . 6,889§ ll5·6t f:nlliaad aDd wu.. • 5,576§ l!!ot N•• z..IaDd • 5.118§

129-6t Japaa Tl,IIII7C

...

Statement 10, quoted from page 15 of the same pamphlet, gives the fish position in West Bengal. Fish is the only considerable animal protein, as will be presently seen, consumed by West Bengal.

STATEMENT 10

Fish Position in West Bengal ! Requirement of fish in West

Bengal. Average production of fresh fish

in West Bengal. · Production of dry fish

• Requirement at Calcutta

32,000 maunds daily.

2,000 maunds daily.

10,000 mds. annually. (=50,000 maunds of

fresh fish). 6,800 maunds daily.

• On the ·basis of 2 oz. per day per adult unit of the total population of 25·0 million for the Province and 5·0 million for Calcutta.

Figures furnished by the Fisheries Section of the Directorate of Agriculture, West Bengal.

13

Supply at Calcutta market­From within the Province • From other parts of the

Indian Dominion. From Eastern Pakistan '.

Total supply

(b) Roads

555 maunds daily. 295 maunds daily.

1,650 maunds daily. · 2,500 maunds daily;

Roads wield their influence in a thousand different ways. For our purpose, they help ·to distribute food and other consumer goods through­out the land and reach out sanitary and medical help wherever it is needed or wherever an epic;lemic· br~$ o-pt.

We are b~dly handicapped tor roac;ls. Stat~ ment 11, taken .from page 16 of .the $arne pamphlet, gives ~ picture of Ro~c;l Commu:r;ti.­catiori. in w~st J3engal (1~?9-~0).

STATEMENT 11

Road Communication in West Bengal (1939-40)

· Length of Meta.lled Unmetalled metalled .

District

1 24-Pargana.s • 2 Nadiat • 3 Murshidabad , 4 Burdwan 5 Birbbum 6 Bankura 7 Midnapur 8 Hooghly 9 Howrah

10 Jalpaiguri t . ll Darjeeling 12 Maida t 13 Dinajpur t If U.S. A.§ 15 U.K.§

•From the statement of the Commoulcatlons and Works Department for the year 1939-40. tH~<ures relat.e to pre-Partition districts. · ' I From "A Plan of Economic De,·elopment for India (Bombay Plan)" published In 1944.

roads in roads in miles• miles•

366·3 5,154·0 122·5 6,446·3 73·6 4,515·7

525·0 3,831·3 !W6·8 3,237·0 508·9 2,371·5 622·4 2,000·0 181·2 2,365·8 173·8 1,973·5 373·5 1,183·9 260·3 . 438·8 39·7 1,433·5 54·3 4,251·7

Total roads per. 100 square - miles·

5,520·3 6·7 6,568·8 4·2 4,589·3 3·6 4,356·3 19·4 3,533·8 17-o 2,880·4 19·2 2,622·4 11·8 2,547·0 15·0 2,147·3 31-1 1,557·4 12·2 . 69lH 21·7 1,474·2 2·0 4,306·0 H

100 200

Statement 12, taken from page 12 of Road Problems of West Bengal (Governm~nt of West Bengal 1950) gives the Mileage of Existing Roads,

surfaced and unsurfaced in the Di~erent StlJtes ·of India. ·

STATEMENT 12 Mileage of Existing Roads, surfaced and v,nsurfaced, in the diffe?:ent States in IndW. •

State

West Bengal (including Cooch Behar) Madras (including States merged) • • B.>mbay (including Baroda and Kolhspur) • U. P. • • • • • • • BihiU' • • • • ·• • C. P. and Berar (including States merged) Ea.st Punjab (including States merged) A~ • • • • • Orissa (including States merged) ..

Area in square miles

127,610 122,732 100,247 69,745

130,451 37,«7 50,210 60,507

og,,..~ : Bask Road Statlatl"- of Jndla-lllnlstry or Transport, GovPrnment of India.

1 CENSUS

Population Total · in mileage

thousands

21,862 12,154 49,825 38,540 29,114 27,765 55,021 31,986 36,340 31,496 20,648 12,427 12,698 10,636 7,404 10,975

13,975 J0,789

Road mileage Ro&d mileage per 1,000 "· · • per sq.

'of· mile of population ~

0·56 0·77 0·95 &58 D-S7 D-60 D-84 1-48 D-77

D-41 D-30 D-!3 D-30 0·45 D-10 D-!8 D-2! &18

3

It ~ill be seen from the above table that West Bengal. with her mean density of popwation nearly three times that of Ind!a as a whole, has only 0-56 mile of roads per 1,000 of her popula­tion. This is the lowest of the States in India and compares unfavourably with the figure for India as a whole (0·75). West Bengal, however, com­pares a little favourably with the other States in the length of such road mileage per square mile of area, which is nearly 0·41 to the square mile for West Bengal as against 0·19 for India as a whole. Only Bihar has a higher distribution with 0·45.

It is unnecessary to hold forth on the many handicaps from which a land is liable to suffer that is not endowed with good roads, and on bad roads (and consequently improper and insufficient drainage) public health measures or improve­ments become one of the first casualties.

(c) Protected Water-supply Statement 13 in two parts A and B gives the

state of protected water-supply in the country. This does not give the whole or correct picture because tube-wells frequently go out of repair and as will be presently discussed in the section below even where there is ·an appearance of a good protected supply on tap, large settlements go without the benefit of it and it is the sum of experience of the writer who has been to all towns in West Bengal. that in none of them, not excludini the cities, is

the supply complete and universal to all persons within the limits of the to\\'11 and a goodly fra~ tion never enjoy protected water even for drink­ing. There is also a general prejudice in favour of collecting drinking water from ponds as well as flowing rivers (most of which reduce to stagnant pools in summer) even when protected water is to be had on tap, a prejudice which dies hard especially in those towns which bank the sacred river Bhagirathi (Hooghly). This pre­judice, ordinarily unobserved, is particularly noti­ceable when a cholera epidemic is about in a town blessed with filtered water supply and a district officer nearly exhausts all the prohibitory arrows in his quiver to fight it but which refuses to take defeat. Protected water supply is practi­cally non-existent in non-urban areas in spite of the many thousands of tube-wells sunk by the Governm_ent and local bodies for the simple reason that the tube-well head and mouth are not free from contamination. Out of a total of 6·2 millions of urban population in the State only 4·6 millions live in localities where a system of pro­tected water-supply exists and if Calcutta were to be taken as a criterion it would not be a wide guess to say that only about 3·5 millions really enjoy a restricted (and not plentiful) supply of protected water throughout the year. This supply however goes mainly for drinking and bathing, while washing of clothes, crockery and utensils,-fruitful vehicles of contamination and contagion-are still washed in unprotected water.

STATEMENT 13 Part A

looN& ... l

I

I

I

• • • ' I

• " II

•• 11 .. II II

Protected Water Supply in urban localities in West Bengal in 1945 and 1949 (other than Calcutta City)

11M6 111411 -----.

•-ot•alelputtr Annge A..,r•re Area llellgnf'd Appro:rlm•te A..-enge dally npplr .&pproJ:Imate A .. ,_,. d•lly IUPI•Ir

terYed ... pooelty popoJ•U• d.Uy ouppiJ per-bead o populallou do.lly ouppiJ per·""ad o (oq, mllee) or-u ""ed Ia 1.Uou populatioD "'"ed Ia 1.Uou r,:pul•tloa

Ia plloa& a 1o.11ou

I • • I I 7 I • 10

......... • 1•10 703,080 50,100 164,110 7·01 11,000 ,,41,4118 1·10

~. plloudally,

t·N !!,8Jt 100,3411 1·71 1-81 160,000 H,8SII 1118,Stll l•lloula ....... 11 boon.

48,oot l-ot !M,OOO U,oot toii,OOO 8·150 .08,000 1·60 plloula

Klllaa llllloua. 16,000 80,000 HlO o-86 10,000 to.OOO 4o00

hrt . 1·16 1'H.ooo

1!,000 77,061 1·4! to,OOO 100,.68 l-os ~ 1•150 .... 17 263,41111 I·H • ... 17 136.- l-oG

ID4Mtv •-oo piJou dally.

·~ooo ... 171 it8,111 u-o1 10,000 457,648 7·11 ,...._

·~· la10 boan.

te0,811 • 1-oo 776,800 11,081 eeo,811 U·H 41,081 U·•l ,.no. ......... 1·11 oto.ll7 •

1!,000 Ut.r-• 1!·44 to,OOO 1118,70! •••• .___, . 1·M U,l71 8311.~1 13·21 27,87! .811,1118 11·118 ......_....., . 1•16 11,83! •• 1.!>411 U-M 11,1131 •••• 3111 1J·OI ....... I·IT iit.ooo 16, ... k&,7l!l t·ll 10,000 17.,000 •••• r.u-a•• ~ " ......... 111,07! . . .... 11,110 1!7,197 .... !0,000 1·16

...... . l .• 111-lt 17t.tat ,,Ut,181 lOoN 17t1.!11t '.117 .0116 10·111 O..... ..... la~ t:i• iilvoe :; ... IU.uoo IIO.fli>O •-oe 'ftiMTIMI • • • ai.;ooo lt,OOO IU,66l , ..•

Serial No.

1

17 18 111 20 Ill 22 23 u 26 26 27 28 211 80 81 82

as

86

88

Name of HunlclpalltJ

South Subarban South Dum Dum North Dum Dum DumDum • • Baraoagar-Kamarhatl Bhatpara Tltagarb • • • Barrackpore • • • Barrackpore Cantonment • Garulla • Hallaabar Nalbatl • • • • Kancbrapara B.allway Colony Krlabn&gar Nabadwlp Berhampur

Engllahbazar

lalpalgurl

Darjeellng

Kuneong

17 Kallmpong

Name of Distrio'

1

Burdwan Birbhum Bank ora Midnapur Hooghly Horwah 24-Pa.rganas Nadia. •

Murshidabad Maida. • Wild Diuajpur J alpaiguri • Darjeeling •

From 194M7 \o 1!150 •

STATEMENT 13-<:oncld.

Area aerved

(aq. mllea)

Dealgned capacity orworka

a

3•70 6•98 7•00 0•90 8•60 6•00 1•60 4•60

1·60 6·60 1·68 2·00 7•60 1·60 6•60

'

eii,ooo gallona dally. 112,000

gallonaln 8 boura (can

run 16 boura). 8·06 112,000

4·86

2·00

10•00

gallons per dayln8boura

(can run 16 boura).

Depends on rainfall.

Depends on rainfall.

Part A

111"1 ~ ~7.------~~--------~ Average Average Approximate Average dallysupply Approximate Average dallyaupply populatiou dally aupply per-bead of populatiou dally auppl7 per-head or

aerved In galloua population served lD galloua population

6

26,200

io'o,ooo 100,000 67,'16

2o,ooo 62,163

82,000 80,683 .0,804

16,666

27,000

26,873

U,OOO

16,784

6

61,222

693,422 1,077,164

'1,942,160

i93,20o

282,187

407,621 23,864

363,872

61>,789

168,864

796,082

160,000

279,646

In gallona lD &allona

7·

2•08

ii·ll3 7•18

83·83

11•66

&:69

1il·74 0·78 8•67

. 6•88

80·77

10•71

17•72

8

40,000 62,200

960 11,713

1!00,000 160,000 67,416 36,444 13,921 30,000

. 86,43S 42,163 80,000 80,000 80,000 70,000

20,000

28,000

26,878

U,OOO

17,000

1,00o,no 1,149,1!711 1,907,820

17'7,1178

248.767

6o'o,ooo 66,000

876,802

66,8111

166,627

746,877

160,000

266,760

2,104,4611 18,182,217

10

1o07

'6·08 7•18

88•llt

Part B

Rural Water Supply in West Bengal in 1950

.

-.

Tour.. 1950

•

No. of Ring wella

and masonry wella

2

20M.W. 4R.C.C. 2M.W.

7M.W.

11

" 138

New-Sunk

3

29 23 7-

169 7

23 63 38

51 17 30 31

481

2,063

Re-Sunk

4

112 23 4

73 70 40 35 32

25

32

' 450

3.011

Repaired

6

4,936 1,402

480 6,076 3,450 4,624 9.239 2,736

57 (Je' washing

system) 8,625

717 1.241

280

43.763

135.291 lA

(d) Uo~ ln crowded areas Not'Aithstanding the lack of drainage,

sewerage, ventilation in mudhouses. and plan­ning in villages, the comparative at-sence of congestion in the rural areas make them still healthier places to live in than noxious and crowded urban areas. It is not however suggested that rural areas are less unhealthy, only . that they are less noxious and foul of atmosphere than urban areas. This is perhaps a reason why in spite of all fruitful con­ditions of every kind of epidemic prevailing, the toll taken by epidemics, though appalling by civilised standards, is not really so m the pri­mitive setting by which its extent ought to be assessed. The sun, personal cleanliness and hygiene among the people, and the universal habit of bathing must account for a great many lives that are claimed from disease and death while Improvement in public measures must also come for its due share of praise.

The strength of a chain lies in its weakest link and the efficiency of public health measures must be judged from the condition that obtains in very crowded areas.

In 1949 the State Statistical Bureau published a • Report on a Sample Enquiry into the Living conditions in the Bustees of Calcutta and Howrah 1948-49 (Government of West Bengal, 1949) '. This report is full of meat in its analysis as well as tables and gives a very thorough idea of how about 1 in every 3 persons lives in Calcutta and Howrah (1 million in 3 million). As for non­bustee areas most rooms in Calcutta-except what are known as the European localities-are an average size of 10 feet by 12 or less and about 11 feet high, where kitchens, baths and lavatories are to be shared with other families. In the census of 1951, 710,579 living rooms were counted in the Municipal area of Calcutta consisting of 32 Wards, and the population in this area was 2·548 Jiilllion. To each living room therefore there are 3·5 persons and it should be remembered that a living room varies from one in which a man can barely lie down and stand up to that in the mansions of the very rich.

The mansions of the very rich usually contain few people and therefore this arithmetical aver­age masks the real congestion. It 'Will not be haurdous to surmise that the average number of persons per living room throughout the cities of Calcutta and Howrah, taking the best with the worst, will be about the same as that found in bustee areas, with this difference that other circumstances of ventilation, sanitation, water supply and amenities are superior in non-bustee &rt'as. The follo'Aing extract from page 13 of the Report gh~s a horrif)ing summary of the re3ults of thct lnq uiry.

16

"About 11·3 per cenl of the total bustees of Calcutta and 12 per cenl of those of HowTah have been surveyed. Only 12 per cenl of the resident families in the bustees of Calcutta are lessees and the rest are tenants ; 2-l-6 per cenl of the total lessees do not live in the bustee. At Howrah the respective percentages are 12·3 and 11· 5. The majority of the ten em en ts are one­roomed, the percentage for Calcutta being 93·3 and that for Howrah 97·6. Only 31·2 per cent. of the lessees at Calcutta bustees have registered documents in support of their claims, the figure for Howrah is slighUy higher, being 40. No case of eviction of lessees was found at Howrah but the lessees at Calcutta are not so fortunate, 3 per cent. have been already evicted and slightly more than 5 per cent. have been threatened with eviction notices, etc. Among the tenants of the bustees of Calcutta 32 per cent. are non-Bengalees while 16·6 per cent. come from East Bengal. But at Howrah 80·2 per cent. of the tenants of the bustees are non-Bengalees and only 1·2 per cent. hail from East Bengal. On an average, a lessee of a Calcutta bustee enjoys 62·5 per cent. and a tenant enjoys 26·6 per cent. more floor space than those of a Howrah bustee. The average monthly income of a lessee of Calcutta is more than double that of a lessee of Howrah and the average income of a tenant of, Calcutta is nearly one and a half times as much as that of a tenant of Howrah ; 75 per cent. of the huts of the bustees of Calcutta have pucca floor whereas the figure for Howrah is only 36·6 per cent. Pucca walled huts have been found in the bustees, the percentages for Calcutta and Howrah being 28 and 9, respectively. Thatched roof was found in only 3 per cent. cases both at Calcutta and at Howrah. As regards ventilation it appears that the bustees of Howrah are better off then those of Calcutta as is apparent from the per­centage of badly ventilated huts, which is 24 for Calcutta and 6 for Howrah. Arrangement for water supply is bad in both the cases; 61·7 per cent. of the huts of Calcutta bustees and 83·6 per cent. of those of Howrah have n..:> arrange­ment for supply of water ; 15 per cen~. of the huts have kitchen both at Calcutta and at Howrah, but the percentage for huts having no arrangements for cooking is 4 at Calcutta while the corresponding percentage for Howrah is 10. Drainage is equally unsatisfactory at the two places, the percentage of bad drainage for Calcutta bustees is 42 while that for Huwrah is 34; 17·3 per cent. of the huts of the bus~ees of Calcutta and 15 5 per cent. of those of Howrah have no latrines."

The following from page 14 of th~ Report gives the distribution of the number of rooms occupied by lessees and tenants at Calcutta and Howrah.

17.

" It will be seen from the table that at many as 4·48 lakhs have to depend on street Calcutta, a tenant family occupies on an aver~ge hydrants or ponds for their water-supply. At 1·10 rooms only, 92·3 per cent. of them occupymg Howrah the corresponding figures are 15·7 only a single room, whereas a lessee family lives thousands and 10·5 thousands, respectively." in 2·73 rooms on an average, nearly ?5 per cent. Analysis of the percentage distribution of of them occupying more than two rooms. As a huts by nature of place of cooking is thus made: hut contains on an average 7·16 rooms, it is "Separate kitchen is provided in only 15·5 per evident that the hut owner lets out the balance cent. of the huts in the bustees of Calcutta. In of 5·43 rooms which are occupied by a 5 tenant 70·0 per cent. of the huts cooking is done in some family. A bustee at Calcutta has, on an aver- sort of verandah and in 10·4 t>er cent. of the huts age, 6·38 huts having 52·12 rooms where 35·3 · it is done in the bed room. In 4·1 per cent. of tenant families and 4·8 lessee families live. At the huts no cooking is done. The percentage of Howrah a tenant family occupies 1·03 rooms on an huts having a separate kitchen exceeds 30 in ward average, 97·6 per cent. of them living in a single 31 only, 25 in wards 23*, 29 and 32 and is less than room. A lessee family on the other hand lives in 5 in wards 8, 13* and 14. No separate kitchens 2·43 rooms on an average, 70·5 per cent. of them were found in the sampled bustees in ward occupying more than 2 rooms. As a hut contains nos. 7*, 10* and 15*. Cooking is done in the 8·73 rooms on average, the hut owner lets out the verandah in more than 70 per cent. of the huts in balance of 6·30 rooms which are rented out to 6 tenant families. wards 1, 3, 5, 14, 18, 20, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30.

In 25 per cent. of the huts in ward 23* there is no A bustee at Howrah has 5·58 huts having arrangement for cooking. In ward 15, the per-

48·75 rooms on an average where 35·4 tenant centage is 22·7 and in ward 9, the percentage is families and 5·1lessee families live." 20·7.

The state of water supply in the bustees is " In the bustees of Howrah cooking is done in a analysed at pp. 18-19 of the report as:- separate kitchen in 14·9 per cent. of the huts, in

"The deplorable condition of the water-supply verandah in 47·0 per cent. huts, in the bed room in in the bustees will be at once evident. Out 27·6 per cent. of the huts. In the remaining 10·5 of 3,179 huts in the bustees of Calcutta, per cent. huts there is no arrangement for any only 1,216 huts have some arrangement of place for cooking. Thus, it will be found that water-supply, possessing 1,246 taps, 106 wells whereas in 85·5 per cent. of the huts in the bustee and 15 tube-wells among them. There are some of Calcutta, cooking is done either in a kitchen very bad cases ; 157 huts out of 159 in ward no. 18, or in the verandah, the corresponding figure for 123 out of 135 in ward no. 21 and 264 out of 342 Howrah is 61·9 only. The percentage of huts in in ward no. 25 have no arrangement whatsoever Howrah where cooking is done in thE' bedroom is for the supply of water. The more fortunately three times that at Calcutta and the percentage situated huts are in ward nos .. 5, 8, 9, 11 and 23, of huts at Howrah having no arrangement for where 42 out of 58 huts, 35 out of 46, 42 out of 59, cooking is two and half times as much as that at 24 out of 26, and 13 out of 20 huts have some Calcutta." arrangement for the supply of water. It will be Analysis of huts with or without latrines is found that all of these bustees are small in com- made as follows: parison with most of the remaining ones."

"In the bustees of Calcutta 14·7 per cent. of "The condition at Howrah can be realised from the huts are without any latrines and 10·1 per

the fact that in only 11 out of the 67 huts, there cent. of the bustee dwellers live in these huts. is some arrangement for water-supply." Three types of latrines were found, viz., the

"On an average 61·7 per cent. of the huts in the "service" type, the "septic tank" type and bustees of Calcutta have no arrangement for any "flushed" latrines connected with the Corpora­water-supply; 54·6 per cent. of the bustee tion's sewer system. The respective percentages­dwellers live in such huts. Dwellers who are are 63·5, 3·7 and 32·8, respectively. The service more fortunate in having water-supply are served type is more common in wards 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, at the rate of 25·6 persons per .tap. The difference 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32, the septic tank type in among the wards is very pronounced; the pro- ward No.9 and the flushed type in the remaining portion of huts having no water-supply varying war~. Th~ percentage of huts not baving any from 7·7 per cent. in ward no. 11 to 98·7 per cent. latrme Varies from 50·7 per cent. in ward No. 6 in ward no. 18. to nil in wards 7* and 14 and the percentage of

people living in these huts ranges from 40·8 in Thus it is found that out of about 8·20 lakhs ward no. 6 to nil in wards 7* and 14. On an aver­

of people living in the bustees .of Calcutta, as age a latrine is used by 23·0 persons, the ~:.umber • The percentage is subject to a large sampling e~r due to the small size nf the sample.

ranging from 11·1 iJ1 ward no. 31 to 45·2 in ward no. 5.

At Howrah, 13·4 per cent. of the huts have no latrines where only 5·'1 per cent. of the bustee dwellers live. Only the .. service " type of latrine was found iJ1 the sample, each of which was used by 21·1 persons on an average."

Comment is superfluous.

(e) Did In 1899 B. Seebolun Rowntree made a social

survey of his native City of York the results of which he set down in his book Poverty. W. M. Frazer in his A History of Public Health (p. 194) observes that Rowntree places the "Poverty Line " at the minimum necessary expenditure for the maintenance of merely physi· cal health, and he calculates this amount on the basis of outgoings in respect of food, house rent (including rates), and household sundries (such as clothing, light, fuel, etc.). On the costs then (1899) ruling in York, the minimum necessary expenditure for a man, wife and two children, for example, was 18s. 10d. per week.

• In 1935 Rowntree decided to repeat this inves­tigation in order to ascertain what changes had taken place in the industrial and social lives of the pepole of York during the 36 years which had elapsed since the original inquiry. The results of the second survey were published by Rowntree in the year 1941 under the title of Poverty and Progress. In The Human Needs of Labour (1937) Rowntree, after a careful study of all the factors,

carne to the conclusion that the ''poverty line'' could be fixed at the Standard of livini attainable by a man, wife and three children (at 1936 prices and after paying rent) on a WB..'te of 43s. 6d. a week. "Primary poverty", a term used in both the 1899 and 1936 surveys, is represented by the minimum sum on which physical efficiency could be maintained, which is, of course, much lower than that denoting the poverty line. In the 1899 investigation that sum was 17s. 8d. inclusive of rent, while in the later survey, with chan2es in the value of money, the corresponding figure was 30s. 6d. for urban families of five. As regards the proportion of the working-class population living under conditions of primary poverty, the figure of 15·46 per cent. in 1899 had fallen to 6·8 per cent. at the time of the second survey' (W. M. Frazer Ibid pp. 437-8).

In March 1946 at the instance of the Establish­ment Department of the Government of Bengal the Provincial Statistical Bureau conducted a small inquiry into the living conditions of the Bengali middle class " Bhadralok " and menials and submitted in 1947 a departmental report for official use only. Admittedly a very limited inquiry, it produced a series of tables which have both general and particular values as the following statements, borrowed from it, will reveal.

Statement 14, incorporated in this report, incorporating the results of the Calcutta Diet Survey of 1945, gives the per capita monthly con­sumption in quantity by expenditure level.

STATEMENT 14

Calcutta Diet Survey, 1945

Per Capita Monthly Consumption and Quantity by Expenditure Level

Ellpt'oditure lnela Number or famil"-.l .. ,.,. aiM or family

Item• 1 Ri-. t AU.. J ('bira aod murl • ' B..-1 I PuM I Filoh • 7 )h•M. • J:~m~ . I Mal.lr. • • •

10 OU.w milk prodacta • 11 ,.,....tab .. 1'- . It J:.Iable oil • n ro...o . U Otber Yf'1l"t&blre I& &1\. II f;pialoe n su..,. II Oar • It T,.. • • • 20 Other "tr.haen' n T oUJ t"oncl • II c-1 •

Unite Seer

" .. .. " " ..

Number Seer .. .. ..

Beer

PC:: ad

0-50 66

2·73

Quantity 8·629 3·673 6-096 0·012 1•636 0.402 0·025 0.054 0·761 .. 0·023 ()-622 N66 .. 0"630

0·753 ()-116 0"104

Quantity 8·655 3·031 0·119 0·067 1·365 0·661 0·170 6-298 1·616 .. 0·029 0·812 1·632

0·,86

6-800 6-129 6-13-6

101-150 361 6•80

Quantity 8·68.5 3·042 0"183 0·093 1·328 0·805 0·21'15 0·493 2·048 .. ()-067 O·M3 l-IJ72 .. 0"488

0"923 6-193 O"H3

19

Statement 15 makes a comparison of Food Value (Calories) in the average diet of different

expenditure levels in Bengal with that in other countries.

STATEMENT 15

Comparison of Food Value (in Calories) with other countries

Boa a

Outalde Balanced Outalde Calcutta BalaDcecl

Serial Foodatull' diet U.S.A. llesloo Gilrm&DJ GI'I'.M Poland Tnrby Calcutta Calentta ilai&I'JI' die~ Dr. No. (Director of Brltallo (Iatambul) upendi· = level AlaoJ4

Public tnnt Ba..G-160 Health, level Ba.O.l&O (per West Ba. !01• (per equlvalen'

Bengal) 200 CllpU.I) adul' male)

2 3 ' iJ I 7 8 II 10 11 l! 11

1 Bread 668•8 1,177•2 1,109·8 1,039·· 1,U6·3 2,812·· lli-9 2 Cake, Blacult, etc.

2s6"·6 3s·g·s 2sli·i 3ii·o 8 Flour 412 U1•0 1U·· 118-9 211•0 1,47o-o

' Cereals (Rice, etC.) 1,010 161•0 208·11 63·2 101•1 103·6 939·0 1,290-9 1,179-9 6 Pulaea 303

Sit"·9 2ili·7 2i8·8 H·O U1-9 127-G 116•0 2"-o

6 Meat 67 268•3 191·· 12·0 12-9 18-Gl 1S2oQe 7 Flab i8 23•0 2•i 17•8 12-8 16·7 SloG u-o •7-o 8 Animal fat 7 ie·o II Vegetable fat 77•i 18•1 10•8

!Oi·6 u-o

628·2 10 Vegetable oil •o7 111•1 12·11 31•0 19t:8 ue:7 211·0 173"0 227·0

ll Milk 183 212·0 22,·0 198·0 .0•11 11•0 68·0 75-9 1UO 12 Milk prod.;cta 24·1 18•8 14·2 27•3 8•2 13•8

4:o IS Eggs 50 116·0 311·3 29•7 93·11 22·1 28·8 i-9 7•0 u Potato u 22(·2 29•3 ,33•8 2117·· 633-9 37·2 63•0 35-9 U-Gt 81•6 1& Vegetablei 'CI 42·8 27•1 20-9· 31•1 411•8

e:o • 16 Onion

i1s:2 2tci·s 12¥·0 7-9

17 Sugar 120 422·i 817•8 214•1 184•6 113·0 122·0 18 Gur 112 31-9 211-9 38-9

·s2·o 111 Fruita 2'

To-rn 2,838 2,722·· 2,325•11 2,,711·6 2,768•8 3,384·0 8,!01·6 1,11611·0 2,038-9 2,8M·O 2,6411•7

• U milk Ia abaeDt from the diet, thl.• should be lnclnded. The total In this eolnmn omlta the llgnre for meat and llsh.

Statement 16 makes a comparison of various diets in Bengal with Bengal Jail Diets (quanti­ties). 'It will be seen that the diet of the Bengali middle class is not only comparatively deficient in calories, it is much inferior in other food values

to the qiets of divisions I and ll prisoners of both classes A and B. The deficiency is well marked in vegetable proteins (pulses), edible oils, sugar and fish'.

STATEMENT 16

Comparison of Various Diets with Jail Diets (Quantities)

Serial No.

l'oodatull'

I

1 Rlee 2 WbeH • a~ •• ' Leafy """table& • i N oe-leetf ftCot&blea I Fnllta • • • 7 Potatoes 8 Oniooa I Mllk • •

10 .lll11ll pcodDet.t • 11 8u,ar It Our • 11 EdlbleoU

" Obeoo 16 Flab 11 ~~~-17 llu

Balanced diet for

adult male (Director or

Publle Health, W eat Bengal)

5•00 lo()O 1·60 2-60 2·26 1·60 6-76

i-60

6-60 0.60 6-76 6-26 1·00 0·60 O·f>O

A

• 8-oo 2-60 2-60

•·00

2-oo Jo()O !-60 lo()O 0.!5 0·60 0•76 l!-oQ

.JAIL DIBT

B

6

a.. I

•

0·10

a..u 7 8

1-416 1·71 0·70

t:OS 1-H ,:,1

;o·u 6-SII

ti-5i 0•11 o-w

II

0·80 ••• 1-67

0·111 .. 11 O·li 1-95 O·li •n IHii

10

8·81 Jo(J8 0"112 .

e:78 8-21 1-94

8•61 8•17 8-U 1-o? O.M .... H7

Statement 17 capita monthly

shows the consumption

mean per (in rupees)

by expenditure level at prices.

STATEMENT 17

MIDDLE CLASS FAMILY BUDGET ENQUIRY, 1945-46

Mean per Capita Monthly Consumption (in Rupees) by expenditure level

(All centres combined)

A •eran 11 .. ortamUr !famber of ramtu .. lllllll ber or penooa ,

l'ood • Clotbloc • I'IMiaodUp& Houalnt • :au-llaa-

1

TOUio

I

1·71 41

111 11·611 0·88 1•48 0·17 1·48

I

61-100

4·70 218

1,011

These statements will make Rowntree's '' Pri­mary Poverty " at 30s. 6d. a week for a family of five at 1936 prices appear unattainable princely comfort for the vast majority of our populace in the forties of this century.

Finally, nutrition experts have never ceased to inveigh against the cussedness of the Bengali and the Indian who make no improvements in their diet. It is often overlooked that there is no room to turn, that any effort at improvement of the diet,-which astonishingly enough is the most that can be made of the sum of economic, social, climacteric and ecological conditions­costs money, which is simply not there, and that whenever the income increases the diet at once improves in quality and quantity. Observes the departmental report in its summary of observa­tions:

"An examination (of this table) will indicate that-

(i) Total expenditure per capita increases as salary increases. The increase is appreciable between the lowest income class (0-35) and the next higher class (36-75) indicating a distinct change in the standard of living. This is as could be expected because salary level (o-35) mostly represents the inferior staff. The • bhadralok' really commences his career from Rs. 35 upward. The increase between the income class (36-75) and the next higher class (76-150), however, is only moderate, which indicates that the standards of living of these two classes are comparable.

.. (ii) Expenditure on all groups of items such as food, fuel. rent. etc., increases as salary in­creases except in intoxicants, in which there is a gradual decrease. The expenditure on clothings, tobat'C'OS and utensils increases from (o-35) to

' ' 1 7 8 fl

101-150 161-200 201-250 261-SOO 301-350 Boland abo"•

1·16 7•68 8•411 243 204 134

1,4116 1,647 1.133

D •02 D·~!l 11 ·~2 101 68 !IU 11112 673 t.o~•

ll·65 12·64 14·10 1•86 2·1P 2•51 2·011 1•16 2·211 0•76 O·t'6 0•114 4·88 li·18 1·61

U·liO 1tHiO 17·72 3·23 3·41 1·76

12·411 2·7!1 1·66 0•86 1 ·07 0·9!1 8•23 11·71 15•10

(36-75) class and then decreases. The data are so consistent that there is hardly any room for doubt. It is probably due to the fact that on the average the (36-75) class represent younger men than the (76-150) class and that the younger people spend more on clothing and tobacco. Growing family at this age would also account for more utensils.

" (iii) The increase in the expenditure on food is not much between any two levels. But there is a definite change in the pattern of consumption. Expenditure on cereals decreases with income, that on the others such as pulses, vegetables, fish, meat, milk, etc., increases. The increase in the last three is appreciable.

"(iv) Expenditure on education and misce­llaneous items (including medical expenses) in­creases very appreciably from level to level.

"The above would generally indicate that the lower income groups do not get enough essential food and that their income falls short of their educational and medical needs. Any added in­come is readily spent on such essential foodstuff as milk, fish, meat, etc., and more readily on education and medicine. The diminishing ex­penditure on cereals with rise in income would indicate that the higher consumption of cereals at lower levels is not a matter of choice.

"It has been shown that expenditure on food and other items increases with income and that quantities consumed also increase. It may be noted, however, that as in expenditure so also in quantities oJ! cereals consumed there is a decreast' with increase of income. It will be seen that with the rise in income cereals are dropped to be replaced by more milk, fish, meat, etc., that is to say, with rise in income the actual diet gradually approaches the ideal balanced diet.'"

TABLE 1 ... ACTUAL NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS ANNUALLY REPORTED FOR EACH SEX DURING THE DECADE 1941-50 n tl II> Cl

"' Excess{+) or Excess{+) or Exec••< +)or Number of Nurnbcr of Number or blrtha Number of deaths dctlcleooy{-) deHrtoncy{ -) deH•·I•ucy{-) female blrtbo ft.·maJe

Yc~>r --.. of female of ftlrunle or blrt hs over per 1,000 deathe Both "'exoa Male }'emale Both f:le:oea • Male Female births over deaths over deaths, both male P•~~~o male blrtba male deatho eexee blrtba

dcatbl

1 2 8 4 6 6 7 8 9 JO 11 12

Total1911•60 4,660,984 2,419,702 2,241,102 4,298,879 2,240,765 2,058,114 -178,600 -182,651 +862,106 1126·¥ 011!·6 1D&O . 444,6'3 2!!0,014 214,6211 3f>6,843 1~5,H6 171,3117 - 15,4~5 - 14,0411 + 1!7,700 932·7 1124·~ 1UU 41!1!,1!i3 2f>3,200 234,1153 372,6511 1110,116 1~2.443 - 11!,247 - 7,673 + 116,5114 1127·11 lloU·6 11"8 ·~3.~64 2:1.;,710 217,864 a~u.271! 1118,401 1~6,877 - 17,856 - 11,624 + 61!,286 924·2 1141·11 U47 427,766 222,11!4 20a,671 387,166 21ll,062 18fi,l08 - 16,618 - 14,11511 + 40,690 1126·2 0~5·8 11146 624,366 271,868 252,4117 414,687 216,331 1118,366 - 111,871 - 17,1176 +10~.678 1121!·7 llld·O 11146 . 467,8f>6 238,616 218,840 441!,600 233,812 216,288 - 111,676 - 18,024 + 8,766 917•6 .. ~~·7 1DU . 877,876 1116,160 181,216 677,876 800,429 276,1146 - 14,944 - 23,41!3 -1119,91111 uza·s U21•8 1943 . 440,014 22<1,712 211,802 624,266 882,1<!2 202,084 - 17,410 - 40,0118 -184,~·-·2 11~8·11 1!7U·8 1U42 . 606,678 2113,103 248,476 847,1186 182,313 165,678 - 111,628 - 16,740 +1!i8,6U~ o~u·4 Vll/1•2 1041 . 641,280 2110,826 260,056 884,220 201,178 183,047 - 111,370 - 18,126 + 167,060 oao·9 IIUU•U

TABLE 1.1 ACTUAL NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS REPORTED FOR EACH SEX IN THE STATE, ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION

AND DISTRICT DURING 1941 ~ .... Exoou{ + l or E~ceos(+/. or Excess{+ lor Number or Number of

Number ofblrtba Number of deatba dollclency -) detlolenoy -) detlclenoy -) female births fem.Uo Looalltr offemale offem!Olo of blrtha over per 1,000 deatba

Botb Bezea Male. Female Botb Boxes Male Female blrtbl over deathaover dea:~~1botb b'::~f.~ pe!!i~uo m~le birth• rnale deaths deatbl

1 ll 8 .. a e 7 I II 10 11 u

WEST BEliOAL ITATB lit1,280 280,326 260,8611 884,1!20 1101,173 183,047 -18,370 -18,128 +167,080 1130·8 008'11

Bnr4wao lllYilloo 870,&28 188,81.6 180,811 183,847 8&,488 88,4111 - 8,704 -7,0411 + 88,&78 837·7 825·1 Jlurdwao 60,498 26,926 24,678 86,618 10,148 17,870 -1,862 - 1,778 + 13,1180 9•7·8 DON Blrbhum 86,124 18,861 16,771 23,178 12,047 11,128 - 1,682 - 921 + 11,961 962·8 928'6 Bankura 80,980 18,808 18,127 27,048 18,9411 18,0118 - 878 866 + 11,888 9U•O 988•8 Mldoopur 82,120 42,028 40,097 64,842 27,964 26,888 -1,920 - 1,666 + 27,778 11~4·2 1144•0 Booghl1 86,460 111,114 17,886 22,218 11,608 10,708 - 1,778 - 800 + 14,234 900·8 980•11 Bowrab 29,404 16,897 14,007 20,866 10,890 9,700 -1,890 -1,124 + 8,748 1109•7 8116'11

l'r1114eoor lllYialoo . 1!70,7114 lt0,710 130,044 1100,1!78 1011,677 84,688 -10,888 -11,081 + 70,481 824-1 8811"1

24·Parg&D&I • 80,118 48,161 42,966 118,226 88,246 27,981 -8,186 -2,264 + 80,890 981•0 926'1 Calcutta 29,200 16,088 18,267 86,176 19,718 16,468 -2,776 -8,250 - 8,880 826·11 836'1 Nadia 27,468 14,202 18,266 21,766 11,408 10,848 - 94!1 -1,060 + 6,702 933·4 1107"1 1\lunhldobad , 66,768 1!0,828 • 27,446 81,481 16,862 14,669 - 1,878 -2,298 + ~6,887 1130·0 1164'0 Maida , 16,068 7,824 7,2" 10,186 6,481 4,706 680 768 + 4,902 926•11 861•8 Weal DlnaJpur 111,818 8,010 7,808 11,862 6,1190 6,872 i04 !118 + ,4,466 1174·6 896'8 • JalJ>Alllurl 26,080 18,267 12,668 20,439 10,422 10,017 604 406 + 6,491 115,·6 961•1 DarJ~•IIfli 11,808 6,900 6,408 10,717 6,676 6,141 4112 436 + 6111 916·8 92 ... 0 Cooolt Bobar • Not available

TABLE 1.2 ACTUAL NUMBER OF lllRTUS AND DEATHS REPORTED FOR EACH SEX IN THE STATE, ADl\IJNISTRATlVE DIVISION

AND DISTRICT DURING 194l .

Ell..,oll(+)or Bll-ll(+)or Bs~+)or I' umber of l'u.,.berot Number of blrtbe Number of de.tba dolldoocy(-) dellcloocy(-) d•6•1•ocy(-) femal• blnba r.o ....

~llJ .... orremale orromale O( blr\be OYM p.r 1,UIJU d .. Lhl

llotb 8eaee 14ale J'omale Jlotb8e:ue Male J'emale blrthooYer df'ath• o••r deatho, botb male per l,ooo maloblnba maiedMtba en• blnba _..

d .. Lba

I I ' 6 I 7 • I 10 11 11

WUI' BUOAL IUD . 608,1178 183.108 U3,,71 .,7,888 182.818 186,1178 -18,888 -l1,7t0 +111&.811 Ill·· tol·l

l .. waaDMIIoa . 1118,89'7 '1M,031 W.Biil 171.848 88,1!08 83.187 -8,181 -1,081 + 88,11114 131·0 141·1

Jlordweo 62,846 27,041 25,804 84,801 17,861 18,UO - 1,737 -1,421 + 18,044 liS&· I 11~11·· JtlrbbDID 87,098 18,8711 18,428 22,840 ll.C>74 11,266 - 248 808 + 14.168 111141·1 1171·· llanllura 88,818 19,7110 19,026 26,881 12,937 12,444 - 764 4118 + U,U6 1161·· tlftl·ll )lldnapo.r 71,788 86,1101 84,886 60,685 26,768 24,869 -2,016 8117 + 81.161 '"6·· IHI6•1 lloot~hly 86,824 19,250 17,07t 21,169 11,069 10,0110 -2,178 1179 + 16,166 11117·0 1111·1 Howrab 28,628 12.886 11,1U 17,027 8,999 8,028 - 1,1142 1171 + 0,601 111111•7 llllll·l

rr .. t .. ., Dl'rllloa 811,881 121,08t U7,017 178,518 H,l07 es.ue -1l.t'7 -11,871 + 70,188 IU•t 171·0

14-P.,..._, 81,184 42,5119 88,566 49,898 26,U4 23,454 -4,004 - 2,9110 + 81,238 0416·1 11116·1 (;elouu.a 111,887 11,8611 8,478 24,694 14,478 10,121 -2,881 - ,,861 - .,767 U8·• 01111·1 l'iedla 80,100 16,1166 14,440 21,882 11,844 10,638 - 1,2~6 - 1106 + 8,U4 tll•7 1128•1 )I urobl~bad : 66,116 28,870 26,746 88,888 17,418 16,920 - 1,82t -1,4113 + 1!1,7118 tld·8 1114·1 )talda 12.1111 6.810 5,8011 8,808 8,8611 2,949 601 410 + 6,1111 11~11·8 1177·11 Wea&Dl ..... jpU l8,1!2ll 7,008 8,8111 10,353 6,887 4,986 1114 421 + 1,6611 1173·7 ~~~··· Jalpal(IUrl • 28,7811 12,26. 11,485 19,1102 10,211 11,691 7611 620 + 8,1!S7 ua7·1 11411-l J)arjM~ • 10.808 6.638 5,276 10,273 5,478 •• 7117 268 0711 + 686 1161·· 11741·0 (;oocb • Jr«* avalleble rg

TABLE 1.3 ACTUAL NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS REPORTED FOR EACH SEX IN TilE STATE, ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION

AND DISTRICT DURING 1943

Exoeoo( +)or Bx-•(+)or Bx.., .. (+)or Nllmber or ... mt...r of N 11mber or blrtba N11mber of doatbs doftcloocy( -) doftoloocy(-) dotleloncy(-) female blrtba (ooiAie

Lorallt)' orromale orromalo or blrtho over per l,UOU dealha llotbBosee Male Female Botb Sexes Male J'emale blrtllo over doatbo over doatho, botb mille pe~~~ male birth• malo doatlla ..,,. ... blrU,.

daelba

I 8 • 6 0 7 8 I 10 11 u

QS'f BUOAL I!ATI MtO,Olt 1!28,7li 811,302 824,268 832,182 292,08, -17,Uo -40,098 - 184,261 t23·1 ., ... lardwu Dlrilloo eu,1oe 125,~21 118,783 8J.M35 188,021 1t?,Olt -8,540 -81.007 12,821 131·1 17t·O

llurdwao 42,328 21,837 20,491 47,467 24,842 22,625 - 1,346 - 2.217 6,1311 113~·4 1110·8 lllrl>huw 83,221 16,9811 16,2S2 40,4811 20,612 19,877 - 71>7 ?a~ 7.~1111 11:.~·4 11<16·8 ltanku.ra SS,IIII8 17,81:18 16,42'.! 40,170 20,8"'3 111,2117 91111 - 1,~Y6 0,3<1~ 1166·8 ll'lJ·II Mhtnapur H,3111 31!,500 85,1!111 124,7311 67,247 67,422 - 2.6~1 ' - 11,75~ 60,4~•J II:J<J•4 1!66·11 Jluu"l~y 82,840 17,166 15,674 27,496 H,&JO 12,6~6 - 1,6112 -2,124 + 5,344 IIU·I ,.,.,, . ., Huwrab 2.;,5110 u,us 12,U7 34,1174 19,627 15,047 - 1,~W6 - •• ~..o 11,0!14 IIOJ·II 7U6·6

rr.aidtMr Dl'fialua 197,808 103,388 116,6111 :.09,231 16f,181 14M70 - 8,870 -19,091 - 111,323 t1t·l 183"7

U·Pillleaoaa. 03,1101 83,8~4 80,047 91,213 61,3711 39,834 - 8,807 -11,545 27,11:& IVI7·6 77~·jj l'alt'UIL& 20,8~8 11,3114 11,2414 52.268 27,70JII 24.6~11 -2,130 -8,160 81,1110 b~l·l Mil•¥ l'iedta ll ur-hld~bad :

2:1,041 11,96& 11,0~6 ae,sto 1Y,706 111,134 1151 - 672 16,71111 ll'lll·ll 117HJ 36,741 18,1>56 17,7~6 65,073 a:J,J31 81.~42 - 1,171 - 1.1~11 2;,3:J:l ~:!11·2 llflt·l

)lalua e.~~ 4,77S 4.27J 11,317 5,~111 5,426 {Jl):! 6~5 ~.l~ll 1>116·11 11~1·1 \\MDI ..... J~ U.ll~ll 7,~71 7,418 12,458 11,642 6,1116 153 - 11~11 + 2,oJ;H ViU·I4 11'16·3 J &IJ>al!curt • 111,M:l ll,llt-8 ll,~io& ft,l!()4 18,933 12,871 130 - 1,062 II,IIGi ""7·0 ""3'" l>ar,.W:1 • II,~ .. 1107 .,71!1 ll,£l>il 6,870 6.888 128 tl!ll 1,670 ea·• 1117·11 l'.-lllk ar ,

·~ ... &llaW.

TABLE 1.4 ACTUAL NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS REPORTED FOR EACH SEX IN THE STATE, ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION

AND DISTRICT DURING 1944

J,oralll.,

WEST BUOAL STATE

Bardwaa DlYialoa

Jlurdwon lilrhhum JiAnkura Mldnnpur HooRhly llowrah

Pruldeaor Dlmloa

24·P&r"IDII , (:alcutta Nadia , , Mur•hldabad , Maida , , Wo•t DlnaJpur JnlpRIRUt( , Darjoollnl! , Cooob llehar ,

Number of blrtho

r-----------~--------------Both 8oxeo Mole

2

8?7,378

1103,427

85,857 !1,691 24,160 llb,7112 28,610 27,817

173,848

&1,848 21,981 16,UO 29,128 16,162 14,601 16,116 7,0"'

8

188,180

10~,394

18,821 11,188 12,Dr>6 84,058 U,ll311 14,887

90,788

27,162 11,6811

8,738 111,051

8,UII 7,588 8,276 8,878

Female

' 181,218

98,033

17,086 10,608 11,604 81,736 13,671 18,480

83,183

24,491 10,242

8,007 14,072

7,713 7,053 7,840 8,766

Nombtrofdeatba

Both Bexeo Male Female

6

6?7,876

269,660

48,661 41,200 81,484 711,124 211,886 811,816

307,716

84,418 62,846 80,768 66,916 25,851 18,674 27,81& 11,628

6

300,428

137,7£4

25,046 20,244 1&,88& 40,759 1&,160 20,670

189,866

7

276,948

131,898

23,60& 20,1156 10,5911 88,360 14,22& 111,146

141.0110

46,286 89,182 211,602 23,248 16,861 14,917 28,826 28,090 13,334 12,017

9,656 8,918 14,147 13,168

6,018 6,616 Not naUable

TABLE 1.5

Exce••(+)or deficiency(-)

offemale births over male birth&

8

-14,944

- 7,361

-1,285 - 676 - 952 - 2,824 - 1,268 - 857

- 7,683

-11,861 -1,447

726 1179 736 485 436 118

Excess(+) or dellci•""Y(-)

offt•male drathlll ovt>r male deaths

II

- 23,t83

11,868

1,4'1 + 712

286 8,894

1136 1,624

- 17,8111

8,064 6,3611

1184 736

1,817 738 9711 4118

Exces•( +)or Number of deflclo•noy(-) female blrtho

of birth• ovtr per 1,000 deat.hl!, both DlAie

aexeo births

10

-199,999

-88,238

- 18,2114 - 19,5011 - 7,324 - 18,332

776 - 11,9911

-133,788

- 82,7711 -80,914 - 14,028 -- 27,798 - 11,11111 - 8,9113 -11,11111 - 8,886

11

923"8

830·1

11211·11 11:19·6 1124·11 931·8 916·1 940·2

818·11

902·0 876·11 916·11 11:16·0 912·11 9:16•7 947•8 970•11

Number or ft·mnl• df"IUhl

per 1,000 male

deaths

12

921·1

807·f

1142.5 1,036·2

11112·0 1141•8 11:111·8 11~6·8

881'8

866·2 7M•ll 11n·1 974·6 9tll·ll 923·6 11:10•8 1117·11

ACTUAL NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS REPORTED FOR EACH SEX IN THE STATE, ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION AND DISTRICT DURING 1945

Looalltr

1

WEST BENGAL BTATB

Burdwaa Dhr.toa

Jlnrdwao Jltrbhum llnnkura lr!ldDR(lUr Boo11hly Bowrah

l'rt~ldeaor Dl Ylllo a ,

IIC·PRl"II&Dal o Calrutta Nadia , , Mnrohlda bad , Mohla , , W••t Plnajpur J"ai(>Aillllfl DorJrrllnll , Conch Bobar ,

Both Bexea

2

4117,868

1311,307

88,797 24,628 81,168 86,249 28,8911 26,680

12S,049

88,918 27,728 28,884 U,426 1!0,228 13,048 18,676 10,~97

Number of blrtha

3

113S,Gl8

122,381

20,176 12,664 16,084 64,8111 16,166 13,9110

118,132

88,781 14,616 12,670 22,999 10,620

6,809 U,486 6,802

Fe.male.

1118,840

111,8113

18,621 11,962 16,079 40,984 18,787 12,690

106,817

80,187 18,1111 11,264 21,427

9,608 6,234 9,090 4,1196

Number of deaths

Both B~llOI .Male F011111lt :

II

C48,800

ICC,G90

86,881 29,947 26,1118 67,661 26,971 28,818

1144,010

67,778 U,878 24,761 48,617 19,636 16,306 24,207 10,1188

.1. Ita L

8

233,818

104,1811

18,678 14,766 13,6f0 211,078 18,096 16,012

128,147

' 116.,288

100,421

17,711 16,181 12,878 1!8,488 12,875 13,801

114,868

80,800 27,478 1!3,824 18,064 12,860 11,891 24,930 28,687 10,468 11,068

8,678 7,727 12,616 11,692

6,672 . 6,266 :Not available

'·'

Exceao(+) or deficiency(-)

orremale blrtbaover

male blrtba

8

-19,878

-8,481

-1,665 - 702 -1,006 - 8,8!11 -1,418 -1,400

-1D,8111

-8,644 -1,604 -1,806 -1,672 -1,012

576 895

- 807

Esoeao( +/. or defloleooy -)

orremale deathe over .

male deaths

II

-18,024

-8,740

- 1181 + 416 -1,167 - 695

221 -1,211

-u.eu - 2,821! -6,770 - 9611 -1,248 -1,400

861 823

- 406

Exceae( +) o• Number ot deftclenoy(-) female blrt.ba of births over per 1 000 deatba, both • mal~

1eze1 blrtha

10

+ 8,768

+30,717

+ ..... -6,821 + 11,260 +27,688 + 2,921 -2,238

-111,861

+ 6,140 -14,160 - 917 -4,191 + 61l2 -8,262 -6,882 - 841

11

817'11

822·7

'922·11 944·8 987·5 928·7 906·4 8911·11

8111·0

894'11 8117·1 896•1 931·7 904-7 916·8 968·4 842·1

Number or fomale deathe

per 1,000 male

death a

12

822·7

884-1

950·4 1,028·1

1118-1~ 9711·6 983·1 11111·8

888·t

906·9 767·8 824·7 960·1 1166·8 900·8 934·2 11'~11·6

TABLE 1.6 ACfUAL NUMBER OF DIRTIIS AND DEATHS REPORTED FOR EACH SEX IN TilE STATE, ADMINISTRATIVE

DIVISION AND DISTRICT DURING 1946

l:ll-.(+)or Jlll-c+)or •"-<+)or •umt..r of •am""r of •amber ofblttha I' umber of dea\ba dellcleooJ(-) ddeleoeJ(-) d•lloleDOJ(-) fa~• blrtbe ,.. ...... ._,,., orremale of female of blnba o••r pNl,OOII dMlha

BoUII!u• IIU. ••male BoUI8esM II ale ••male blnbaoeer dMthaonr dealha, botb ..... ""'..!~""'· malebtrtbe ~odaa\ba Idea blttba deatbe

I I I ' 6 • ' • • 10 u II

trlft IUOAL lt.lTI 114,181 171888 16MD7 Ut,887 118,.331 118,818 -11,871 -17,111 +lot,m .. ., ..... ...... DiwUioa IU,80I 181,16t 130,U1 180,601 118,181 11,011 -1,808 -1,477 +7t.aot tan taU

llurdwoo •s.s•a 2C.,UII 23,897 8&,6111 18,f>ll1 18,11811 -r,o•e -I,UB + IS,ll!t IIIII·& 1111·1 lurbham ao,we 16,,H8 U,1140 81,761 16,7711 16,D~2 &26 + l!UII - 1,366 IIIICI·I) l,OI~·IJ

""nkura ll!,tl!O llt,IIU 111,6~9 1!3,23, 1!,867 10,~77 - l,2M1 - I,,MO + U,lll6 11311·· 11"0·1 llldltal'''' 110,266 ,6,331! 43,1138 &3,2711 27.218 1!6,068 - II,SD\1 -1,168 + 811,11>'6 11411·1 1167·11 Houwhly 86,0118 111,1110 16,\1011 22,11111 11,64& 10,66' - 1,27t -1,0111 + 1¥,1<107 II~II·IJ 11118·8 lluwroh 28,776 U,OIIIt 12,01111 U,6011 12,1111 11,51111 - J,,oa - 1,818 + a,¥118 lltlll·· IIUII·I

,._...., DlwUioa . 114,180 U2,.ilt ut.041 124,181 U7,84J 10I.IM -10,418 -U.tll + IO,I'lt nu IOU

14-Par•onaa • 7C,67' 89,800 86,27' 48,840 26,8'9 22,6111 -4,0211 -1!,1168 + 26,284 11117·1 liM•·T (:al~utta aa,•u 17,.68 16,D67 86,137 liO,UII 16,11118 -1,4117 -4,361 11,7¥8 Ill··· 7114·0 !lad Ia 25,1138 13,170 12,868 1!4,831 12,8111 11,212 602 •o7 + 1,007 1181·11 11117·7 llnrohld;bad : .7,684 1!4,612 23,022 46,7111 23,826 23,166 -1,4DO '61 + 743 11a11·1 1180·6 ....... 111,1124 10,6211 9,.11D6 111,266 10,117 11,189 - 1,13' 11711 + 6611 IIU¥·8 11oa·a w ... , uanaJvur 17,61111 11,12ll ~.676 16,876 11,715 7,661 648 - 1,054 + 1,H2ll 11411·1 1!7U·I Jall••l~oul 26,101 13,035 12,066 23,420 12,243 11,177 98t - 1,068 + 1,M1 1126·7 lllll·ll 1>orjfof'lloll 10,,110 6,3112 r.,o88 11,035 4,624 .,411 - 804 1118 + 1,U6 11•3·8 u~a-11

C<KN·b !Whar , Not available j

i.7 TABLE ACTUAL NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS REPORTED FOR EACH SEX IN TilE STATE, ADMINISTRATIVE

DIVISION AND DISTRICT DURING 1947

ExC801s( +/.or Ell-(+/.or EKceoa(+/.or Number of Number of Number of blrtbe Nomber of deatba dolloleocy -) delloleooy -) deftoleoeJ -) fowalo bl rtbe f•male

l.oeallty orremale of female of blrtbo over per 1,000 doaUoa BotbBellea Hale Jremale Both se,.o1 Hate Female blrtho over d08thoover deatbo, both nu•le per 1,UOU

male blrtho male deatbo It' See blrtbe Ol&le d•atbe

I 8 4 6 8 7 8 • 10 11 12

WU1' BI:IIOAL ITA1'1 tll7,755 1122,18t 1105,671 887,16b 1101,062 188,103 -18,813 -14,8118 +to,li90 8261 121·1

Bardwu DI.Woa llB.Oiit Ul,839 104,2U 183,910 811,102 84,808 - 7,824 - UM +12.144 tall 1687

Jlord•·ao ,0,8111 21,151 111,665 35,814 18,,t~O 17,13' - 1,4~8 -1,8411 + 6,202 11211·7 1127·2 Jltrl>hum 1!2,257 11,364 10.~~8 26,1108 13,612 13,2111 •n - 821 - ,,646 llall·O t711·· llaukur• 211,471 1&,071 "·'()() 26,642 13,4115 13,047 671 4411 + 2,iJ~ij 1166·6 1166·8 lllkl .. por 7l,D24 87,2,.. s•,640 57,63' 211,11611 211,665 - 2,6U - au• +14,2110 11211·1 ~"11·6-HO<>t~hlJ SO,U311 16,7114 H,Z46 22,110, 11,1160 10,11H -1,5411 - 1,018 + 7,1:16 llfll·ll 1116·1 llowrob 21,!;47 11,176 10,871 2,,318 12,61!6 11,727 1!03 - ~~~~ - ~.7tUS ll:tll·1 PU·7

fttal .. ae, DhiaJDD 211.701 110,8U 101,868 193,261 101,1180 111,.296 -8,8811 -10,84111 +11,448 81U ..... 16-ParcaD&O. 611,1SS 81,8011 27,82' 45,178 23,7311 21,HO - 8,486 - 2.2~11 +18,967 1!~8·7 11113·1 ('ah-utta 13,2114 17,2ll4 16,000 41,136 2~,afitt 11>,777 -l,:l04 - ¥,51!1 -7,1131 eao·o Ull·l Nadia 21,1W4 11,077 10,117 111,83, 10,118 11,721 111!0 8112 + ),3t!IJ 1113·1 161·1 lllunhld~bad: 84,11MO lt<,l88 16,7112 33,874 17,6~11 16,176 - 1,3118 -1,624 + 1,1110 11~3·1 ..... Maida 13,5~1!1 7,1H 8,4H 11,2113 6,091 6,112 700 11711 + 2,8:t5 11411·0 118\1·1 " .. l n•~•Jvur 13,8111 7,11~ 0,701 H,762 7,771 8,1191 '" 1M \146 1141·11 1!119·1 Jalpah:url U,38S 12,477 11,1108 18,740 11,776 11,1164 66\1 1112 + 6,6fa 1164·· tlll-11 l>ar)"'IIUil 11,,01 &,bel 6,600 11,~31 4,4111 4,116 201 801 + 2,11ao ~~~~·0 ~»1·1 "'-b IIeber • •ot nallable 1

TABLE 1.8

ACTUAL NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS REPORTED FOR EACH SEX IN THE STATE, ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION AND DISTRICT DURING 1948

Excess(+/. or Excess(+ 1. or Excess(+(. or Number of Number of births Number of deaths deficiency -) deflcl•ncy -) deflcl•ocy -) female births

LOII&IIty of female of female of births over p•r 1,000 Both Be:rea Male Female Both Bexea Male Female births over deaths over deaths, both male

male births male deaths a exes birth a

l 2 8 ' II II 7 I 8 10 11

WEST BENGAL STATE tii8,11M 286,710 217,8&4 885,2'78 188,401 188,8'7'7 -1'7,8118 -11,1121 +88,288 924•8

Bar4waa Dl•hloa . 211,11&& 111,140 10S.W 188,11!1 8&,188 83,231 - 7,'7211 -1,988 +28,181 eao·s

Bordwan 117,1'71 18,808 17,868 Bi,8U 17,538 17,808 -1,4811 232 + 2,827 9211·7

Bfrbhum 26,2(7 18,802 12,945 22,997 11,531 11,466 857 66 + 8,250 973•2

Jlaakura 27,480 U,202 13,278 .1·1 L~4·~~9 J . t ti 12,551 11,978 924 573 + 2,951 934·9

Mfdnapur 76,521 89,593 86,928 59,273 29,625 . "29,648 -2,666 + 23 + 17,248 932·7

llooghly 26,664 18,987 1?,627 22,284 11,323 10,961 -1,810 862 + 4,280 906·0

Bowrah 20,572 10,808 11,769 24,497 12,625 11,872 - 1,034 753 8,926 904·8

Pruldeao, Dl\'lrloa . 239,009 ]2~,570 114,439 198,8GI 103,1!08 93,848 -10,131 -9,682 +42,855 818·7

24·Parganoa . 61,868 82,6114 29,214 49,105 26,626 23,480 -8,440 -2,145 +12,768 894•7

Calrutta 40,842 21,222 111,120 48,178 26,767 22,411 - 2,102 -8,856 -7,836 901·0

Nadia . 21,7116 11,8117 10,8118 10,082 9,1115 8,417 - 999 198 + 2,788 . 912·8

Kurahldabad , &1',026 21,644 20,882 28,646 14,704 18,842 - 1,262 862 +18,480 941·7

Kalda 20,8711 10,728 11,666 12,181 6,661 6,620 -1,067 -1,141 + 8,198 IIOD-11

West DlnaJpur U,884 7,484 6,960 12,888 6,9811 6,897 484 -10811 .. + 1,601 984·9

Jnlpalgurl 26,8117 18,720 18,177 18,167 11,881 8,786 1143 -- 6115 + 8,730 1160·4

Darjeellng 11,818 11,776 5,642 8,762 4,4611 4,298 284 176 + 2,666 969-6

Coorh Jlehar , No,· avaUable ' .. . ' .. ' ' .. i' ' •• i. 1 .. . ..

Nnmb•rof f•male deaths

per 1,000 male

death a

12

941-9

8'78-1

988·8

994·4

954'8 ~ ~ ~.

1,000•8

968•0

940·4

80'7'1

916•3

869•8

979'6

9U·6

828•7

846-1

936·~

960'1>

TABLE 1.9 ACTUAL NUMBER OF DIRTIIS AND DEATHS REPORTED FOR EACII SEX IN TilE STATE, ADMINISTRATIVE

DIVISION AND DISTRICT DURING 1949

.NuDiber ofdeatba Es-(+)or Jts-•(+)or Est'f!N(+)or l'um~r or l'um~ror

•umberolblrtbe dellelrner(-) dellrlrney(-) drtlrlrnry(-) lrmalr blrtho f•male ~.oca~a, ,..-- .... orr.male offr1011le of blrtbo o,.er per 1oOOU d .. th•

Botiii!Gee Male J'emale llotiiBn .. Male J'emale blrlho o ... r doatho onr deathoo both •••I• prr 1o000 male blrtba maledoatba ...... blrtba male

daatba

I I a • 6 0 ' 8 • 10 11 11

WU! 11.1041. ITA!& «88,163 263,100 134,963 371!,669 190,118 198,tt8 -19,1!t7 -7,873 +116.aet 111'1°1 168'~ 0. •••wu Dtrtaloa 111!4,1011 ll8o84il 107,868 193,01!8 11,111 80,816 -1.788 -1.188 .. + tl,t71 ll!tol 18TG

llurd•au ,0,116 10,7111 19,86' 82,620 111,4C.8 18,067 -U07 180 + 7,696 1131·1 t711·6 lllrhhum 26,(>1!8 13oll72 12oll10 24,6!10 12o2H 12,438 - 7611 + 1112 + 1oiiiJ!I 844·7 lo016·7 l\ankura 211o945 16,C.II7 14,848 28,166 11,7711 11o877 - 1o249. 'Oil + 8o7~11 8111·11 IJI\~·11 Mldnapur . 71'1,368 ,0,578 87,7118 f>lloll·lll 211o72ll 80o2~7 - 2o71'10 + 60~ + 1Mo417 1131·6 1,017·0 lt••uvhly 27,1104 14,670 18o234 200645 100f>60 lO.Ot<S - 1,338 476 + 1ol611 UII><·B IJ56·0 Jto•rah 21,61!7 11,478 10,211 22,076 11o363 10,7~3 -1,26$ oao 81111 8111J·· IIU·II

PrNidtiiCJ DlflllOD 183,8t8 138,661 111'1,087 189,633 91.00& 81,628 -8,0M -t,t77 + 7t,ll6 180°8 183'1

U·Par~auae o 84,172 83,66' 80,608 t7,453 24,703 22o750 - 2o958 -10953 + 18,7111 1111·11 112o·t ('alruUa 67,516 211,707 27,801! t1,1!62 22o523 19,339 - 1,b99 -3,11!4 + 16o663 11:111-l 1!6~·11 Nadia 20,790 10o7b7 10,003 19,147 9,4113 9,6~4 - 784 + 161 + 1,843 9~7·3 J,OI7·0 Murohhlabad: 43,61!0 22,665 21,015 28,566 14,346 14,220 - 1o650 126 + 16o114 9~7·2 11111·1 ltaltia 21,0117 11,132 9,965 12o664 6o648 6,016 - 1,167 832 ... 8,433 1!115·ll 11114·11 ,,,. .. t lli~•Jpur 17,7011 II,Oilb 80623 13,374 8,0011 6,468 '62 ,38 + ,,334 1149·1 1173·1 Jall'alwurl 27,0113 13o725 13,361! 111o201 11,171 11,030 857 141 + 8,1192 1174·0 111!4·8 DarjHIInl 11,6113 6,81!6 6,707 8,266 ,,2u; 4,051 170 184 + 3,327 D61l·O 0111'1 Cooeb llebar Not available »

TABLE 1.10 CJ)

ACTVAL NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS REPORTED FOR EACH SEX IN THE STATE, ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION AND DISTRICT DURING 1950

.Number of blrtba t. umber of deatba Esce«e(+lor Esooeo(+)or Escen( +)or :!lumber ot )lumber or dellclency -) dellclency(-) deftcltncy(-) remale blrtba f•m•le

LocalltJ ..... of female of female of blrtba over per 1,000 dratllo lloth Sesee Male Female Botb Seseo Male Female blrtheover deatho over death1, both male per loOOO

male birth• maledeatba •e:xee blrtha male deatba

I 2 3 ' 6 8 7 8 II 10 11 l2

WEST BUGAL ITATII U4,643 l!:lO,Glt 21t,629 866,843 186,448 171,397 -16,486 -14,049 .. 87,700 132°7 124'1

Bardwu Di1iolou 20.1,828 100,088 117,640 1tl8,481 86,468 81,988 - 8,546 - 4,466 +86,186 llll't 148°.

llurdwan 35,4711 18 377 17,102 30,305 15,790 14,605 - 1,275 - 1,1~6 + 600~4 1130·8 D25·0 1Urhhum 20,431 10.,409 90932 23o4U6 11,~69 llo637 - t67 - E32 - 2oll75 "'"·0 t?~·o }\allknra 25,421 13.187 12,234 21o484 11.253 10,281 - 953 - 1,(!22 + 30~:.7 9~7·7 ~111'2 );tldna)•ur 74,704 8~,733 35,1171 63,340 27ol54 26oH<fl -2,762 - 11611 +210364 9~M·7 8"4'' Boot~hly 28,254 18,864 12,300 180947 9,998 8o949 - 1,474 - 1,0411 + 7,307 898·7 ~116·1 Bowrah 21,887 11,426 1},1111 20,889 10,399 10,490 - 1,C.16 + 81 + 448 167·· 1,00~··

Preoldtuer DIY!olou lt0,817 W.1128 118,8811 188,382 88,889 811,399 -8,8311 -t.ast +51.531 m·o toa•t U·Paronao • 68,669 81,161 27,50~ 400483 21,483 ]90050 -3,f53 -2.~~3 + 1R 0 1~fl 8~2·8 8~><·8 ('akutta 11!10802 81.242 29,560 62oiY6 270360 24,8411 -lof~2 -2obl!4 + 8o61Jfl 1146·2 ~·"·4 Nadia 1605116 702(>6 8,Sll9 16,807 80~41 8,1 f!8 + ],183 - 476 - 10212 IJI1·1 114.~·0 ltn ... hldatod: Bllo2llf> 19o261 1901144 260687 ]30408 12o181 + 683 -102~5 +13,1118 1,1Jk&·6 ~~''"'8 llal<la 1~.020 11,69~ 80822 12,455 !l,kH 6o641 -1,876 -1,17a + 6obM IJb,i~~·l ~~7· .. w .. t IH;••I~>ur 13,122 8,~56 8,2611 130718 7,2411 8o472 - 5l0 774 - bUll IJ13·11 1>111·2 Jalpah:url 2•,276 12,fiP5 11.5~0 180394 11,4112 8,1102 -1,l15 51J(J + 6,8"1 812·2 ll37·1t 1>arj ... llntr 11,2211 6,8011 6,420 8,742 4,601 4o141 - 8oll - 460 + 2o4b7 1133·0 1100'0 Cooeb &har Not available

TABLE 2 TOTAL BIRTHS 1941•50

1941-19;;0 1941 1942 11143 1944 1946 1946 1947 1948 111411 1950 ,_____... '"

. .. ~ .. .. .. .A .. -'---.. -. Dlatrlct Kale Female Male Female M•le Female Male Female Male Female Male Female lllale Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male };emale

1 I a • 6 6 7 8 II, 10 11 12 13 u 10 16 17 18 111 20 21 22 23

Rurdwn.n . 21s,a8s 203,411 25,926 24,573 27,041 25,304 21,837 20,491 18,321 17,036 20,176 18,621 25,446 23,397 21,161 19,666 19,303 17,868 20,761 19,354 18,377 17,102 Hlrhhum 142,164 }:!5,!;25 18,353 16,771 18,672 18,426 16,989 16,232 11,183 10,508 12,664 11,962 15,466 14,940 11.364 10,893 13,302 12,945 13,672 12.~16 10,4119 9,932 Uankura. 1112,519 1.>3,105 11!,803 18,127 19,790 19,026 17,388 16,420 12,556 11,604 16,084 15,079 111,841 18,589 15,071 14,400 14,202 13,278 15,597 14,~48 13,187 12,234 MirlllllJIUf 3Q~,312 872,734 42,023 40,0117 36,901 34,885 38,[;00 35,819 34,058 31,734 44,315 40,934 46,332 43,933 87,284 34,640 39,593 86,928 40,573 37,793 38,733 85,0il Honlo(hly 161,1169 146.~114 111,114 17,836 19,250 17,074 17,166 15,674 14,939 13,671 15,155 13,737 18,180 16,906 16,7114 14,246 13,937 12,627 14,570 13,234 18,864 12,890 Howrah 128,521 116,316 1i'>,397 14,007 12,385 11,143 13,4~3 12,147 14,337 13,480 13,990 12,590 14,089 12,686 11,175 10,372 10,803 9,769 11,476 10,211 11,426 9,1H1 24·Pj.ul(,.,na~ a;,l,4"'5 3l6,6M3 46,151 42,965 42,569 38,665 33,854 30,047 27,152 24,491 33,731 30,187 39,300 35,274 31,309 27,824 32,654 29,214 3a,564 30,608 31,161 27,608 .Jalcutta 1~1,9~0 16~,791! 16,033 13,257 ll,359 8,478 11,394 9,264 11,689 10,242 14,616 13,112 17,454 16,957 17,204 16,000 21,222 19,120 29,707 27,808 31,242 29,660 Nadia 116,754 109,637 14,202 u,2o6 16,666 U,440 11,946 11,095 8,733 18,007 12,570 11,2" 13,170 12,668 11,077 10,117 11,397 10,398 10,787 10,003 7,206 8,889 Mur.hldabad 2~0,969 20!!,6:10 29,828 27,U5 28,370 26,748 18,956 17,785 15,061 14,072 22,999 21,427 24,612 23,022 18,188 16,792 21,644 20,382 22,665 21,016 19,261 19,944 Maid" 87,174 78,899 7,824 7,244 6,310 6,809 4,776 4,273 8,449 7,713 10,620 11,608 10,5211 11,395 7,114 6,414 10,723 11,656 11,132 9,965 11,698 8,322 Weot Dlna)pur 78,643 72,446 8,010 7,808 7,003 6,819 7,671 7,418 7,638 7,063 6,809 6,234 9,122 8,676 .7,115 6,701 7,434 6,950 9,086 8,623 6,856 6,266 .Jalpal~tul 118,920 113,038 13,267 12,663 12,254 11,486 11,986 9,856 8,276 7,840 11,486 11,090 13,03(; 12,066 2,477 11,908 13,720 13,177 13,72(; 13,868 12,696 11,680 Dar)Miln~, 64,2" 61,681 6,900 6,408 6,633 6,276 4,907 4,781 3,878 8,765 (;,302 4,119(; 6,392 6,088 6,861 6,600 6,776 6,642 6,886 6,707 6,8011 6,420 Ooooh Bo ar Not available

roru 2,,U,7112 1,2U,1112 280,826 260,1166 268,108 248,476 228,712 211,802 196,160 181,216 238,616 218,840 271,868 262,497 222,184 206,671 236,710 217,86, 268,200 234,1168 280,014 214,6211

1:.:> o..l

TABLE 3 BIRTH RATES .(NUMBER OF BIRTHS PER 1,000 OF TOTAL POPULATION)

A-Calculated on the population at the census of 1941

19U-1960 1941 1942 1948 1944 1946 1946 1947 1948 1949 11160

Dbtrlot Male Female :Male Female Male Female :Male Female Male Female lllale ,.....---J'--""

Female Male Female :Male Female :Male Female Male Female Male Female

1 a 8 • II 6 ' 8 9 10 11 12 1li u 15 18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Aver1111e

B11rdwnn 11•5 : 10•8 18•7 18·0 14·8 18•4 ll•6 10•8 9•7 9·0 10•7 9·8 13•5 12·4. 11·2 10·4 10·2 9·6 11·0 10·2 9·7 9·0 .Birbhurn 13·6 111-11 17-11 16·8 17·8 17·6 16•2 15·6 10•7 10•0 12•l 11-4 14•8 U·8 10·8 10·4. 12·7 12·8 18·0 12•8 10·11 0•6 Bank11ra 12·8 11•9 14•6 14•0 15•3 14•7 13•5 12·7 9·7 9·0 12·5 ll·7 15·4 ' 14·4 11·7 ll·2 11·0 10•8 12·1 11•1 10·2 9•6 Mldnap11r 12·11 ll·7 18·2 12·6 11•6 10·9 12·1 ll·ll 10•7 9·9 13•9 12•8 14·6 18·8 11·7 10·8 12·4 11•6 12·7 11•8 12·1 11·8 Boognly 11•8 10•7 18•11 12·8 14•0 12·4 12·11 11·4 10•8 9·9 ll•O . 10•0 13•2 12·8 ~ 11·6 10·8 10•1 11·11 10·6 9•6 10·1 9•0 Howrab 8·6 7•8 10•8 9•& 8·8 7·5 9•0 8•2 9•6 9·0 9•4. 8•, 11·6 8·6 7·6 7·0 7•2 6·6 7·7 6·11 7·7 6·7 114-l'art~anai 9•0 8•0 12·6 11·7 11•6 10•5 9·8 8•ll 7•4 6•7 9•2 8•2 10•7 9·6 8·6 7·6 8·9 8·0 9·1 8·4 8·11 7·6 Calcutta 8·6 7•7 7·6 6•8 6·4 4.•0 •·9 4•4 5•6 4.·11 6·9 6•2 8•8 7·6 8·2 7·6 10·1 9·1 14·1 18·2 14·8 14·0 Nadia 18·9 18·0 16·9 16·8 18·6 17•2 14·2 13•2 10•4 9•6 15·0 18•4 16•7 15·1 13·2 12·0 18·6 12·· 12·8 11·9 11·0 10·0 Murshldabad 18·6 12·7 17•9 16·7 17·8 16•8 . 11·6· • 19•8 II•B 8•6 14·0 . 18·1 15·0 14·0 11•1 " 10•2 13·2 12·4 13·8 12·8 11·7 12·2 M"lda 10·8 9·8 9•8 8·6 7•6 6•9 6•7 6·1 10•0 9·1 12·6 11•, 12·5 11·1 8·4 7·6 12·7 11•4 18·2 11·8 ll·6 9·9 Weot Dlna)pur 18·1 12·· 18•7 18·· 12·0 11·7 18·0 12·7 12·9 1lH 11·7 10•7 16•0 14·7 12·2. 11·6 12·7 11-11 15·6 14·8 11·8 10·7 .Jalpal~url , U·O 18·, 111•7 lli·O 14·6 13·8 11•8 11•6 9·8 9·8 ll·2 10•7 16·, 14·8 14·7 14·1 16·2 16·6 16·2 16·8 16·0 18·7 Dar)eel~ 14·· 18·7 15·7 14·4 14•7 14·0 18•0 12·7 10•8 10•0 14•1 13•8 14·3 13·6 15·6 14-9 16·8 U·7 16·6 1o·2 16·· U·• <Jooob Be Not available

Tor&L 10•1 10•8 13•8 U•8 12·· 11·, 10•7 9•9 9·8 ~ A·~.: :11-2 . ~~ 10•8 12·8 11·9 10·· 9·7 11·1 10·2 11·9 11·0 10·8 10.1

TABLE 4

BIRTH RATES (NUMBER OF BIRTIIS PER 1,000 OF TOTAL POPULATION) D-Calculated on the eatlmated population on the 30th June of each year computed on the assumption that the population

changed at a uniform rate from one census to the next

11'1-lti.SO 11'1 llld 11'8 Ill" 11"6 11141 111'7 1MB lii'D 11160

l>lalllo\ Male J'amale Male J'emale Male Female Male l'emale )[ale )'elll&le )[ale J'elll&le Jlale l'tlll&le Kale J'elll&le Male J'tmele Male •·•ale )!Mil .__.. I I I 0 I • 7 I • 10 11 11 II u 16 11 17 18 1t 10 11 u II ......

Boar4wu . 11·0 10•8 11·7 18·0 U·l 18·1 11·8 10·8 8·1 8·8 10·1 11·8 18•8 11·1 11•0 10·1 10·0 11·1 10·8 10·0 1·6 1·1 Btrbllu• . • 11·1 11·1 17•0 11•1 17•6 17•8 111·8 lli·O 10·0 10·0 llH 11·11 U·8 1··8 11·0 10•6 12·8 11·11 18·1 n·• 10·1 1·0 Blllkura 11·• 11•7 lt•6 tt·O 16·1 1•·o 18·1 11·6 11•7 8·11 11·· 11•8 16•1 lt·l 11·• 10•11 10·7 10·0 11·7 10·1 •·• 1·1 liUdaapur 11·8 11·11 11·1 18·1 11·• 10•8 11·11 11·1 10•7 10·0 18-11 18·11 lt•O 18·8 11·11 10·7 18·1 11·1 1ll·· 11·11 11·1 10•1 Booelllr 11·0 10•0 11•8 18•1 18•8 11•1 11·2 11·1 10·0 8·7 10·8 11·8 18•8 11·11 11·0 10·0 11•7 8·8 10·1 8·1 8·8 1·8 Bowrab 8·7 7·8 10•8 11·0 8·8 7•0 8•11 8·1 11·7 11·1 11·6 8·1i ll•li 8·8 7·1 7·0 7·8 0·8 7·8 8·8 7·1 8·7 I .. P&rii&D&I 1·11 1•11 ll·li 11·7 11•0 10•8 8•0 8·0 7·0 8·8 8·1 8·1 10·0 ll·li 8·0 7·6 8·8 7·1 8·0 8·1 8·1 7·1 Calcuua 1•8 1•0 7•0 0·8 li•O o·o 1•0 o·• 11·7 li·O Nl 8·0 8·0 7•11 8·6 7·11 10·0 11·8 lt·8 18·11 16•0 lt·8 lfaclla • 13·0 11·8 18·11 15•7 17·8 18•2 18•8 12·0 10·1 11·2 16·8 13·1 1&·2 lt·7 12•8 11·7 18·1 12·0 12·· 11·6 ••• 1·7 llunbldabacl • 11•6 11·• 17•8 111-7 17·0 18·0 11·2 10·6 11·8 8·8 U·2 18·2 1&•1 lt·2 11·2 10•8 18•8 1ll-& 13·1 12·11 11·11 12·0 Maida • 10•1 11·0 11·8 8·8 7·8 8•7 6•6 •·II 11·8 8·11 12·8 11·2 12·2 10·9 8·2 7•0 12·8 11·1 1ll-7 11·8 11•0 9·· Weat DloaJpur • 18·1 111·0 18·7 18•8 12·0 11·7 12•8 12·0 12·8 12·0 11·7 10·7 111·7 lt·7 12·2 11·6 12·8 11·9 16·0 U·7 11·7 10·7 lalpalllurl • • 1&·6 lt·7 16·7 16•0 18·0 lt·ll 18•0 12·8 10·11 10·8 12•7 12·2 17·6 18·2 10·0 16·8 18·1 17·0 17·11 17·• 111·· 16·0 DarJeeUna • ..... 18•7 16•7 .... lt·7 U·O 18·0 12·7 10·· 10·1 10·8 13·6 U·6 18·7 1&·7 16·0 lli·8 14·7 16·6 16·0 16·1! U·l Cooob Beber Not available

fZ TouL • 11·8 11•7 18·1 lll·8 U·8 11•0 10•0 11·8 11•8 8•0 11·8 10•0 12·8 11•11 10·6 11·7 11-1 10•0 11·8 11•0 10·7 10·0

TABLES FEMALE BIRTHS REPORTED PER 1,000 MALE BIRTHS REPORTED ANNUALLY IN EACH DISTRICT 1941·1950

Year Weat Blllllwaa BlrbiiiUD Bankva )(Jdllapur Booahl:r Bo'IIT&b 24- Calcutta Nadia Murabl· Maida Weat lalpal• DarJ- Oooeb Be01al Pargaue dabad Dlujp11r llllll IIDI llebar

.&--..for 1~U-~u • IIJS·I U1•0 9;;3•8 IIU•1 113;;·8 1108•9 905·0 1101·1 89!·11 1139·0 9H·2 8911·8 llttl-6 1160·11 1160·11 liiU • 1130•11 1147•8 118i1·8 IIU·O 1164·2 11118·8 11011·7 1131·0 826·11 933·4 1136·0 1125•11 1174·6 1154·6 1116·6 11113 • 112~·· 113~·8 1186•8 1181·6 1145·4 887·0 8911•7 1105·9 Hd·4 1121·7 1112·8 920·0 1173•7 937·2 llaJ·4 J(u&

11148 • 1121·t t:l8·· 1155·· 1114·3 1130·· 913·1 1103·8 8S7•5 1!91•3 1128•8 938·2 I!Ut·ll 11711·8 11~7·0 1174·1 ••aU· 111« , tZS·8 1129•8 9311·0 1124·2 1131·8 1116·1 9!0·2 1102·0 876·2 1116·11 1136·0 1112·11 936•7 1147·1 1170·11 able 111ft • 1117·6 1122·11 11«·0 1137•6 1123·7 1106·4 899·11 89!•9 8117·1 896·1 1131·7 110&·7 91S•8 115!1·4 1112·1 1918 • IIU·7 1111·6 11611·0 1138·11 et8·2 1129·11 1101)•4 1!117·6 OU·2 1161•11 1139·2 1!92•8 IIIIJol V:l.'i•1 913·11 Ul7 • ~~~~·:II 9~11·7 u:.s·8 g;)5·6 1129·1 1101·11 92i·1 888•7 930·0 . 1113·3 923•2 1101·8 IIH·8 11.;1·1 1155·11 11118 • 1124·1 1125·T 973·2 113!·11 1132·7 1108·0 110!·8 811!·7 1101·0 912·8 1141·7 1100·6 1134·11 8W·4 11511·6 l\}10 • 1127•11 1131·1 IIH•7 11111•11 1131·5 1108·8 8811·8 1111·11 1138·1 1127·8 1127·2 895-2 1111·1 1174·0 11811·8 uw , IIU·7 1130-0 1148-G 1127·7 IIU·7 8113·7 8117·· 882·8 Ull·2 1111·1 1,035·6 858·1 113·11 IIU·2 1181·0

TABLE 6 ... " TOTAL DEATHS 1941-50 ~ "' 11141•60 11141 11142 11143 19U 1946 1948 1947 11148 111411 11150 d Ill

Dlatrlct llale Female llale Female llale Female Male Female )!ale Female Male Female Male Female llale Female Male Female Male Female llale Female

2 8 4 II 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 17 18 111 20 21 22 23

Burdwao • 192,412 179,802 111,148 17,870 17,861 16,440 24,842 22,626 25,046 23,605 18,673 17,712 18,581 18,938 18,480 17,184 17,538 17,308 16,453 18,o67 15,790 14,605 BlrbbumJ. 144,278 148,118 12,047 11,126 11,674 11,266 20,612 19,877 20,244 20,958 14,766 16,181 15,779 16,982 13,612 13,291 11,531 11,466 12,244 12,438 11,869 11,637 Jlankura • . 188,629 180,806 13,9411 18,098 12,937 12,444 20,883 19,287 16,885 15,599 13,540 12,373 12,357 10,877 13,495 13,047 12,551 11,978 11,779 11,877 11,253 10,231 !rlldoapur. 833,490 816,886 27,1164 26,888 25,766 24,8611 67,247 67,492 40,769 38,366 29,078 28,483 27,216 26,063 28,969 28,665 29,625 29,648 29,722 80,227 27,154 26,186 BOOI!hl)' 121,129 112,077 11,508 10,708 11,069 10,090 14,810 12,686 16,160 14,226 13,096 12,876 11,646 10,654 11,960 10,944 11,323 10,961 10,660 10,0~5 9,998 8,11411 Bowrab 186,072 122,198 10,890 11,766 8,1199 8,028 19,627 16,047 20,670 19,146 15,012 13,801 12,1111 11,698 12,686 11,727 12,625 11,872 11,863 10,723 10,399 10,490 24·1'arjlaD~I 804,760 267,840 80,246 27,1181 26,H4 23,464 61,879 89,834 46,236 89,182 80,300 27,478 25,649 22,691 23,736 21,440 25,625 23,480 24,703 22,760 21,433 111,050 Calcutta 288,668 198,701 111,713 16,463 14,473 10,121 27,7011 24,6511 29,602 23,243 23,824 18,064 20,249 16,888 22,358 18,777 25,767 22,411 22,523 19,339 27,350 24,846 :Nadia 121,660 116,1198 11,408 10,848 11,844 10,638 19,706 19,134 15,861 14,917 12,860 11,891 12,619 12,212 10,113 9,721 9,615 11,417 9,493 9,664 8,641 8,166 Jrlurabldab~ 204,948 198,791 16,862 14,569 17,418 16,920 83,131 81,942 28,826 28,090 24,930 23,687 23,626 23,165 17,699 16,175 14,704 13,842 14,346 14,220 13,406 12,181 Maida 74,844 86,698 6,461 4,706 8,869 2,949 6,891 5,426 13,334 12,017 10,468 9,068 10,117 9,139 6,091 6,112 6,661 6,620 6,648 6,016 6,814 6,641 Woot Dloajpur : 78,777 86,888 6,990 6,872 6,887 4,966 6,642 6,916 11,666 8,918 8,578 7,727 8,716 7,661 7,771 6,991 6,986 6,897 6,906 6,468 7,246 6,472 ~alpal110rl • 111,291 104,298 10,422 10,017 10,211 9,691 13,938 12,871 14,147 13,168 12,516 11,692 12,243 11,177 9,776 8,964 9,381 8,786 9,171 9,030 9,492 8,1102 Darjoello~ 60,1182 47,118 6,676 6,141 6,476 4,797 6,870 6,388 6,018 6,615 6,672 6,266 5,626 4,411 4,416 4,116 4,469 4,298 4,215 4,051 4,601 4,141 Voocb Be ar Not available

Tor.u. • :1,240,7851,058,114 201,178 183,047 182,818 165,578 882,182 :192,084 800,42e 276,1146 233,312 :115,288 216,881 198,356 201,062 186,103 198,401 186,877 190,116 182,443 185,U6 171,897

too ~

TABLE 7

DEATH RATES (NUMBER OF DEATHS PER 1,000 OF THE SAME SEX)

A-Calculated on the population as the census of 1941

11141·60 1941 1942 liiU 11144 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950

Dlat.rlot Male I' emile Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male """\

Female llale ,Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

I 2 I 4· 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17· 18 19 :10 21 :12 :18

.lveraae

Burdwaq . . 19·8 20•2 18·:1 111·6 17·9 18·4 24·11 25·4 :15-1 :16•5 18·7 19·11 18•6 18·11 18·5 19·:1 17·6 19·4 16·6 18·0 15·8 16·4 Blrbbum . . 27•6 27•8 23•0 21•2 22•1 :11•11 89·8 87•9 88"6 40•0 28.2 29·0 80·1 80•5 26•0 25•4 22•0 21•9 23·8 28•7 22•6 22•0 Baokura . 21-8 20·6 21·4 :10·6 19·8 19·5 32·0 80·2 24·4 24·6 20·8 19·4 19·0 17·1 20·7 20·5 19·3 18·8 18·1 17·8 17·8 16·0 Mldoa~ur 20·4 20·8 17·1 16·11 15·8 15·11 41·2 36·11 26·0 24·6 17·8 18·8 16·7 16·7 17·8 18·4 18·2 19·0 18·2 19•6 16·6 16·8 BooRb y 16•6 17·6 16·6 16·8 16·0 15·8 20·1 111·9 20·6 22·8 17·7 20·1 16·8 18·5 16·2 17·1 15·8 17·2 16·8 15·8 18·5 14·0 Bowrab 16·2 18·6 13·1 14·9 10·8 12·2 28·6 22·11 24·8 29·1 18·1 21·0 16·5 17·7 15·1 17·8 15·2 18·1 18·6 16·8 12·6 16·0 :14·1'~aoa.i . 16·1 16·1 16·0 18·9 18·1 . 14·2 26·6 24·1 22·6 23·7 15·1 16·6 12·7 13·7 11·8 12·9 12·7 14·2 12•8 18·7 10·6 11·11 (Jalout , . 16·1 211·6 18·8 26•1 10·0 15·4 19·1 87·4 20·4 86·4 16·4 27•6. 14·0 24•2 15·4 28·6 17·8 84·1 16·11 29·11 18·8 87·8 Nadia 28·2 28·4 28·6 26·3 26·8 26·8 66·8 46·11 86·7 36·6 211·8 29·1 29·2 211·11 23·6 23·8 22·3 23·1 22·0 28·8 20·0 20·0 llunbldabad 24·9 211-7 20•6 17·8 21·1 111·11 40·2 311•1 86·0 84·4 80·2 211·0 28·7 28·6 21·6 111·8 17·8 17·0 17·4 11·4 16·3 14·11 llalda 17·6 16·7 12·8 16•7 7·9 6·11 18·8 12·7 81·8 28·2 24·6 21·8 28·8 21·5 14·8 12•0 16•6 18·0 15·6 14·1 16·0 18·6 Weat Dloajpur . 24·1 28·9 111·6 111•8 17-6 17•11 21·4 21·8 81·6 8!1-1 28·1 27·8 28·6 27·6 26·4 25·1 22·11 21·2 22·8 28·8 28·7 28·8 lalpal11url • 24·1 27•1 22·8 26-Q 22·1 26·2 80·2 83·4 80·7 . 84·2 27·2 so·• 26·8 29·0 21•2 23·8 20·4 22·8 19·11 23·4 20•6 23·1 Darjeello~ • 26·5 26·7 27·11 29·1 27·4 27·2 29·4 80·11 80·1 81-11 28·4 29·8 23·1 26·0 22·1 23·3 22·4 24·8 21-1 23·0 23-Q 28·5 (Jooob Be ar · Not avaUable

• TOI'.U. . lt•l 11·1 17•1 18·1 111·9 17·1 28·1 10·1 2H lll-6 llO·I llll·l 11·1 ll0•4 17•6 19•1 17•8 111•1 10·1 18·8 lG-1 17•7

TABLE 8 ':

Iff DIATII RATES (NUMBER OF DEATIIS PER 1,000 OF TilE SAME SEX) 1941·1950

B-calculated on the eatlmated population on the 30th June of each Jear computed on the assumptlou that the population chanaecS at a uniform rate from one census to the nut

I HI ... IHI llltl IHI 1846 Uti 1841 1867 lll'i u.a 1860

l)lellld .... ...... ... r-.~e ... l'tiiiAlt llalt l'tlll&lt Malt l'tlll&lt .Malt l'tiUle Male l'tlll&le Malt l'taalt llalt l'taalt llalt I' .-It ..... , .•. J I • • I • 7 • • 10 u 13 18 16 11 11 17 II It IO 11 •• II

........ II•PII• .. . . 11·0 lt·t 111-1 11·6 17·7 18·1 24·4 U·8 14·8 28·1 18·8 10·7 18·· 18·8 18·1 18·8 17·1 18·0 111-1 17 .. u·• 18·0 l<lrbb•• 17·· 17·1 U·8 11•1 11·7 21·1! 811•2 88·8 811·· 811·8 28·11 2H 80·1 80·7 28·1 26·7 21-1 U·l 23·· U·O n·l lt·l Jlaalllllt .., .. 10.1 11•1 10"' 111-1 18·1 81·· 211·1 24·1 24·1 20·8 111·8 18·8 18·8 20•1 111·8 18·8 111·1 17·6 17·1 18·7 16.6 lllld~r"' XO·I IU·1 17·1 18•8 16·8 16·8 40·8 88·8 1!6·1 u·8 17·8 18-, 18·6 11·6 u·• 18·1 17•11 11·1 17-7 11·8 18•1 18·1 Hootrto P . 18-G 17-1 U·l 18·7 U·8 1&·8 111·8 111·· 20·1 21-7 17·• 18·7 U·l 18·0 16·8 18·6 U·7 18·6 18·7 U·l 11·1 ll·t How rail 18·1 18·1 lH .U·I 10·7 1lH 113·8 2:1·1 U·8 211·8 18·1 21·1 16•8 17·7 1&·1 17·1 16•1 111•1 18·7 18·t 11·8 18·1 ............ · 16-G 16·8 16·0 18·8 12·8 18·8 26·0 28·6 22·· 23·6 16·1 16·6 12·7 18•6 11·7 11H 111·8 18·11 111·1 II·· 10•t 11·1 , ...... ~~ 18·8 10·8 11·8 26·1 10·0 16·6 111·1 87·8 20·8 87-G 17·0 211·1 U·6 26·8 16·0 80·· 111·8 88•8 18·1 81·1 11·8 Ill· I Jladla IN 17·8 28·t 16·1 U•7 f'"' t2·8 U·1 86·1 86·8 28·11 28·6 211-ll 29·1 22·8 23·8 21·6 2¥·6 21-1 18·1 111·1 18·6 lll•r.lllclabAd . 11·1 11·7 20o' 17·8 10·7 11·1 811·1 88·0 86·1 84•6 80·8 211·· 211·11 211·7 21·7 IW·O 17·11 17·1 17·1 17·· 111-l U·8 Ill aida 17·1 16·1 11·8 ll·l 7·7 8·8 18·· 12·6 80·7 27·11 24·1 21·1 28·t 21·1 14·1 11·11 18·0 11·1 16·1 11·7 16·t 1¥·8 ,.. .. , DlnaJput . U•O 11·8 111·8 111·1 17·6 18·0 21-l 11-8 81·1 81·1 28-G 111·1 llll·t 27•1 16•t 26·t 21!·8 lll·t 22·11 21·1 13·6 211·1 lalp&l~llll • 18·1 211·7 22·8 211·0 U·ll 1!7·8 83·6 811·11 84·· 87-11 80·11 84·1 80·8 82·7 U·1 26·1 22·11 211·8 22·1 26·7 llll·7 26·1 l>arJ .. ~ • 116·8 211·7 87·11 211·1 17·· 27·· 29·1 ao·• 80··

~··· 28·11 80·11 23·11 16·8 2¥·8 28·· &2•4 U·l 111·0 211-7 lll-7 IUI·O

o-11 ar Jiot anUable

Tot.t.L Ill·· .... IN 18·1 16-7 18·1 28·11 28·1 28·1 18•8 Jo·• 22·8 18·9 20·· 17-6 111-1 17·1 111·1 10·· 11·0 10·0 n·• w ~

Nou.-Tbe biih rates for females in Calcutta in this table and elsewhere are due to the male population of Calcutta beins 1reatly overweighted by youn1 adults.

TABLE 9 ANNUAL .DEATH RAT~S BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS 1941·1950

DEATHS REPORTED PER 1,000 OF THE SAME SEX AND AGE LIVING AT THE CENSUS OF 1941 (Note-Rates for the age group "under 1 year" are <:alculated on the number of birth• recorded that year)

·-·et ...... , .. u. decade .. , (11111•1111) 111tl 111411 11148 11146 194& 1940 111n 11148 111411 11160

llalt . J'elll&lt llalt J'emale Malt Female Male Female Male Female Kale Fellltlt Kale Female Male J'emale Male F-It Male J'ea.Jt ., ... ,._ .. I I • I II 8 7 8 II 10 11 1ll 13 u 111 18 17 18 111 20 21 22 u

AU.t.att 111·11 !1•8 17·11 18·11 15·11 17·1 28·11 80·1 211-1 28·11 20·8 22·1 18·8 20·t 17·i 111·2 17·8 111·2 18·6 18·8 16·1 17·7 1)-1 • J 7li·J 166·0 18~·1 121·11 1:10·11 117-11 273·8 289·7 288·6 266·0 1M4·S 170.6 14~·11 U6·11 UO·I 1811·0 l4:l·6 1110-4 1»4-1 Jll6•1 Jn·ll 1111-f ._. ltJ-6 110·8 1flo8 17·8 16-G 111·0 1!7-2 28·1 26·0 27·1 J9·6 21·2 17·11 19·2 18·11 11!-7 Jll·ll :W·ll 17·6 111·1 1•·11 .111·4 -10 ll·O 10ol 8·1 11·6 7·8 8·6 1ll-7 16·0. 12·8 .... ,- 11·8 11·8 8·1 10·8 7·11 8·8 7·11 11'11 6·11 1!·0 6·8 7•1

11)-U 11-t~ 11·7 8•4 8·1 6·7 H> 10·4 11·7 11·0 9·4 7·6 11·3 8·11 8·7 11·11 6·8 6·8 6·8 6·1 6·8 6·1 6·4 1-~0 ••• Jl·8 7·11 10·! 8·11 11·2 12·4 16·1 Jl·t 15·8 8·11 12·11 8·2 11-1 7•6 l(J-1 7·8 10·6 6·8 10·8 0·11 IU·O 11)-11) JOol H·l II· I U·8 8·S 11·6 16·1 20·11 • I~ :HI 111-i 111-8 15-11 II· II 13·8 11·2 1HI IHI 1t·8 IJ·I U·6 11·2 1U·I • ..._.0 U·l U·1 U·l U·ll 11·0 12·4 l!O·O 21·11 .... 21·1 14·1 16·6 13·2 16·1 10·11 10·8 11·6 H·O 10·11 13·1 JO-G J%-1 &U-l>o) 2tl·7 111·11 111·8 17•8 10·11 1~·8 80·7 27·7 2<1-ll 28·8 22·0 20·11 20.8 111·1! 10·8 11!·7 111·8 17·11 17·1 17·0 17·1 17·1 6\1-410 .

·~·· 14·8 11·1 211-11 28·i 20·11 111·1 67·1 46·11 f5·6 36·6 35·6 83·· 32·6 82·1 82·8 81·6 82·6 8<1·0 81·8 11·1 11·7

I<Jaa.itbo;. 84·1 116·· U·4 81·8 88·1 u-o 1111·11 12;1·8 110·: 122·~ Stl-8 117-1 711-1 1111•8 111·1 111·1 77·6 1111·0 7111.1 1111·1 74·8 111·1

Year

Anras• ror 1041·60

11141

1141

UIU

lD" lUll

to•e lOU

&o••

111"' 11160

A a•

1

•

•

1 Allaae• •

1 o-11

D-1

Under l month

1 toe montba •

I to 111 montbl

l to a :reara

8 6-10

'10-16 •

1116-110 •

e eo-so '80...40

• 40...60 •

J:' IID-80 ., . ., 10 eo &above

TABLE 10 FEMALE DEATHS PER 1,000 MALE DEATHS IN EACH DISTRICT 1941-1950

Weat Burdwan Blrbhnm Banknra Mldnapur Bengal

Hoogbly Howrah 24· Calcutta Parganat

Nadia

1118·8

808·8

808·2

879·&

821·8

922·7

016·9

925·6

1141·~

1169·8

9U·II

t84·4

liON

920·4

910·8

992·0

923·6

1173·4

964·8

941!-6 1,036·2

950·4 1,028·1

911·6 1,012·11

927-ll 976·4

1186·8

976•6 1,016·7

926·0 1172·0

940·0

1188·6

961·9

928·8

982·0

918·8

880·2

966·8

1148•7

944·0

966·2

854·9

82&·8

1130·5

911·6

856·6

1141·8 988·8

979·5 . 983·1

957·6 906·8

989·5 9111-1

954·8 . 1,000•8

965·9 1,017·0

968·0

965·0

895•1 1164-6

964-7

896·8

892-1

766·8

877·2

925-1

886·9

775·3

926·8 866·2

919·8 906·9

898·8 . 884·7

981-7 1108·8

'"0.4 944·2

1,008•8

916-ll

920·9

888·8

TABLE 11

829·8

835ol

699·8

886·8

785·2

757·8

784·6

839·8

869-8

868·6

907-1

928·9

1171·0

941·1

924-7

967-7

961·2

1179•4

868·6 1,017•0

90IH 945·0

More hi· ria bad

1145·6

864·0

914·8

116H

974-6

1150·1

980·5

918·9

1141·4

991·2

908•6

Maida

876•6

861·6

877·11

1121·1

901-ll

966·8

908·8

839·8

8118•7

904·9

827-11

Weet J'alpal· Dloajput gurl

899·8

896·8

921•8

904··

1128·6

900·8

879-1

899·6

BUrl

878·8

898·2

937·11

961-1

949-1

1123·8

930·8

984-11

912·9

1116·9

1186·9

984•8

1187·8

Dar· Jeellog

925·8

1122·0

876·0

1117·11

917·11

928·4

9li3·9

981·8

960·8

961•1

1100·0

NUMBER OF DEATHS ANNUALLY REPORTED FOR EACH SEX BY AGE GROUPS 1941-1950 A-Males

..

1941

201,178

68,480

87,900

20,754

12,007

6,189

20,680

18,860

8,460

7,846

19,071

11,606

11,1166

19,818,

80,880

1942

8

182,818

62,999

84,848

18,809

10,881

4,668

18,6511

111,561

7,667

7,119

17,288

19,490

19,170

J,'Mii&

17,986

1943

' 882,182

96,666

62,588

84,271

19,826

8,486

88,981

22,887

18,962

111,966

81,491

86,510

86,111

l2,721).

110,990

111U

6

800,429

87,884

66,600

80,1194

17,981

7,676

80,78'

20,700

12,618 .

11,717

28,481

82,116

81,766

~Gilt,,

46,116

6

288,276

67,818

48,949

24,066

18,928

11,960

28,864

16,078

11,791

9,098

22,1111

24,986

24,0~

1111,87.8

lj6,~~

1946

7

1116,881

62,878

40,754

22,817

12,1109

6,628

112,10~

U,IIOO

9,102

8,480

20,496

118,186

~,888

21,~9~·.

• 88,1108 . '

194'11

8

201,062

116,6118

88,.886

16,797

11,184

11,464

21,248-

12,6"

7,888

7,716

19,061

111,164

22,2211

10,617. ·84,2811

" 198,401

117,178

88,675

18,144

10,490.

4,941

118,808

111,669

7,6911

7,656

18,607

20,406

111,248

~. . 20,140 ~

82,912

1949

10

190,116

116,789

88,976

18,468

10,781

4,7811

11,818

11,~41

7,UO

6,846

17,1162

19,146

19,791

~9,188

38,119

1950

:n

186, .. 8

114,080

80,412

14,964

10,188

11,820

28,618

11,288

6,874

7,180

17,192

17,710

19,780

~11,88, •.

81,686

1941•60

1124,078

0.,869

40,748

111,967

18,002

11,789

'24,1111

14,897

11,117

8,640

111,1011

118,6111

118,796

112,448

811,889

Cooeb lie bar

Not avail• able

Male deatha per 1,000

female deaths,

average 1941·60

18

1,089

1,101

1,183

1,281

1,1111

1,041

981

1,081

1,11811

. 808

771

1,186

1,478

1,8111

1,0611

TABLEll NUMBER OJ' DEAmS ANNUALLY REPORTED FOR EACH SEX BY AGE GROUPS 1941·1950

B-Femalea

1N1 1NI 1HI 1NI 11167 111411 111110 1N1-IO

l I I • I • ' • 0 10 u 11

I jD ... o o o 181,067 . 1811,1171 1112,081 178,11" 211,288 1118,1118 188,108 188,877 181,UI 171,1117 106,811

lt-6 • 112,8111 67,817 N,8118 711,1182 82,17& &7,288 110,1178 62,780 11,7111 U,ll20

11,7'0 28,710 110,1167 ,8,022 87,881 a.,a11• 28,6811 IB,tll 111,488 111,888

Vllder I .,.,til • 18,184 u,11a11 .. ,,811 111,085 17,11tl 11,128 U,007 U,7114 11,786 17,116

1 ... _ .... 10,708 18,1118 12,1188 11,11114 10,077 I,UO 11,888 8,841 11,801

8to11-tM • • &,861 4,810 7,7U 7,8U 11,708 11,2511 1,8114 4,1188 ,,8118 11,122 1,681

Uolr- • 11,121 111,107 18,7011 81,860. 2,,8U 22,8811 22,,011 24,8811 22,828 28,222 14,6116

1&-10 • • • 18,400 12,120 21,880 20,271 111,760 U,IIU 12,,88 12,6311 11,3118 10,804

• 10-11 • 8,11&1 11,1128 10,457 8,8111 7,108 8,1111 8,208 &,1180 11,7118 7,184

IU-10 • • • • • • 8,1188 111,160 U,878 11,178 10,2illl 1,876 1,878 10.,011 1,828 10,770

• 10-10 • • • • • • 22,208 111,168 17,188 18,870 28,810 24,811 14,8811 14,268 11,001 17,86t

'10-40 • • • • • • 18,1188 1&,822 111,678 18,188 11,871 20,145 18,764 18.8'8 17,884 lll,lllt 10,711

• • • • • U,2&0 12,888 !2,7118 11,574 1&,771 16,181 U,661 11,161 U,l87 11,167

• 10-.o • • • • • U,ISI 12,11&11 !2,870 11,11811 1&,867 16,1125 16,741 16,4114 16,181 18,111 .......... • • • • • 111,!27 ,8,2811 •s.aes ".101 81,t18 12,1180 11,6111 11,1111 lt,820 11,181

romalo4•UII

r.r1,000male .. , ..... _.... 1Mlo60

.ll

Ill

101

... 710

1111

lltl

1,020

170

\

1,2'8

1,111t

ttl

171

740

~3

TABLE 13 FEMALE DEATHS PER 1,000 MALE DEATHS ANNUALLY BY RELIGIONS 1941-1950

Annual average Hindu Muslim Christian Aborigin&la Jain a

1941-60 922·5 896·9 851•6

1941 924:3 934·6 892·9

1942 917·8 897'1 823•4

1943 876·1 799·8 813•1

1944 926•6 896•2 .850·3

1945 928•4 924•0 871•9 Not available

1946 912•0 931·2 928·8

1947 929•8 906·8 898•1

1948 942•7 910•2 856•9.

1949 959•3 970•4 835·3

1950 936·3 869•2 911•9

TABLE 14 MONTHLY AVERAGE NUMBER OF FEMALE DEATHS PER 1,000 MALE .DEATHS,

ALL RELIGIONS, HINDU AND MUSLIM 1941·1950

Average of each month (1941-50) AU religions Hindu Muslim

January .. 918•0 933·0 910·4:

February 892•4: 908•3 900'7

March • 877•6 906-G 856·0

April 888•7 898·1 84:8·3

May . 886·6 906•6 857'1

June 875•4: ~ 894•6 84:1•5

July 887-4: 896·2 876•2

August 896·1 904:·9 869·3

September . 901-1 904·7 889"2

Octot- 934·2 94:1·3 924·8

Nonmt- 970'1 970'4 979-9·

December . 967-6 1164:·1 92001

Wee& llelllal Jlardwaa • BlrbbUID • Banltura • llldnapar. Hoot~hl1. Howrab • U·P•I'I!­Cal~ott.a • :Nadia • Manhl4abad Maida • • Wea& DlnaJpar ( lalf'all!art • DarleeiiDI • C<MXb .llebar

TABLE 15.1 ANNUAL DEATHS FROM "CHOLERA'' BY SEX 19-U..SO

lllale

I,Ollt 7417 4~'3 4t0

1,071 874

1,0811 1,2811 1,070

458 664 11111 1611 1311 11

Kale

6,81111 2311

70

"' 11111 278 11611 882 4118 626 1100 636 177

22 16

l'eaaala

1,856 810 4211 4611

1,1211 3111

1,0111 1,18&

7311 4116 617 21& 1U 1211 11

11148

l'emale

t,878 210

16 1211 2511 290 61111 1117 us 677 0.8 642 176

11 II

1,178 484 1127 822 630 2611

1,021 2,8U l,Oll ~

670 Ill! 8fj

lOS

11141

Male

&,270 381 840 226 618 829 967 928 1176 240 166

26 ur.

24 18

J'emale

7,436 424 681 au 668 271 871

2,760 726 till

661 71 u 87

6,870 11411 21111 452 784 1143 777 115S 330 us 663

6l! 211

. 7Z 27

l'emale

6,2211 436 842 307 662 877

1,078 977 1>60 276 150

l!7 110

27 8

11142 11143

l'emale

6,SS7 1151 2511 441 85i 328 IIIli 860 15S 224 6211 48 46 63 22

11148

Kale

2S,~tll! 2,607 1,11113 2,23S 6,201

1114 2,264 11,617 1,143 1,00S 2,4116

416 63l! 866

78

,., ----·---.Male l'emale

8,1176 651 16S 150 686 431

1,050 1,6112 1,464

383 261 170

29 36 10

11,816 710 151 166 652 438

1,022 1,640 1,014

466 846 152

24 85

l'eaaala

211,368 2,71!1 2,053 2,426 6,464 1,014 2,37ll 6,118

885 1,0116 2,802

476 460 830

46

.Male

8,792 640

73 132 1101 244 635

2,661 761 362 21i> 15E

70 34 II

TABLE 15.2

Kale

10,!07 7SII 41111 Sill

1,110 401

1,4S8 8,6113 1,000

211 813 147 1011 u 24

111411

l'emale

11.11~1 847 65i 344

1,Ull 8114

1,618 3,460

687 248 360 806 Ill OS 17

Female

7,074 1110

72 1i>l 9118 268 76S

2,563 721 412 2or. 150

63 46

4

ANNUAL DEATHS FROM "FEVER" BY SEX 1941-50

11146

4,635 167

811 611

2~1 21"8

1 Q•>1 ·;;,~

1,2~6 1~6

Ill 116 28 26 10

Male

8,751 873 123 204 1>47 243 8o4

1,854 1,11511

726 238 277 404 lOll 14

11160

1,7!10 11101

411 2tl~ 2~1 llllll

1,101 717 6~7 Uti

1!0 118 u u 18

8,492 11211 IU 216 2o7 771

1,!128 2,U7

71111 2~3 2114 403 117

21

Fever includes Malaria, Kala-azar, Blackwater fever, Measles, Relapsing fever, Cerebrospinal fever, Influenza, Enteric group of fevers, Typhus, and ' Other fevers ', tor some of which figures are given separately elsewhere but are included in the totals of this table.

Wut Denial llardw ... Blrbbum • Baall:ura • Mldaapar. H0011hl1. RoWJ'ab • 14-P.,.aaae l•l~at.&a l'ladla • II arshl4abad llalda • • W•& DlaaJpar. I alpaiJUrt • Dar)eellntl OoocbJkbar

Kale

120,1411 11,822 11,oog

8,278 18,277

4,702 8,9011

11,898 8,086 8,1108

16,081 &,1137 6,4111

. 6,461 1,8111

Kale

111,8511 10,044

'U,4>16 7,030

u,us 6,121

• 1,428 U,366 1.141 8,SCI8

18.014 7,11u I,Ut

'·"41 1,671

l'emale

111,881 11,341

11,402 8,886

18,452 4,794 8,0i>7

11,968 2,28g 8,468

14,495 6,147 4,0118 6,1191 1,608

1g4e

l'emale

1011,876 11,871

18.0:!7 6,7113

16,1164 6,846 1,12&

11,2011 2.~8 !1,340

U,!l78 8,1!58 4,6711 .,211 1,101

11141 11142

.Male

911,810 10,700 7,~111 7,11711

1S,732 t,489 2,000

11,901 1,871 8,431

11,802 4,426 4,483 11,781 8,218

.Male

103,137 11,018 10,581 8,250

18,574 4,608 1,151

10,708 8,021 7,141

11,101 4,11"3 4,1i00 4,01111 1,401

Male

115,807 10,609

7,673 8,068

119,187 10,0116 8,040 7,234

16,660 4,679 1,1140

11,623 1,290 8,012

10,001 3,820 8,1181 11,497 2,86g

11147

13,449 4,478 1,8119

11,352 1,1147 8,028

12,186 2,709 3,227 6,689 8,015

Female

101,8711 10,112g 10,807

8,4118 17,632

4,5711 8,167 11,887 2,67S 7,0M

12,108 4,166 4,063 8,738 2,211

Female

811,655 10,087

8,183 7,701

13,608 4,448 1,607

10,599 1,2111 7,796

11,230 1,763 8,478 1>,4111 2,6111

Hale

96,77t 11,983 8,817 7,730

16,674 •• 148 8,258

10,11112 1,324 6,188

10,610 4,1161 4,11111 8,4118 2,46ll

11148

.Male

172,652 15,:l73

1i>,1118 12,450 82,8111

6,1116 5,204

22,4011 8,614

13,808 2~,681

4,761 4,4111 7,582 8,171

l'emala

118,1311 10,644

11,038 8,143

17,786 4,470 8,2117

10,408 2,1133 6,184

10,261 4.0~8 8,631 11,144 2.27ll

11143

Female

156,888 l4,621i 14,933 11,808 28,740 6,762 S,822

17,083 2,660

13,662 24,781

4,364 8,930 6,2116 2,872

.&!ale

175,2111 17,108 16,963 10,322 25,723 11,692 6,496

22,106 4,461

12,767 24,278 11,6411

6,098 8,162 8,6711

1944

J'emala

168,430 16,8511 17,961 10,711 ll5,866 6,630 6,177

111,290 2,11112

1~.3!!6 24,116 10,361

6,604 7,719 8,11111

111411

Kale

112,091 11,877 11,611 7,223

15,712 8,11011 8,106 11,686 2,7111 6,393

10,426 4,881 1,736 1,326 2,014

J'emala

114,01111 1o,oa8 10,096

7,706 17,318

4,171 1,106 11,2116 1,220 8,1141

10,6711 •• 41111 1,618 1,0<16 1,ii64

Male

124,8211 11,0711

11,862 7,677

16,761 .,1110 3,676

13,474 3,648 9,701

18,152 8,643 6,138 6,1197 8,486

11146

l'ema ..

121,664 • Jl,417 12,606

7,68ll 17,1!43

6,817 8,454

12,683 2,261 11,27~

17,5116 7,477 4,851 6,6113 8,071

11160

.Mal•

84,888 8, .. 7 II 1130 6:8118

14,111ll 8,470 2,07:11 8,4118 2, 72!> r.,26ll 11,111 4,83ll 8,1168 1,641! 1,186

81,722 8,430 .. IIIIi 0,911

14,742 ,8,637 1, .... 1 7,7112 2,8811 6,1118 8,414 •• 1111 1,64111 l,%7t

·~·

W~ot Bengal Burdwan , llirbbum • lS"okura • Midnapu. Roogbly Howrab U-Parganaa Calcutta Nadia • Murohldab&d Maida West Dlnajpur • Jalpalflurl Darjeeling Cooch Behar

West Bengal Burdwan • Blrbbum • Bankura • Midnapur, Hoogbly • Howrab 24-Parganaa Calcutta Nadia • Mursbldabad Maida • • We•t Dlnajpur • Jalpalgurl Darjeeling Coocb Behar

TABLE 15.3

ANNUAL DEATHS FROM "SMALL-POX" BY SEX 1941·50

Average for 1941·60 ,.__...__.

:Male Female

4,252 273 104 151 162 267 714 567

1,561 108 192 67 69 15 13

:Male

2,450 656 213 105

20 117 220 168

59 213 U1

52 175

4 8

4,267 303 103 139 156 285 735 668

1,635 114 194 57 72

1946

8 7

Female

2,621 769 186 83 17 96

231 178 65

222 429 65

177 2 1

1941 ,__...__....... Male Female

4,87£; 354 56 43 95

248 541 862

2,486 80 67 u .,

2

4,411 350 72 48 69

245 504 871

2,059 66 71 48

8

Male

513 122 82

5 4

13 113

115 61 2 5 7 2 2

11142

Female

510 124 71

7 2

18 103 1111

40 3

15 7 3

'8

Male

1,187 16 27

8 61 22

12' U4 710 40 13 3

13 15 6

1943

Female

1,074 16 34

.. 40 26

124 152 602 39 13 1

12 16 1

1914

lllale

11,584 132 122 69

880 458

2,602 1,867 8,751

276 108 54

236 66 16

Female

. 9,664 1811 128 60

Ull 5011

!,6110 1,397

. 3,675 270

117 50

25! 34 10

11148 19411

:Male

1,536 129 28 11 82 n

110 36

931 33 24 17

122 8

19

Female

1,590 130

23 11 31 28 83 40

1,on 31 31

7 123

2 9

:Male

8,961 143

46 63

132 125 624 324

2,438 48 28 74 15

4 2

TABLE 15.4

Female

3,948' 183

42 77

106 140 498 284

2,457 57 29 63 17

,--·..A----. Male

634 40

4 6

46 81' 86

103 287 17 10

2

3

Female

610 87

8 40 23 70 93

291 33 11

8

'6

Male

11,1108 852

• 3911 1,104

653 1,187 !,076 2,188 2,116

188 1,035

216 67 43 84

Female

12,066 1171 420

l,~g~ ~ 1,267 2,134 2,051 2,064

162 1,061

234 76 13 111

11150

:Male

6,918 286

63 106 811 476 8511 no

1!,766 243 202 101

f:O 8

38

Female

8,277 316

61 96

817 602 922 3117

8,060 260 18,

91 DO

8 24

ANNUAL DEATHS FROM "DYSENTERY, DIARRHmA AND ENTERIC GROUP OF FEVERS" BY SEX 1941-50

Weot Bengal Burdwan • Birbbum • liankura • Midn•pur. HooahiJ Howrab 2 4--Parp:a.na.a Calcut~ Nadia • .M.u,.hldab&d Maida • • Weot Dlnajpur • J&lpal!!url Darj..,llng Cood1 lkhar

Weot Bengal 1\urdwan • 1\lrbhum • Bankura • !ll.ldBApur 0

RIX>!lhiJ Howrab 2•-Parganaa Caleuu.a Nadia • lol.UJ"ohldabad IJ!...Wa • 0

w ... , Dlnajpor • J&lpai~url Darj<odin~ Ooocb Behar

Average for 1941-60

Male Female

:4,765 1176 293 714

2,113 1,438 2,111 2,2011 2,898

803 878 128 174 692 433

Male

13,838 716 128 459

1,587 1,222 1,1189 1,673 2,747

834 61'17 8•2 154

1,003 887

13,956 888 255 683

2,8711 1,458 2,075 1,987 2,687

260 840

115 137 610 858

Female

12,318 611 142 421

1,453 1,812 2,016 1,590 2,H1

270 637 288 107 657 us

1941 ~ Male Female

1942

13,2711 1,203

467 1,068

'2,056 1,234 1,686 2,0tl0 2,196

16& 219 66 91

349 460

12,042 1,098

440 983

1,821 1,807 1,68& 1,859 1,781

128 185

48 73

286 398

Male Female

12,30& 970 507 789

1,768 1,315 1,683 1,932 1,955

239 834

&3 115 213 432

10,929 900 447 78&

1,649 1,331 1,643 1,699 1,891

146 320 41 98

167 317

t9n

Male

18,699 820 220 528

2,269 1,510 2,154 1,527 2,806

242 317

87 231t 598 88!

Female

18,161 745 166 606

2,215 1,501 2,234 1,411 2,679

248 278 62

222 618 276

Male

14,399 912 164 577

2,460 1,404 1,899 1,768 8,174

878 • 899

117 U7 617 40S'

11143

Male Female

20,840 1,262

665 1,163 1,582 2,093 3,378 4,&78 3,930

19llt"

260 345

7& 143 420 661

.l!'emalo

U,OlO 895 150 eo&

!,398 1,57& 1,984 1,6'7 2,964

85!1 873

77 83

679 8&1

20,727 1,123

496 948

&,341 1,773 2,676

. 3,581 3,807

215 2811 64

107 383 424

Malo.

14,071 93S 147 &46

2,497 1,406 1,566 1,840 2,11711

407 3211 128 237 715 340 .....

1914

Male Female

18,933 1,067

375 905

3,253

17,107 962 320 924

1,752 8,270 3,146 3,312

321 261 126 136 616 496

11149

.l!'emale

13,427 866 111 613

!,622 1,386 1,575 1,576 2,94.8

343 267 80

1811 679 26

2,889 1,816 3,278 2,704 2,696

217 246

110 86

478 401

11146 ~ Male Female

.

12,668 830 172 6U

1,580 1,300 2,088 1,725 ll,401

254 411 18S 123 663 4117

Malo

14,.624 1,0411

187 566

!,074 1,142 1,443 1,850 8,681

433 616 126 352 920 886

11,791> 721 131 531

1,626 1,36& 2,122 1,671 2,008-

230 374 tli 104 630 .07

11160 -J!'emaJe"

14,011 955 143 513

1,874 1,166 1,537 1,781 3,631

~:: fJ7

104 818 337

........ Bard•aa. Blrbbe• • Baallara • JUdupq. HCJOibiF • Howrall. lt·PW1-Caleaua • lbdle • Munbldabe4 Maida • • W•& DlaaJpu • lalpallf'lrl OarjeeiiDI

"""'"- lkbar

W.,..Beqal Jlurdwaa • Blrbha• • 1\aallura JII4DAJ>Ur • H._hl)" . Howrah U·P......,... ralruUa !'ladle Monhl4ab.4 Maida W.,.. Dlnajpal' • lalpehrurl Jlar).-.11.,. (looc-b Bebar

.•

llale

'

Kale

I

'i

36

TABLE 15.5

ANNUAL DEATHS FROM "PLAGUE" BY SEX 1941-50

..... I

lHI

l'ebl&le

Kale

1

'i

lHl

Jfale

•

•

11"7

ltd

J'emale

11148

l'~male Jfale J'emale

1 u ' 1

1

1 is I

1

TABLE 15.6

ltd

J'emale

If ale

46 1

• 40

lHt

Kale

I

111411

Female

u

2

io

lHI

J'emale

11150

Male J' .. nale

$

:1

ANNUAL DEATHS FROM "RESPIRATORY DISEASES OTHER THAN T. B. OF LUNGS" BY SEX 1941-50

A.Yenl(!efor 1141•60 111n 11141 11143 11144 1114&

~

Kale J'emale Kale l'emale Kale J'emale Jfale J'emale Jfale l'emale Mala J'emale

W•&Jieqal 111,1111 12,623 21,003 13,842 18,8111 U,t811 21,614 13,8211 22,394 U,ll58 20,662 13,837 Jlardwaa. 1,423 813 2,025 1,218 1,618 847 1,443 807 1,468 1140 1,316 707 Blrbbam • 8117 248 721 483 6811 409 64D 863 400 260 864 218 Baell- • 1163 654 1,181 705 1,000 608 1,027 1141 1,028 11511 1,044 666

:::-J;r: !,6311 1,441 1,0411 1,1178 2,413 1,888 2,732 1,61111 1,807 1,1107 2,783 1,41111 1,748 1,028 1,11611 1,1711 1,87t 1,084 2,062 1,218 2,2611 1,374 1,1142 1,11!11

Howrab 1,808 1,1113 1,872 1,2110 1,428. 1182 2,148 1,203 2,401 1,626 1,8611 1,100 U·PU"IfUU 1,1611 1,4311 2,788 1,60& 2,471 4,327 2,830 1,38& 2,828 1,&30 2,817 1,271 Calea~ . 1,706 2,678 8,658 2,3115 2,717 1,777 4,037 2,7H 4,870 2,1133 8,11411 2,41!11 Jii..Ue 874 213 8311 2611 488 215 4611 8111 864 2111 478 326 ManbldaW 148 271 21& 120 8111 236 436 8411 462 881 4411 71!8 )I aida 1110 liS 112 116 161 134 265 1116 1114 1511 1311 81 W•• DIDAjpu: 8118 1180 1147 li61 7811 1171 8311 1158 801 1171 841 71!8 lalpalaurl • 1,200 1.11~8 1,131 1,&20 1,111 1,413 !,41111 1,7311 11,1138 11,011 2,5:17 1,1176 1Mrjaalla1.r 188 81>8 u1 8114 480 8116 407 406 411 8111 4138 8116 ()Doc- Be

lHI 1N7 11148 11148 11160

Kale hmala Kale l'emale Kale l'emale II ale Female )I ale J'cmale __ Boo ....

11,8111 12,06!1 18,242 11.851 17,235 11,211 ll,4flli 10,498 16,6HI 10,148 ltoord .... 1,144 750 1,4:t7 844 1,2041 1148 1,1114 •~o l,2811 883 1\lrbhaa • 157 2U 274 131 273 15& 241 147 ¥111 116 1\ank•ra • 178 4118 88a 808 881 471 781 4117 11418 8"3 )114_,..,. 1,7" 1,600 !,606 1,653 1,310 1,3116 !,12.1 1,227 1,1146 1,031 H-hiJ . 1,711 1171 l,8.a 1137 1.428 1178 1,354 7"8 1,227 720 ........ 1,7&1 1,100 1,7114 1,1811 1,1153 1,1311 1,61>0 1,033 1,822 1,108 ... .._. l.l!t 1,038 1.6111 818 1,801> 1107 1,840 830 1,410 878 , ...... "- . 1,11:!4 1,611 a.~l !,8611 1.8~6 1,742 1,377 1,46!1 1,7111 1,711>1 ~ .... Ult 211 ltl 1711 1211 138 till Jill 2411 Hll .......... ~ 4H 23t Ill lSI 2113 116 241 100 271 IS4 llalda 1110 lOll 13$ 64 144 1211 2311 lfl8 233 711 W- DI•JJ>U. 1.1117 8~ 1118 841 INS 1142 143 8711 8>411 1170 ,..,,.....11 1,361 I,!<H 1,111 1,4114 I,OU 1,627 1,111111 l,St18 I,MS I,J..O nar,...u .. 141 Ill 107 114 16& 1641 3114 Ill 111 116 ~Booher

W ... t Bengal l.iurdwan • lHrhhum .. B~ukura • Midnapur. l!ooghly • Bowrd.h. • 24· Pargansa Calcutta • ~.t.dia • Mur,Wdabad )hlda • w •. ,t Dlnajpm Jalpai~url Darjeding Cooch Behar

We.<t Bengal Eurdwan • lliriJbum • l!aukura • !lidnapUI'. Hoo~bly • Howrab • 2~-Pargansa Calcutt& • Nadia • :Mllr:lhldabad Maida • W6t!t Dinajpm Jalpalguri Darjcding Cooch Hollar

w .. t Bengal Hurdwan • Birbhum • Ban.Ku.r& • )Udnapm Hoo..,bly • Howrab . u.p,..,.~anaa

Calcutt.& • Nadia • :M!ln'hldabad :Maida • • w •H J>lnajpur •

1 &lJ>&I!'Uri Dari<'<liDit Coocll .uehar

w ... t Bengal Burdwq. lllrbhum • l\ankura • lih.lnapur. Hoo,:uly • H(.HlliT&b •

U·PantQ&& Cakutta • !'&<ita • )l.ur.;bidabad llalda • • W ft!t Dlnajpur • J&lpai:url • D&rJ<'<lin~ (;oocll llehar

1 CENSUS

37

TABLE 15.7

ANNUAL DEATHS FROl\1" SUICIDE" BY SEX.1941·50 AHragc for

1941 1942 .1943 19U 1YU·50

Male Female Hale Female Male Female Hale Female Hale Female

552 539 i89 531 484 526 M3 M3 560 476 H n 47 54 39 50 40 31 45 32 23 20 21 31 28 33 24 u 29 Ill 35 32 88 38 37 39 43 24 86 32 46 u 49 42 33 37 61 oil 46 4i 58 67 63 76 55 73 76 79 47 83 69 62 47 54 46 46 122 95 95 i8

136 140 122 162 122 171 165 1511 105 123 43 29 12 7 19 9 8 4 88 25 24 26 10 6 15 II 13 4 18 u 42 43 31 25 40 33 42 45 48 41 15 a 11 8 9 7 1tl 17 16 12 12 10 13 12. 11 6 1() 9 8 e 15 9 10 12 16 8 13 8 11 10 18 7 15 4 12 5 18 I 19 12

1946 1947 1948 111"' ~ ~ ~ Male Female Male Female Male Female llale Female

578 598 507 490 557 559 692 695 40 43 38 30 35 37 43 61 16 23 26 24 21 20 28 20 39 31 34 27 27 23 87 42 35 49 45 38 50 52 69 49 48 67 67 54 72 65 611 72 70 85 67 54 55 55 48 44

111 133 78 110 92 121 107 175 49 22 45 43 65 51 611 46 38 37 32 24 20 45 38 54 38 56 38 60 58 44 80 42 20 15 15 8 19 17 16 26 10 14 11 12 11 10 17 10 45 19 7 7 13 7 12 6 19 4 14 9 111 10 211 16

TABLE 15.8

ANNUAL DEATHS FROM" CHILD BIRTH", 1941-50 Average for

1941·50 1941 1942 1943 11144

3,391 3,735 3,333 2,934 1,876 2~2 350 321 259 200. 157 1115 220 162 112 liO 239 210 178 117 565 685 557 509 435 228 290 279 230 215 137 192 122 148 193 379 518 416 832 318 191 61 29 26 208 128 . 68 45 81 10& 100 98 liS 116 152 110 111 107 811 125 226 193 189 212 204 537 638 554 480 8811 112 121 140 118 102

1946 1947 1948 1949

3,781 3,081 S,937 4,113 812 291 339 866 157 121 179 187 ~~ 169 159 181 693 536 671 620 21S 203 265 238 100 117 1..."9 112 373 - 415 439 239 170 8W 340 li~ 123 2lil 216 H3 UO 229 185 131 1>8 110 138 !63 246 232 2W 679 473 547 &61 103 110 10. 136

u" -Jf.aJe Female

552 liJO 53 4ll 18 12 25 40 43 43

" 60 74 65

101 U5 57 32 23 20 57 51 14 II lS 10 10 6 20 a

19M• • -.Kale l"emale

555 534 25 43 20 u 84 22 42 32 51 63 74 77 lll 103'

88 62 83 47 88 47 lS 18 18 e 10 i 18 i

11145

1,237 246 142. 140 534 183 154 892 203 136 1811 117 236 ... 121

lll:iO

!.865 239

{13 l2i 607 162

66 28i 100 lU 149

7< 188 500

67

8

w ... s-aaJ B....twao. Bltbb•• • Banl<ara lllldnapQI. Hoochl' u ... rah ...... 1'\16 ....

Cal'"""" • Nadia • ll.....Wda'-4 lll.alda • WM Dlnajplll' lalp&lil'lrt (Mrjl"dlnt (loocll )Iebar

w..t ~~<ooaaJ Bnl'flwaD • lllrbboiiD llanl<nra

:.:~.f;': Howrab l4•1'&nl&IIM CaiM!:.t& Nadia • )I arobldabad Halda • WeoL Dlnajplll lalp&hlllrl Darj...,llniJ ()oocb Jlebat

•••tJI<onaal Bur,lwaa • lllrbbum • l\ankura Mldnapu. HooahiJ • Howrab l4·1'&rll&llaa Val<u\1& !iladla • llluroltldaba4 lilalda • , W•L DlnaJpur • lalpalvurl J)arjNliRII Oooola .llebv

•• , Ji<olllal llar.t•aa • lllrbba• • llaftkura

=~f:W: u ...... .......... _ l'aiMI\1& o

!liadaa . M arobidabeol lllalda W•l lllaaJpu, lal,..l~rt u .. ,..u .. ......... ~

TABLE 15.9

ANNUAL DEATHS FROM ... MALARIA" BY SEX, 19-U-50

~1.0~3 r..~70 1,71S l.~lf 8,146 1.~7S 1.1~:1 1,110>4

1151 1,~7 I>,O!l4 :t,5M 1.5~ I,IOi 1,201

50,747 I.II~S 1,1171 s,o-la 8,3<14 %,65$ 1,1111 8,007

GGII ll,ll>7 7,~01 :11,22~ 1,477 l,llii 1,0W

~ J'emale

52,053 8,703 7,6ill 1,1147 8,071 1,1177 1,624 8,834

825 8,757 7,753 ~.4YII 2,4118 :.1,11117 1,1118

60,288 8,111>1 7,1!48 1,123 8,588 2,041 1,847 8,465

6117 8,882 7,883 8,184 2,834 2,858 1,002

1IU

U,11:.8 11,4~1 3,11t3 2,1150 1,11117 1,750

33:1 2,727

320 t,Ul 7,4.:.1 1,1146 1,8411 2,143 1,3110

J'emale

42,547 8,71:1 1.8711 3,033 7,4611 2,1183

SUI 2,824

228 !,185 1,983 1,723 1,256 2,054 1,102

11141

&3,122 11.1112 3.,.~6 2.5i0 6,4Uif 2.7:!3

408 3,0011

iGO 3,514 6,4:lt 2,1113 1,8:.0 1,11~11 1,417

.M.a.le Female

41,478 8,69t 5,880 2,571! 6,119~ 2,237 1,316 2 565 '711~

4,665 5,334 2,002 1,406 1,934 1,083

11,061 8,75<1 5,1104 2,7"2 8,582 2,218 1,30& 2,4UO

608 4,629 6,131 1,710 1,332 1,868

""'

female

U,9:•6 6.~~;

3.~40 2.~~1;J

6.~1Jl 2.i~•u

346 3,0!13

4'<:! 3,4~:! 6,21Jl 1,018 1,6:i4 l.~•a 1,1H

38,247 3,774 4,151 2,376 6.0:!6 2,111 1,471 2,1124

792 4,311 4,2~6 2.UUU 1,306 1,1141

1178

TABLE 15.10

11143

87 ,i23 10.:11>4 10.a:111

5,650 2o.1ts

a.Ya1 1.><:.7 i,ti32 1,40!\ 3,~42

12,11<13 3,416 2,017 2,34a 1,671

38,329 4,1:1<1 4,207 2,~07 6,511!1 2,356 1,617 2,717

658 4,24U 4,1"6 1,5"3 1,157 1,6110

6115

.female

tl0.869 10.1~16 10.040

5,11013 l~.l"'ll 3.714 1,3:!:! tl.:.!~J7 l.OH4 8,14:.

11,7:16 3,34:! 1,\h~.) 2,141 1,.2.}

37,866 8,613 5,217 2,5111 5,16~ 2,014 1,52!1 2,"119

726 4,2&2 4,tl(>ll 2 •)ij•)

'76d 1,887

703

liiU

ll.ale

84.0\l!l l:!.l'i4 12.~H ;i,Pj:! l:J.H~~

4,100 2.1~:! 7,3UJ 2,204 2,ao--:

)'omale

8:!,':'91J 11.1174 1J.706

4,310 U,207 4,llll 2,ll~!l 6 ... )7 1:502 :!,OM

14,5\13 a ·>-•a 1:~;;3 2,14!1 1,8\llf

U,i>l4 3,145 l,t;:.!4 ~.uao 1,110!1

39,640 4,0!16 5,611 2,71:11 5,11117 2,2011 1,5Y5 2,678

4711 4,3:.o 4,><04 2,205

6111 1,6H

600

ANNUAL DEATHS FROM "KALA-AZAR" BY SEX, 1941-50 Anrage for

111U·60

Kale

1,888 86

8 6

22 121

211 1U li&

811 174

118 1148

87 1111

Kale

1,826 ~~~ • • &II uo

11 10~ Ill IU 1110 liS ... , IUO 1111

J'emale

G68 81

7 8

10 86 20 80

108 60

1111 67

287 61 88

11148

We male

1,268 81

I I • 87

11 68

1111 86 Ill

116

·~7 18 71

1941

Kale

1,030 67 s 6

18 92 16

161 96 72

131 71

1112 8!1 1111

I( ale

1,8411 127

10 • ll3 101

a:; 1!7 1111

11!1 1110 IU~ 670 IU Ill

Female

707 so

6 8 8

66 20 79 68 62 93 IS

161 27 68

11147

.Male

947 37

8 s 6

69 7

115 65 68

U8 64

214 46

133

Female

1,229 1!3

8 1 I

146 22 4111

127 611

HI 67

3&8 ~~ II

1942

Female

647 33

9 4 4

48 4

88 81 81

115 41

136 29 711

Kale

1,697 li>l 17

7 2il

173 27

143 2H 63

150 113

444 ~4 71

1943

.Male

1,195

Female

1948

50 8 8

13 10 47

128 96 76

156 93

3011 61

Ull

Female

1,U4 118

16 7 4

132 11 M 2~1 34 !!2 4~

308 M 112

780 u

4 8 3 8

41 7B 65 64

105 74

184 36 Ill

Male

1,470 1611 17

6

" 20~ 65

140 176 u

100 71

823 6~ 112

11144

Kale

1,186

Female

311 3 6

18 1!8 23

118 1411

62 1811 69

245 61

131

111411

Female

1,126 1111 16

8 14

U4 87

Ill HI ~~ 6D :.~

2611 68 ao

783 25

2 8 6

61 17 78 110 46

112 48

166 811

107

6~,UII e.:·•~ t' ... l7 2.:J75 7.7.:! :!,.;.;2 1,4"~ 4.1~16 l,IJ2 4,JU H.l~3 2.~14 2.1) • .) 2,11<1\1 l,tHO

J'omak

CU.:\-~.J, 6,)11) ...... "4

».:l.~ ~ •• :\1 ... ,1:11 ~.~1:. 1.•11 3,11, .. 7

1:!:1 s.u~

1~.7:!<6 ~.~n.> l.lll!l 2,"'4 1.a~o

11160

.Male Female

29,234 2,55:! 4,3;11 2,0.11 3,1:1711 1,316

11311 2,11!4

668 3,212 3,~1:10 2,1"4

674 1,3iii

766

21!,61111 2,6114 4,408 2,1,.7 4,a~o 1,424

1946

7:.!Y l,lll\1

4011 3,1Uf> 3,011\1 l,t'~O

tj;t;)

1.:.!~· tl:ttl

Kale Female

1,608 411

6 2

12 117

27 117 176

83 2114

112 363

70 1111

Male

1,127 lOll 11

II 4S

150 27 Ill!

U2 u 1!7 68

272 n 61

11160

984 so

1 2 7

63 u 76 115 63

211 113

204 611 110

J'rmale

877 1!6 II z

24 l2>i xo 110

121 36 63 411

210 14 ll6

39

TABLE 15.11

ANNUAL DEATHS FROl\f " TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LUNGS " BY SEX, 1941-50 Average for

1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1941-50

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female :Male Female Male Female

West Bengal 4,826 2,621 5,032 2,957 4,378 2,356 4,488 2,342 ,,772 2,546 4,585 2,366

Rurdwan • 411 lOS 457 131 430 117 369 107 374 112 347 78

lllruhuru • 155 39 235 61 173 46 134 31 134 42 159 38

H1mkura 301 69 325 77 320 79 238 54 266 76 S20 57

.Midnspur. 391 83 364 86 289 71 351 66 406 72 S40 74

Hoo~hly 315 114 377 128 327 138 355 117 329 108 269 u; Howruh 469 238 432 272 381 213 467 198 . 558 261 676 272

24- P11ru:anu 593 250 648 292 597 228 573 192 064 242 682 278

Calcutt& 1,396 1,267 1,494 1,516 1,199 1,049 1,308 1,164 1,449 1,240 1,350 1,109

Na.ttia. Ill! 16 5:! H 42 16 56 20 62 18 65 11

Mt~r•hid"b~d 119 26 98 35 102 28 84 11 124 19 152 29

Maida 25 7 15 8 13 s 20 7 26 8 23 9

West Dlnajpur : 43 14 39 14 28 17 43 11 47 1S S6 16

Ja)JI&iJ[Uri 269 148 224 101 2,114 87 228 118 174 90 120 46

Darjoellng 271 243 271 222 263 264 262 246 259 245 246 232

Cooch Behar

1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 ~ ..... ~ Male Female Male Female . Male Female Male Female Male Female

We•t Bengal 4,792 2,435 4,948 2,689 5,210 2,862 5,144 2,840 4,907 2,814 Uurdwan . 445 110 448 99 458 113 398 105. 385 107 Blrbhum • 171 38 128 29 154 42 150 33 116 33 Baukura 303 53 812 54 297 80 299 78 883 so llldn•pur • 38> 65· 396 64 425 109 472 91 480 127 Hoo~hly 289 90 264 99 301 106 309 132 331 100 HO\nah 4:l0 216 470 243 468 252 473 277 433 175 24-Par~anas 609 264 590 267 615 252 633 239 619 248· Caloutta 1,436 1,173 1,496 1,348 1,494 1,402 1,413 1,276. 1,817 1,388 Nadia 74 17 78 22 82 23 77 15 87 7 Mur•bldabad 124 22 134 33 136 2!1 120 29 122 21 Maida 28 9 21 7 35 6 31 8 40 s West Dlnajpur 53 16 34 16 41 11 65 16 46 1! .J a I pahrurl 209 116 287 160 406 195 408 277 417 292 DarjPt'llng 236 246 290 248 308 243 296 264 281 215 Cooeh Behar

TABLE 15.12

ANNUAL DEATHS FROM .. SNAKE BITES " BY SEX, 1941-50 Average for

1941·60 1941 1942 1943 1944 1941. ~

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

West Bengal SiS 771 963 796 863 761 748 631 850 767 820 776 Burdwau • 94 76 136 79 109 83 73 89 85 79 78 72 lllrl>hum • 87 S8 44 30 52 47 37 42 37 43 31 '6 Banknr& 68 59 71 75 64 65 67 66 69 57 46 48 Midnapur: 171 130 151 125 148 112 133 88 166 162 163 131 Hoo~hly 74 66 101 93 55 73 84 71 57 63 73 63 Howrah 84 26 37 18 S5 28 27 18 38 29 34 22 U·Par~anaa 179 138 218 186 220 172 161 119 167- 134 168 116 Calcutta 10 3 4 1 11 8 10 3 Nadia 49 62 51 86 33 45 49 38 54 43 41 66 M ursbldabad u 89 76 89 61 62 69 43 82 80 89 127 Maida 89 40 34 33 31 S8 26 12 42 27 39 38 W ••t Dlnajpur : 32 S9 21 19 29 30 84 39 38 34 28 41 Jalpal~url 19 13 18 9 20 13 15 11 11 10 19 $

~b~~ar s 3 6 4 2 2 3 5 a 3 1 6

1941l 1947 1943 1949 1950 ~ ~

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Ji'emale Male I'P.male

W•st Bengal 906 882 918 778 965 762 882 794 830 765 Burd,.·an • 86 79 85 73 96 67 94 69 113 70 Blrbbum • 27 so so 18 38 38 41 42 37 41 1-\l\nkura 60 67 62 61 57 56 50 55 56 63 Yidnapur. 158 155 186 115 U1 156 195 136 167 124 Hoo~hly 72 80 e2 6~ 7& 42 71 u 70 e:e Howntb 43 80 42 30 28 29 25 81 27 28 :.? I· Par~anaa 183 162 193 123 168 108 163 13S 161 12£\ C3kutt.a IS s 7 s 15 2 24 7 10 5 Nadia ~n,..illdab;..s

u 48 58 81 45 63 54 5. •s 5! Maida

PS lH 71 104 90 94 54 93 ol3 110 v;,.., DlnaJpur :

48 as 84 45 45 60 47 45 "' 46 36 u S9 43 33 411 35 49 110 45 Jalpail:!url HI 4 21 17 22 17 25 24 10 22 Darj~Hn;; 6 J s 2 s ll • l . _j I CGoch llt-h&r

64

40

TABLE 16.1

DEATH RATE FRO~I "CHOLERA" PER 1,000 OF EACH SF.X CALCULATED ON THE POPULA· TION OF 19.U FOR 1941-50 MD FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL YEAR BY SEX,1941-50

, .. , Beapl Bal"iwaa. lllrbbaa 1\onl<ara llidaopou. HOOCbiF • How rail l .. l'af110DM Cal eon"' Ji..U. • Mtli"'bbdaba4 Maida • • W eoliJiaajpU • .lalpalgurl IJarjeeiiDI \AIOCb !Iebar

Weo& Belllal Burdwaa • Blrbbum Baol<ura llldoapur, HOOI(WF • Howrab U·l'&f11&11U Calcu~"' • .l!iadla • MunWdaba4 Maida • • W eo& DlaajpV • ,Jalpaii!Url IJarjeelloiJ Qoocb ll<>bar

....... ...,. ror 1e41-60

Kale

·8 ·• ·• ·• •7 ·• 1·1 1•1 •7

1·1 •7 •6 •6 •I •1

...... 1-G ·• ·8

·7 •7 ·• 1·7

1·1 1·1 1·1

11148

·8 ·6 ·6 ·8 •1

Male J'emale

·• ·I •1 •1 •1 •6 •8 •• •8

1·6 •7

1·8 ·• •Oii •1

·6 •2 ·1 ·I ·1 ·li

1·1 ·6 •• 1·7 •8

1·3 •6 •08 •1

Male

·7 ·li

1·1 ·li •6 •6

1·1 1·6

·7 ·I ·8 ·Z •1 •I

liiU

Female

·8 ·6

1·1 ·6 ·I ·6

1·8 1·8 1·1

•Z ·8 ·8 •1 ·2

Kale

·6 ·II •8 ·7 ·r. •C. ·II ·6 ·2 ·6 ·7 •1 ·1 ·2 ·1

1967 ~ Kale Female

·6 •6 •7 ·6 ·2 ·6

1•6 ·6 ·9 •7 ·2 •1 •4 •1 •02

111U ,.-------.. J'emale Male

·6 1·1

•& ·7 •3 ·r.

1·1 ·C. ·2 ·o ·8 •2 ·2 ·1 ·1

2·& lHI 8·8 8·4 3·2 1·2 2·7 3·4

•8 8·& 3·0 1·0 1·7 1·9 ·4

l'emale

3·0 ll-1 8·11 3·8 1·7 1·6 8·8 3·7 1·S 4·2 3·4 1·7 1·7 2·1 ·I

19411

......... 1·0 ., 1·1 ·6 ·• ·8

2·8 ll-1

•II ·8 •6

1·1 •8 ·2 •1

11148

~---­Male Female Male li'•male

·6 •7 ·3 ·2 •4 ·6

1·3 •8

1·0 •9 •3 •4 ·1 ·1 ·1

·7 ·8 •3 •8 ·2 •7

1·6 1·0 1·6 1·1

•4 ·4 •1 ·1

·6 •& •1 •2 •8 ·3 •8

1·3 •6 ·8 ·S ·4 •2 •1 ·OS

·7 ·7 •1 ·2 •3 ·4

1·2 1·6 1·1 1·0

·S •4 ·2 •1 •Oil

TABLE 16.2

lble

·4 ·I ·1 ·1 ·1 ·4

Ho ·6 ·8 ·S ·1 ·S ·1 ·1 •1

•8 •II ·2 ·8 •3 •8 •II •II

1·6 1·8

·3 ·7

1·3 ·S •1

l"•mala

•4

·1 -~ ·1 ·• 1·7 ·• ·II •3 •1 ·4 ·1 ·1 •1

•II 1•0

·:t ·a •4 ·4

1·3 1·1 S·O 1·!1

•3 1·0 1·6

•3 •1

DEATII RATE FROM "FEVER" PER 1,000 OF EACH SEX CALCULATED ON THE POPULATION OF 1941 FOR 1941-50 AND FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL YEAR BY SEX, 1941-50

Weo& Btolllal Burdwaa , Blrbbam • liankura lllhloarur. HuoJUIF • Howrab U·l'orJ&DM ('ah·uua !'lodla • M u,..hldaba4 Maida "'•-' lllaajpu • Jalpallfurl l•arj,...lln• ()uuo:b llebar

Waot Btolllal Jhardwaa • 1HrhbUI8 • "•okura

~~~~;':. Uowrob U·l'anr..,.... t.'&tc-au.a )oadia • >eo,.,.hldabal M.Wa • • "' .. , lllaaJrv • J •lpatllarl l'tar....-unc • l"-lal:leiiAr •

ATt~rage ror 11141·60

Male

10·11 11·1 21·1 12·7 11·1

6·6 4•0 6·8 2·1

111'11 18·8 18·11 U•7 11-8 U·1

J'emale

11·6 12·7 21•8 18·1 11·8

7•6 4·7 7·1 8•6

20•7 17·8 12·1 U·7 18·0 U·ll

llale l'emale

•·• 1Q-1 23·8 1()ol

8·11 6•11 4·1 8·1 1·1

lt·6

~·· J~-o .... Jt·T lJof

11·1 11·1 24·1 10•'7 10·1

8·8 4·8 8·8 ••• !0-4

11H 18·6 16-i n·• \1·1

Kale

8·7 10·7 U•ll 12·2

11-4 6·1 2·4. 6·11 1'8

19•6 18·7 10·4 U•7 12·6 16·1

1941

Female Male

11·8 11·8 14·6 12·6 10·0

7·8 8·0 7·0 2•0

19·6 12·3 IH

14·3 14·2 16·8

11147

8·1 10·1 16·8 11·1

8·2 6·1 2·3· 6·6 1•8

18'6 14·7

6·8 10•6 12·1

• 16·1

Male Female

11·0 11-G 20·2 12·7 10·2

6·1 8·8 f>·l 2·1

111·· 1~·· 11·7 U·7 ••• 12·1

10·4 12·3 20·6 18·8 11·2

7·2 4-!1 li·ll 4·1

17·4 U·8 10·0 14·11

11·7 12·6

1942 1948 1944

Female Malo

15·0 16·4 29·0 19•1 20·2

Female Male Female

9·2 11·8 1f>·6 12·1

8·7 7·0 2·4 6•4 1"11

19"1 13•8

4·2 12•& 14·1 U•8

11148

8·4 6·2

11·1 2•4

82"0 81·2 ll·2 14·6 16·C. 16·9

Male Female

8·4 10·0 16·8 11·11 10·2

&·6 8·11 6·4 2·3

14·8 12·11 11·8 18·7

7·8 12·1

II· II 11·11 17·8 12·8 11·4

7·0 f>·O 11·8 4·6

15·1 12·11

0·7 1!·7 ll·!

12·11

16·0 16·4 28·6 18·6 18•4

9·0 6·8

10•8 4•1

8s·r. 80·4 10•4 14·1 16•8 16·8

15·3 17·1 32·3 1&·8 1C.·8

8·9 8·6

11·0 8"1

29"& 29·4 27·1 20·0 17•7 18•4

1949

17·8 18·11 84·8 18•8 16•8 10•4

7•11 11·7

4·11 80·8 211·· 24·8 20·4 20-D 18•1

Male Female

8·0 11·4

18·8 11·1

11·6 5·8 8·7 4·8 1·11

14-11 12•6 11·5 12·2

7·2 1Q-1

11·7 11·8 111·8 12·1 11-1

11·6 4·7 5·6 8·4

111·8 13·0 111·8 12·6

8·0 IIHI

Male

10·11 11•1 22·8 11·8 10•8

8·6 4·2 6·7 2'4

22•f> 22·0 20•8 16·8 16•2 17·1

7·4 8·f>

111-4 10·11 8·8 4·'7 2·11 ••• 1·11

12·2 11-1 11·1 13·0

7-11 111-1

1114C.

Female

12·6 12·8 U·1 11·!1 11·4 8·8 r.·a 7·6 8"4

22•7 21·8 17-11 16·7 16·11 17·4

8·4 11·6

Ill· II 11)·8

11·4 6·6 2·11 4·7 3·6

I t·7 1U·3 II·~

1~·8 o,j··

10·4

41

TABLE 16.3

DEATH RATE FROM" SMALL-POX" PER 1,000 OF EACH SEX CALCULATED ON THE POPU· LATION OF 1941 FOR 1941-50 AND FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL YEAR BY SEX, 1941-50

We•t Bengal nurdwan Jllrhhum Hankura. Mhlnapur Hun~hly Hmna.h • 24· Par~anaa Calcutta Nn•lia. • M u r<hldabad Mnlda • West Dlnajpur Jaipniguri •

g;~t,·~~L.r

West Bengal Durdwan lllrhlmm n:mkura Midnapur Hno~hly Howrah • 24· Par~anaa Calcutta Nadia • Murshldabad M:>lda . West Dlnajpur Jaipal~l • Dnrjeellng • Coorh Behar

Average for 1941·60

Male Female

·4 ·• ·3 ·8 ·2 ·2 ·2 ·2 •1 ·1 •4 ·4 •9 1·1 ·3 •3

1·1 2·8 ·8 ·8 ·2 ·2 •1 ·1 ·2 ·3 ·03 ·02 ·1 ·04

1946 ~ Male Female

·2 ·8 ·7 ·9 •4 •4 ·2 •1 ·01 •01 ·2 ·2 •3 ·4 ·1 ·1 ·04 ·1 ·5 •5 ·5 ·5 ·1 ·2 ·6 •6 o()1 o()1 ·04 •01

1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

·• ·5 ·04 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·8 1:a

1·0 1·2 ·• ·• ·1 ·1 ·01 ·02 ·1 ·9 1·1 •1 ·1 ·2 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·2 •2 ·8 ·8 ·1 ·1 •01 ·01 ·004 ·1 ·1 1-7 1·6 ·1 ·04 ·002 •001 ·03 ·03 ·2 ·2 ·S ·4 •S ·4 ·02 ·02 •03 •04 ·6 ·8 1·5 2·0 ·6 ·8 ·1 ·2 ·1 ·2 8·0 4·1 2·6 8·2 ·• ·5 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·7 ·8 1·1 1·2

1-7 3·1 ·04 ·1 ·5 ·9 2·6 6·6 1·6 8·1 •1 ·2 ·005 ·01 ·1 •1 ·6 ·7 ·8 ·4 ·1 ·1 ·01 ·02 ·02 ·02 ·1 ·1 1·8 1·3 ·1 ·1 •02 ·02 ·01 •003 ·1 ·1 ·5 ·6 ·02 -o3 o()1 ·01 ·04 ·04 ·8 ·9 ·2 ·3

•004 •08 •04 •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·01 ·02 ·03 ·01 ·08 ·1 ·2 ·1

1947 1948 1949 1950 ~ .,.------.A----, ,....---.A----o

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

•1 ·2 ·8 •4 ·1 •1 ·5 ·6 ·1 '1 ·1 ·2 •04 ·04 •3. ·4 •1 ·04 ·1 ·1 ·01 ·1 ·1 ·02 •02 ·1 ·1 •01 ·005 ·2 ·2 ·02 •02 ·1 ·1 •03 ·03 ·2 ·2 ·1 ·04 ·2 ·2 •04 ·04 ·6 ·8 ·1 ·1 ·6 ·8 ·1 ·1 1·0 1·4 •02 o()2 ·2 ·2 ·1 ·1 ·2 ·2 ·6 1·6 1-7 3·7 •2 ·4 1·9 4·7 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·04 ·1 ·6 ·6. o03 •04 •03 ·04 ·01 ·01 ·2 ·2 ·04 •02 ·2 ·2 ·005 ·01 ·2 ·2 •4 ·4 ·05 ·1 ·2 ·2 ·01 ·01 ·01 ·02 ·02 ·1 •1 ·01 ·02 • ·03 ·2 •1

TABLE 16.4

DEATH RATE FROM "PLAGUE" PER 1,000 OF EACH SEX CALCULATED ON THE POPULA· TION OF 1941 FOR 1941-50 AND FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL YEAR BY SEX, 1941-50

West Bengal Burdwan lHrhbum l\ankura Midnapur Hoo~hly llowrah , 24-Pa~anaa ('akutta Nadia • M urshldabad Maida • West Dlnajpur Jaip&l~url • llarjeelin!l • C<>OC.h Behar

Wcot Bengal Durdwaq Birbhum 1\ankura 'Midnapur Hl><>llhly HO'OT&h • U· P&J'l<&na& Cakutta S &<!ia • !olu..,.hldabad !olaida • W ffi Dlnajpur hi[Wrnrt • Dal')~ling, coocb BellAr

Average for 1941·50

Male

•001

Female

o0002

•005 ·OOS

1946

Female

1941

Male

o()()()1

Female Male

Male

o001

o0001

1947

Female

-ooo1

.002

1942 1943

Female Male Female

1948 ~ Male Female Male

o()()1 ·0004 ·004 o()()1

o()()1 -()()2

·005

-u1 -oos •03

.002

1944 1945

Male

o()002

Female Male Female

·0001

-oo1

194!1 1950

Female ,- ~----.

Male. Female

o()()1 ·ooos

-oos .02 ·'102

TABLE 16.5

DEATII RATE FROll .. DYSENTERY. DIARRH<EA AND ENTERIC GROUP OF FEVERS .. PER 1,000 OF EACH SEX CALCL'LATED ON THE POPULATION OF 1941 BY SEX, 1941-50

.......... ~-.... l<lrbh•• • .... k ... )lid-.- • tt ... hlJ • Hownla 14-........ C.'ai<'ol\&a • lhdla • .. ~ )lalda • 11'001l Dla&J~ .Jalpaiii'Uit • r-)"11 .... c.:oodl llebM

.......... Jiardwaa • lllrbba• • l<anlnara • )IJd-par • H0011hlJ • Howrala 14-~ ('ai<'oiUa • lSodla • )I uNUclaba4 )lalda • WOOil DIDajpar • .Jalpaiii'Uit • l>v~IID(I. Coo*B~ •

.&~for liM l-oG

llale

1·1 HI .. 1-1 1·1 1-9 1·6 1-1 1.0

·7 ·• ·I .. 1·1 2·1

)[ale

1·2 ·7 ·2 ·7

1.0 1-7 2-t .. 1·11 ..

·7 .. ·6

2·2 HI

Female

1·4 1.0

1ote

.. 1·1 1·6 1·1 l·t 1·2 1-9 .. .. -t ·6

1·1 1-G

l'emale

1·8 ·7 •I •7 -9

!·1 8·1 1-{) 1·8

·7 ·8 ·7 ·4

1·7 1·11

Kale

1·1 l·t -9

1·11 I·S 1·7 1.0 1-o l·j .. •S •I ·S ·8

2·1

11M1

Female

1·2 1·1 ·8

I-Ii I-ll 1.0 1-G 1-1 t-e •S -2 ·1 ·I ·7

2·1

11M7

Kale

1·1 1-G 1.0 a·t 1-1 1·8 2.0 1.0 HI -e .. ·1 ·• ·6

2·:il

...-------· Kale Female

1·2 1·4 ·8 ·8 ·4 ·I ·8 1.0

1·4 1·4 2.0 2·1 2·& 1·4

·8 -9 1-9 4·1 ·II ·8 ·4 ·I ·2 ·1 ·8 ·8

1·1 1·1 1·11 1·8

liM!

Female

1-1 1.0

-9 1-l!i 1·1 2·1 2·6 1.0 t·l ..

·4 ·1 •I ·4

1·8

Kale

l·S •II ·S •II

1-li 1·11 2·3

·II 2·2

-9 •& ·2 •6

l·S 2-o

INS

TABLE 16.6

Kale

1·8 1·1 1-1 1·8 1-o 2·8 4·1 2·4 2·7 ·• ... ·2 •& ·II

2·8

Female

1·4 1·0 '·S

·II 1·6 2·6 s-o 1-{) 4·6 1-{)

•& 'I •S

1·5 2·0

l~Mt

Fflllale

1·1 1·1 -9

1·6 1·4 2·8 t·1 2·2 r.-o ·& .. •I ·4

1·0 2·4

Kale

1-ll 1-1

·4 ·II

1·8 1-ii 1·7

·II 2·t 1·0 ·6 ·S ·8

1·8 1·7

Kale

1·8 1-1 ·7

1·4 t-o 2·t 1·11 1·8 2·t ·7 ·I ·S ..

1-1 2·6

11141

Female

1·t 1-1

·S ·8

1·2 1·8 2·3 1·0 6·8 1·1

·6 ·2 ·7

1·8 1·6

Fomale

1·8 1·1 -e

1·t HI 2·8 6-{) 1·8 •·1 ·5 ·S ·2 ·I

1·2 2·1

llale

H ·II ·S ·II

1-o HI 2·5

·II 1·7 ·II ·6

·• ·• 1·2 2·t

lllale

1·8 1-1

·4 ·II

1·3 1·5 1·7

·II 2·4 1·0

·8 ·3

1-1 l!·O 1·11

111U

U50

J'~male

1-1 ·II ·S ·15

1-o 2·1 l·i

·II S-1 ·II ·6 ·3 ·4

1·4 I-&

Female

1·t 1-1

·S ·II

1·2 HI 2·3 1·0 6·8 1-1

·6 ·2

H 2·1 1·11

DEATH RATE FROM "RESPIRATORY DISEASES OTHER THAN T. B. OF THE LUNGS" PER 1,000 OF EACH SEX CALCULATED ON THE POPULATION OF 1941 FOR 1941-50 AND FOR

EACH INDIVIDUAL YEAR BY SEX. 1941-50

......... Jlardwaa • blrblt11a • Jtankara • )lldne poor • HOOIIhiJ • Howrab 14-l'arvaaM ('alniUa • l'iodla • )lu~ )lalda • 11'-DIMJ~ .Jalr-lorUrl •

~~

--~ .. -... b&rw. .. l<aa&an )IJd-r-tt ... hiJ •

~~--14-~ , ... _. I'Wia • )11lftiUolabM ....... --lltMj~ • " .. l'alorV! • r-10'"' ... \-lleW

.A.ftl'ePfor 11141·60

)[ale

1·7 1·4 .. 1·5 1·8 2-t 1·1 1·1 t-e ·I ..

1.0 l-9 ••• 1·11

Male

1·7 1·1

·7 1·1 1·7 !·S I· I 1-1

·-· 14 .. .. I·• I-I 1·1'

Female

1·1 -9 ·• ·II ·II

1-G 1·8

-9 1·11 ·• •I

·S 2·t t·l! 2.0

1ote

Female

1·2 -e .. ..

1-G 1-t 1·7 .. 1·8 .. ·I ·• . .., .. ,

1-G

Kale

1·8 t-o 1-t 1·8 1·11 2·7 2·2 1·4 2·5

•8 ·S -e

2·1 •• 2·2

11141

ll&le

1-G 1-t ·I

1·6 1·5 1·1 2·! .. 8·1 .. .. ·I

1·1 ... 1·1

Female

1·4 1·4 ·II

1·1 1·1 1·8 1·11

-9 1·8 ·7 ·1 ·2

2.0 8·11 2·2

11147

Male

1·8 1·6 1•1 J-lj 1·5 2·6 1·7 1·2 1•11 1-1 .. ·8

I-ll ... l·t

Fomale

1·1 •I ·I

HI 1-{) HI 1·8 -e

•·• .. ·2 ·1

1·1 • •• l·'l

11142

Female

1·6 ·II ·8

HI •II

1·7 1·6 2·8 2·7 ·6 ·I ·I

2·t 1·7 2·2

Kale

1·11 1·4 1·0 1·6 1·7 2·8 1·8 l·t 2·8 H

·6 l·B 2·7 6·t 2.0

INS

Kale

1·6 1·2

·6 1·1 1·1 1·1 t-o ·I

1·2 ·8 .. ..

1-1 • •• a ..a

Female

1·1 ·7 ·8 ·7 ·I

1·t 1·7 •• t·l ·I ·1 ·I

I· I t-o 1-CI

11143

Female

l·t ·II ·7

1·0 1·0 1·1 1·8

·8 t·3 ·8 ·4 ·6

2·t t·5 2·3

)(ale

l·t 1·2

·6 1·1 1·1 1·8 1·11 ·8

2·S .. ·S ..

1·1

·-· 1·8

19«

Male

1·11 1·6

FelllAie

·8 1.11 1·7 3·1 2·11 l·t B·O ·8 ..

1·0 2·8 6·7 2·1

11MII

Female

H ·8 ·S ·8 ·I!

1·2 1·11

·6 1·8 ·3 •I ·3

:!-4 t·1 1·11

1·5 1-1 ·6

1·0 1·0 2·2 2·8

·II t·6

·6 ·6 ·• 2·4

6·2 2·2

ll&le

1·4 1·:1 ., 1-o 1-1 1·7 1·11

·1 2·ft

·II ·3 ·5

:-g ••• 1·0

111t5

Ill ale

1·8 1·3

·7 1·11 1·7 2·8 2·1 1·2 ••• 1·1

·6 ·7

8·1 6·6 2·2

11150

Female

1-t •8 .. -9

1·0 1-11 1·7 ·8

1·8 ·6

1-1 ·2

1·8 t·tl 2·2

J'nnale

1·0 ·• -2 0

·7 1-1 l-7 ·• t·3 .. -~ --.:

!!-t a-a 1-1•

TABLE 16.7

DEATH RATE FROM •'SUICIDE" PER 1,000 OF EACH SEX CALCULATED ON THE PO PULA· TION OF 1941 FOR 1941·50 AND FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL YEAR BY SEX, 1941-50

Average for 1941 1942 1Y4l·W 1943 19" 1946 ....

Male Female .Male Female .Male Female Male Female Male Jl'emale Male Ire male

Wc•t Bengal •05 ·1 •04 ·1 o()4 •1 ·1 ·1 ·05 •06 •06 ·1 Jlurdwau '04 -o5 ·05 ·1 ·04 ·1 •04 •03 •05 •04 •05 ·05 lllrhhum ·1 ·04 •04 ·1 •1 •1 •05 •03 ·1 •02 •03 ·02 Dankura •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 •1 ·04 •1 •1 ·04 ·1 Mlduapur -ua ·03 •03 •03 ·02 ·ll ·03 •03 •03 ·03 •03 ·03 Hoo~hly ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 Huwru.h •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ~•- l:'argauae ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 •1 UakuttO< ·03 ·04 •01 -D1 ·01 ·01 ·01 •01 •03 ·04 ·04 •06 Nadia ·1 ·1 •02 ·01 ·03 ·02 •03 ·01 ·04 •03 ·1 ·06 Mur•hhlaiJ;.,. ·1 ·1 -o4 •03 o()4 ·04 ·1 •1 •1 ·1 ·1 •1 )hlltla ·04 -us ·03 ·02 •02 •02 ·04 ·04 ·04 •03 •OS •02 We•t lllnajpur ·03 •04 -o3 ·04 ·03 •02 ·02 ·03 ·02 ·04 •03 •1 Jalpal~olfl •03 •02 •02 .•03 •03 •02 •03 ·02 ·02 •03 •02 •02 lJarjeellng ·1 ·04 •1 ·02 ·1 ·03 ·1 ·01 ·1 •1 ·1 •0:.1 Uoocb :U..bar

1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 ~ ~ .... Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Jl'emale Male Female

\\'m1t Bt•ngal ·05 ·1 -o6 •1 -o& •1 ·06 •1 '\15 ·1 J•urdwoo • ·04 ' ·06 •04 ·03 •04 ·04 ·04 ·1 -us -o& JUrt,hum ·03 •04 ·06 •06 •04 ·04 ·1 o()4 ·1 -os H~:~ukura ·1 ·06 ·1 •04 ·04 ·04 ·1 •1 •1 •Oil Midnapur. ·02 •03 ·03 ·02 •03 •03 ·04 ·04 ·03 ·Ciz

, Ho~bly ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 •1 ·1 '1 Uowrah •1 •1 ·1 •1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ~4-l,arjZaU~ ·1 •1 •04 ·1 •04 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 Uah-utta ·04 ·03 •03 ·1 ·04 •1 •06 •1 ·0& ·1 Nadia ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1

, ·04 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1

Mur•hldai.Jad ·05 ·1 ·05 ·1 •1 •1 ·04 ·1 •05 •·oG Maida ·03 ·02 •04 ·02 •04 •04 ·04 ·1 •03 '04 We•t llluajpur • ·03 •1 ·03 •04 ·03 ·04 ·06 ·04 •04 '02 Jalp&l~url ·02 ·02 ·02 ·02 ·03 ·02 ·03 -o2 ·02 '01 lJarjeellng ·1 •02 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 •1 '03 Coocb !Iebar

TABLE 16.8

DEATH RATE FROM" CHILD BIRTH" PER 1,000 OF FEMALE POPULATION AS PER CENSUS OF 1941, 1941-50 ·

Average for

11!41-60 19U 1942 1943 19U 1946 1946 1947 19i8 1949 1060

w .... t Bengal •3 •3 ·3 ·3 ·3 ·3 ·3 ·8 ·3 ·4 '2 Bordwan ·3 ., ., ·3 ·2 ·8 •8 •8 •4 ., '2 Blrl,hum •3 ., ., ·8 ·2 ·3 -a -2 •8 ., ·a Banlmra ·S ., ·8 ·3 ·2 -2 •8 •8 -:! •8 ·~ Mldnapur ., ., ., ·3 ·3 ·3 .. •8 •4 ·• •3 Hooghly . ., ·6 ., ., •3 •I •I •8 " " ·3 Uowra.h . ·2 ·3 ·2 ·2 ·3 ·2 ·2 •1 2 -2 •1 2t•i'aJll&IIM ·2 ·3 ·8 ·2 ·2 ·2 -2 '7 •8 •I •2 Calcutoa ·3 ·1 .0. o()4 ·8 ·8 ., ·8 •6 •6 •6 Nadia ·3 ·2 ·1 -s •3 •3 ., ·8 •fi •6 ·a Mur.hldahad ·2 ·1 ·2 ·1 ·2 ·2 ·2 ,·2 •ll -2 'll Mai<la ·3 ·8 ·S ·2 •3 ·8 ·8 •2 ·8 -a '2 W eot llinajJ>Ill' , ·I! ·7 ·7 •8 ·7 ·8 ·I "' 4 1-1 ., J&lj>aljturl .. , 1·7 1·4 I-ll 1·0 1·2 1·8 1·2 H J-7 t·a Darj...,llng ·II ·7 ·8 -e .. ·7 -e -e -e 4 ., Coocb Behar ..

TABLE 16.9

DEATII RATE FRO~I ••MALARIA" PER 1,000 OF EACH SEX CALCULATED ON TilE POPULA.J TION OF 1941 FOR 1941-50 AND FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL YEAR BY SEX, 1941-50

A~for liHl-60 11K1 11K2 lHS l~K4 1~

llal• .,,.,... Kale Femele Male Female lla1e J'emele lla1e hmale lla1e l'enule ....... n-gaa t·6 6·1 1·7 t·t 8·8 t·S H 8·3 7-8 8·6 5·t 8·3 &r•lwaa ··~

1-11 , .. 7·6 8·0 H 1o-a 11·1 a-o llH 8·7 7·!! htrl•hura U·8 13·8 7·8 7·6 7·8 N> ll0·1 ll0·6 :1!6·6 liO·I 17-o 17·11 )i4ata~l.ll'a t·6 6·7 6·6 6·11 3·~ <&·7 8·7 ~-8 8·1 8·8 3·8 a-g Jlllolnarur 6-Q 6·<& t·S <&·8 s-g ••• 12·8 11·8 8-Q II·& t·7 6·;1 H••OIIbl, 8·5 o&·l 1-7 o&·i 3-7 ••• &·3 6·8 6·8 8·t 3·6 •·• u .... ra~~ 1·8 1·8 ·• ·6 ·6 ·6 l·ll z-o ll·8 8·1 1·8 2-1 U-l'anr..,.. 1-g ll·ll l·o& 1·7 1·i 1-11 3·8 8·8 3·8 t·l ll·O ll .. t·~·ua ·7 1-Q ·I ·8 ·6 ·7 1·0 1·6 1·6 ll·t -ll H ~·d•• ~-~ ~-0 ... 6·2 8·1 8·<& 8·11 7·7 6·11 6·1 10·0 7·7 JlluN~ 11·8 11-8 11-Q 8·6 7·8 7·8 1&·7 U·t 17-7 17·8 17-1 18·11 Mal•la e-o 6·8 t-8 <&·1 6·1 :z.o& 8·0 8-Q 7·8 7·6 8·11 6·1 'II\""' IJtnajpul' • 6·2 6·3 ••• <&·6 8·1 i·ll .8-8 7·1 8·t 8·8 6·7 6·11 Jalpabrurl t·O H <&·7 6·3 •·a t·ll 6·1 ... t·7 6·8 6·11 8·11 IMr)"'ell~ 8·3 6·11 7-o 6·1 7-1 6·6 8·· 8·1 11·6 11·1 11-1 H> (;ool·b Jlebar

111,6 19U 1MB lil'll 11160 ~ ~ llale Femele llale Female Male Female Kale .,emele Kale )female

W...tBenpl <&·5 6·2 3·8 •·z 3·3 3·11 8·8 •·1 1-6 3·0 llunlwaa. 8·7 <&·3 8·7 •·z 3·8 .. , 8·6 <&·6 11·6 2·11 IUrhhum • U·o& 16·0 11·1 11·3 7·11 8-Q 11·11 10·7 8·8 H·ll lt.ant..ura 3·0 1·11 3·6 .. , 3·6 o&·l 8·11 •·• 8·1 a·'. )f h.lua,•ur • 8·7 <&·2 8·7 <&·2 8·7 <&·2 3·1 3·11 ll·o& :!·~ Hoodolr 2·6 8·2 3·0 3·5 11-11 8·7 2·7 3·6 1·11 2·:1 Uowrab HI lH 1·6 2·0 1·8 2·· 1·8 2·· 1·0 H 16-l'aruaJIU HI l!-1 1·8 1·6 1·6 1·6 1·<& 1·6 H 1·:.1 Cakuua •II ·II ·6 ·II ·6 1·0 ·6 ·7 ., •7 lladla 16·6 16·2 10·11 11·3 10·0 10·<& 11·8 10·7 7·& 7-tl )lur..hlda~ 11·6 IH 6·5 6·8 6·2 6·1 6·6 IHI t·O 3·11 Maida 8·:t HI 6·7 o&·l 6·7 3·8 6·8 6·8 6·1 •·a 'II\ eot lllnajpur • 11·2 8·6 6·6 <&·II <&·8 <&·2 2·5 Z·li 2·ll 2·:t J&IJ-.I•url 6·3 6·11 4·2 <&·II •·o ••• 3·7 t·O 8·0 ll·:.l IMrj<'<llilllt 6·0 6·7 6·t 6·0 Ho 3·11 3·6 B·t 11-8 3·6 c-:11 llebal

TABLE 16.10

DEATH RATE FROM "KALA-AZAR" PER 1,000 OF EACH SEX CALCULATED ON THE POPU· LATION OF 1941 FOR 1941-50 AND FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL YEAR BY SEX, 1941-50

W•ll Benaal Burdwaa. lllrbbum • Bankur• •

:~.r;r· Buwrah 16·1'&11J&DU Celeuna • !iadla • Munhldaba4 Maida • • 'II\"' DlnaJpur • J aiJoaiJurl l>arj...-hnlf. ~llebar

w .. tn.111a1 lhtrdwaa • Jllrl•bum • 1\aalr.u,. •

::!:.r,r Ho•r&ll U-l'•n: .... Caln~na JliacUa • II u.-.AI4abed llblda 'W ... IllnaJpu • Jal.,Unri

=~

Average fc.r 11161·60

Male

·1 •1 ·01 ·01 •01 •ll -ua ·1 ·1 ·II ·J ·ll

1·1 •1 ·6

Kale

·I •1 •Oil oUl -ut ·I -os ·1 ·1 ·8 ·• •I

1·1 ·I ·•

Female

·1

1948

·1 -Ill •006 -Ill ·1 ofiS •06 ·2 •1 ·1 ·1 •II ·1 ·•

J'emale

·1 •1 -tl04o -ooz oUl •1 oOll -oa ·ll •I ·I •I

1 ... ·I ..

1941

Hale

•1 ·Oii •OJ •01 ·01 •1 -112 •1 ·1 ·2 •I ·I ·6 ·1 •6

Male

•I ·1 •01 -Ill •01 •I o04o ·1 •1 ·I ·I ·I

1·V •I •6

Female

·1 •OS •01 •01 ·01 •1 •01.1 •Oii .,

•ll ·1 ·2 ·6 ·1 ·8

liiU

.Male

•1 •Oo& •01 •006 •003 ·1 ·01 ·1 o04o ·1 ·2 ·II ·7 •1 •7

Female

•1 •1 -os oQOI o()01 •2 -os o04o ·I •I •I •1

1·1 "I .,

19U

:rem ala

•1 ·o• o02 oOl -ooa ·1 •01 •1 •06 •1 •1 •1 •6 •1 .,

Kala

•1 •I . -oa oOl oOI •2 -oa •1 ·I •1 ·I ·2

1-6 "I ..

Jrl.ale

•1 •1 •01 •01 oOl •01 •1 •1 •1 •I ·II •II

1-o •1 •7

J'emale

•1 •1 -os o01 -ooa ·II -o2 •1 ·I •1 •1 ·1

1·1 •I .,

111&8

Female

•1 o08 •01 o()06 -ooz o01 •1 o06 •1 •1 •1 •II •7 •1 •6

Kale

•1 •I o()8 o()l -oa •I •1 •1 •1 •1 •1 •I

1·1 •1 •I

Hale

•1 o04o oOl -Cil oOl •1 -o3 •1 •1

• •1 •2 •I •8 •1 •7

1il'll

Female

•1 -os -oo• o()06 •008 •1 o08 -or; •1 •2 •1 •1 ·• •1 ·•

l'emale

•1 •1 oOI oQ06 o()2 •2 •1 •1 •8 •1 •1 •l

1o() •I •8

,-----.... )[ale

•1 •06 •01 •008 •01 •Z -oa •1 •1 •II ., •II

1·2 •II •6

Kale

•1 •1 -o2 o()l -oa •2 o()l o()6 •1 •1 •1 •1 ·• •1 .,

11160

Female

·1 •03 -uuz •003 ·004o •1 -oz •06 ·1 •I •8 •Z •7 ·2 ·6

45

TABLE 16.11

DEATH RATE FROM "T.B. OFTHE LUNGS" PER 1,000 OF EACH SEXCALCULATED ON THE POPULATION OF 1941 FOR 1941-50 AND FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL YEAR BY SEX, 1941-50

Average for 1941 1942 1!ttl-50 1943 19« 1945

Male :Female Male :Female Kale :Female Male Female Kale Female Kale Female

West Bengal -4 -3 •4 ·3 -4 ·2 •4 ·2 ·• •8 •4 ·2 Burdwao • ·4 ·1 ·5 -1 ·4 ·1 ·4 -1 ·4 ·1 •3 ·1 Blrbhum • •3 ·1 •4 ·1 ·3 ·1 ·8 ·1 ·3 ·1 •3 •1 Bankura ·5 ·1 •6 ·1 ·6 ·1 ·4 ·1 ·4 ·1 •5 •1 Midnapur • ·2 ·1 ·2 ·1 ·2 ·05 ·2 ·04 ·2 -o& •2 ·05 Hooghly ·4 ·2 ·I> ·2 ·4 ·2 ·5 ·2 •4 ·2 •4 ·2 Howrab ·6 ·4 ·5 ·4 ·6 ·3 ·6 ·3 ·7 ·4 ·7 ·• 24-Parganaa ·3 ·2 ·3 ·2 ·3 ·1 ·3 ·1 ·8 ·1 •3 •2 Calcutta 1·0 1·9 1·0 2·3 ·8 1·6 ·9 1·8 1·0 1·9 ·9 1·7 ... : Nadia ·2 ·02 •1 ·02 •1 ·02 ·1 ·03 ·1 -os ·I ·02': •. Mursbldab;..,_ •1 ·03 •1 •04 ·1 -o3 •1 ·01 ·2 -o2 •2 -o• Maida •1 •02 ·04 ·02 ·03 ·01 -o5 ·02 ·1 -o2 •1 -os· .. West Dinajpur • ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 •1 . ·1 ·1 -o4 ·2 -o5 •1 •1 Jalpaiguri ·6 ·4 ·5 ·3 •5 ·2 ·6 ·3 ·4 ·I •3 ·•1' Darjeeling. 1·& 1·4 1·4 1·3 1·3 1·5 1•3 1·& 1·3 1·4 1•1 1·8 Cooch Behar

1946 1947 1943 1949 1960 ~ .... ,_ __ .,..__~

Male Female Kale Female Male Female Kale Female llale . Female

West Bengal ·4 1,\·2 ·4 •3 ·5 ·3 •4 ·3 Burdwan • ·4 ·1 •4 ·1 ·5 •1 •4 •1 Blrbbu.m ·3 ·1 ·2 ·1 ·3 ·1 ·3 ·1 Bankura ·6 ·1 ·5 ·1 ·6 ·1 ·6 •1 Midoapur. ·2 -o4 ·2 ·04 ·3 ·1 ·3 •1 Hooghly ·4 •1 •4 ·2 ·4 ·2 ·4 ·2 Howrah ·6 ·3 ·6 •4 •6 ·4 ·6 ·4 2•-Parganas ·3 ·2 ·3 ·2 ·3 ·2 ·3 •1 Calcutta 1·0 1·8 1·0 2·1 1·0 2·1 1-o 1·9 Nadia ·2 ·04 •2 • ·1 ·2 ·1 •2 ·04 Mursbldab;..,_ ·2 ·03 ·2 •04 ·2 -o4 •1 o04 Maida •1 ·02 •05 -o2 •1 ·02 ·1 ·02 West Dlnajpur • ·2 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·04 ·2 ·1 Jalpaigurl ·6 ·3 ·6 •4 ·9 ·6 •9 ·7 Darjeeiing. 1·2 1·4 1·6 1·4 1·6 1·4 1·6 1·6

·4 ·a· •4 ·1 . •I ·1 . ·& •1 ·3 •1 •4 ·2 •I> •8 ·3 •2 •9 1·1· ·2 -oJ •1 •03 • ,., •1 ·01. •I •04 •9 ·3

1•4 1·2 Coocb Behar

TABLE 16.12 _' ~ t ;'.

DEATH RATE FROM "SNAKE BITES" PER 1,000 OF EACH SEX CALCULATED ON THE POPU ... LATION OF 1941 FOR 1941-50 AND FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL YEAR BY SEX, · 1941-50

Average for 1941·60 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

Hale Female Hale Female Male Female Male :Female Male Female Male Female

West Bengal ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 Burdwan ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·2 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 liirbhwn • ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 })Ank.ura ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 M1dnapur ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 H"""bly ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 Howrab -()4 -()4 ·04 ·03 ·04 -()4 -o3 -()3 -()5 -o4 -o4 -os 24- Parganas ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 Calcutta ·01 -()05 -oo3 -()02 -()1 -()05 -()1 -oo5 .. !'adia ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 lf Ul'\;hidal>ad ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 -2 :Maida ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 -()3 •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 . w.,.t Dinajpur ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 J alpai~'llri -()4 -()3 -()4 -()2 -()4 -()3 -()3 -()3 -()2 -os -o4 -()2 H&rJt't:ling -()2 -()2 -os -()2 -()1 -o1 -()2 -os -()2 -()2 -61 -o3 Cooch Behar

19.0 1947 1~ 1949 1960 ~ ~ Hale Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

w <">-"t Belll'AI ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 Burd.,.·an • ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ., ·. lltrbhum ·1 ·1 ·1 -os ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 . •I l<anl.ura ·I •I ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1 •1. MldllA))Uf ·1 ·1 ·1 ·I ·1 ·1 ·I ·1 •1 ·1 Hoo,duy •I ·I ·1 ·I ·1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 .-1 Howrah -()5 -o4 -()5 -o4 -os -o4 -oa -o4 -us -(14 24-Pan:auu •I ·I ·I ·I ·1 ·1 ·1 ·I ·1 •1 l'&lcutia -Ill -oo5 -()05 -()05 -()1 -()()3 -()2 -61 -61 -61 ~ad I& •I ·1 ·I ·l! ·1 -1 ·1 ·1 ·1 ·1. :MuNJ.ida~ ·I •1 •1 ·I •1 ·I ·1 •1 ·1 •1' )lalola ·1 ·l! ·1 ·I ·1 VI ,..t DinaJpur :

·1 ·1 •1 ·1 ·1 •I ·2 •I ·2 •1 ·2 ·1 ·:1! •1 ~ J&lJWPlli •111 -(II -()5 -()! -()5 -()4 ·1 •] -(14 ·I liral)t:...-lit'l1Z -()3 -()1 -()2 -()1 ~ -os •02 -()1 -o2 -ol Wucll Behar

1 Cl:NS'OS .•• , ..

7

TABLE 17.1

DEATII RATE FROM .. CHOLERA" PER 1,000 DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES BY SEX, 1941-50

weet:a..nc.a Bard•••, Blrbha• , Baokara , Mtdoapar. Hoot~blr • Howrab I6-Par11aaae Caleau.a • !fadla • )lonbl4aba4 Maida • • Weet Dloajpar • 3alpal1JUrl

=~

i"'8Pf01' 1Nl-60

Jlale ... ••• III-I 10-1 12·1 IO·t l'O·t 76-1 .... 87·1 27·6 11·1 21·1 U·l t·1

Male

12·· 1lH

6·4 7·1 7·8

23·4 61·8 U•t 24·8 411·6 26·6 63-G 20·8

1-8 1-7

Ye..U.

41-G 46-1 It· I ae-o 1&·7 ....

11148

811-8 81·7 lll·l 42·7 81·8 8ll·8 21·6 12·6 1·8

J'emale

U·8 12·6 •·7

11·8 11·8

27·6 80·8 to·• 16·3 66•6 28·0 611·3 22·8 1·0 2·9

1N1

)(ala

t0-7 l!S·I 61·0 23·1 2:1·6 13·4 ts·~ 1111-11 61·8

J'emale ... U·6 62·1 13·8 :U·6 26·1 811-1

7·11 81·7 10·8

6•8 11·8

Male

28·1 20·8 26-6 16·7 17·0 27·0 76·8 89·1 43•6 23·7 II·· 6·1

18•11 2·6 2•t

106·1 U·1 8·0

t6•6 16-1

6·6 8·7

81·1 63·0 1!6·8 U·ll 10-6 11·0 80·3 811-1 1!2·8 21·4 8:1·3 16·6

J'emale

28·1 26·6 26·7 23·6 111·8 36·6 91•8 ·6·8 211·8 28·8

11·8 6·3

16·7 8·0

•7

6•6 7·1 6·11

1NI

J'emale

Male

35·2 37-1 14·1 12·0 19·7 88·1 83·2 62·1 66·8 39·8 10·6 26·6

4·2 3·8 2·2

TABLE 17.2

11143

Male

8(1-t 104·11

110·7 107·0

77·1 01·7

116·4 134·3 U·3 78·3 7&·3 70•6 81·8 O:H 18·1

Female

36·6 41·0 13·:1! 13·11 22·0 40·Ci 116·1 69·8 ·6·2 49·8 26·0 27·6

4·1 •·o

J'emale

100·6 12:1!·8 103·1 126·8 ~~~·0 711·8

1D7·0 181·1 84·0 811·0 87·7 87·6 77·8 114·6 8·6

V:ale

35·7 32·8 0·0

11·2 311·3 23·1 65·9

107·7 33·8 8!!-1 16·0 23·8 10·1

8·7 1·4

Male

34·0 lll·6 :1!4·6 111·0 27·1 ll0·6 U·O 81·8 8a·6 13·3 10·8 11·0 11·3

4·6 6·0

lUll

liiU

J'emale

35·8 85·8 80·4 :1!~·1 20'6 27·7 Til· I l\8·1 26·3 10·0 U·8 25•6 10·1

4·11 1·1

Female

38·8 38·11

5·8 13·3 33·0 26·8 71·2

112•7 87•3 42·7 17•9 24·11

9·7 6·1 1·0

Male

111-4 11·11 1·8 6·1 7·1

211·ll 111·3 80·0 61·4

11·8 8·1"

11·0 :S·S 2·U ll·ll

1N6

J'emale

11160

17·1 11·4 l·ll

1&·3 11·2

!1·11 i11·8 ~tl·l 8~·6 11·1

1·4 1U·8

3·1 2·0 3·0

.,..-_ _, . .._ _ ___, Male Female

67·1 411·6 66·8 6a·a 111·4 111·7 111-1 21-1 211·7 lW·8 llo·7 z7·ll 27·1 tll•4 11>·2 117·8 82·2 711·11 112·6 11!!·7 111·6 111·6 41·7 411·1 66·8 0~·4 12·3 12·:1!

4·4 ;1·4

DEATH RATE FROM "FEVER" PER 1,000 DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES BY SEX, 1941-50 (Fever includes Malaria, Kala-azar, Blackwater fever, Measles, Relapsing fever, Cerebrospinal fever,

tnftuenza, Enteric eroup of fevers, Typhus, and 'Other fevers ' of some of which death rates are ilven aeparatell' elsewhere.)

,.--~'---""' Male

630 61\8 7611 697 C>48 888 246 438 180 708 736 7113 8011 4110 w.t

l'et01''1

641 031 7117 ... litiS 428 250 t48 118 7211 74d 7116 017 .711 632

Female

654

"" IHI

·~ ell ttl 270 4~ 144 6tll ...,. 760 6118 470 Nl

Male

498 659. 049 672 650 8110 184 896

114 7311 670 810 748 674 670

1941

Female

622 606 6110 «116 693 437 109 416

78 776 886 7611 741 649 668

1942

Male • Female

611 •as 0115 659 622 405 211 428 135 708 eu7 806 61111 667 661

641 467 726 019 647 441 200 452 120 740 705 697 700 6511 626

11147 11148

Male

61S 6110 777 011 672 877 1!.'>0 451 IS& 700 740 818 678 418 668

Female

645 038 818 661 011 418 2611 480 142 7tll 748 til& 6ll1 417 638

Jolale

488 6611 766 1110 662 860 Z63

., 428 1211 044 72ll 743 11110 871 6411

Male

620 6111 737 696 .89 418 266 469 127 701 776 808 676 646 6to

Female

614 616 7tl8 61:!0 61111 408 278 443 131 650 740 736 C>llll 8[,8 6211

1943

Female

632 646 761 612 6110 454 254 429 108 714 776 804 664 41111 633

Male

484 670 71l6 613 6211 871 273 lll\8 124 678 727 7:14 7tH 1413 678

1946

Male

683 Otl3 837 650 631 435 266 41l9 161 8115 ll4ll 868 631 652 61:!

J'emale

1949

l'emale

610 626 IHll (177 678 414 2110 407 115 Ol<7 743 748 6119 ... ~ "'

608 716 867 887 661 466 271 4112 1211 8:JO ~6V tHJ2 6a6 060 OliO

1U6

Male Eemal~

635 6113 803 667 678 875 23:1 446 1411 7i>4 7211 ~~~6 6Vll 672 our.

Male

46& 6:1S llll tllll 622 847 1119 8V6 100 -GitJ 71111 013 3>14 470

11160

l'emala

477 678 1110 1176 66J ~wo 17U 407

V5 6:1~ .... 727 6114 3017

"'

41

TABLE 17.3

DF.ATH RATE FROM "Sl\IALL·POX" PER 1.000 DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES BY SEX, 1941·50 Ant&!!" for

111!1-liO 111U 19U INS 1944 ~~

Kale Female Kale Female llale J'em&le llale Female lWe J'em&le )(ale hmale

w .... t Bengal lli-G 20·7 24·2 24·1 2·1 3·1 3·0 1·7 31·7 IK·II 61-G 60-o Burdwaa • 14 17 18 20 7 7 0 0 ~ 0 40 67 l!lrbbnm • 7 7 6 0 7 0 1 2 0 • 27 !$ l!anknre • 11 11 3 4 0·3 0·0 0·1 4 4 71 81 t!JdnaJ>nt • 5 6 3 3 0·2 0·1 0·8 0·7 II II Ill 21 Hooghly 22 26 22 23 1 I 1 2 30 so 87 98 Ho,.rab 53 60 50 62 10 13 0 8 120 uo 138 16S 24-Pargaw 111 21 29 81 " 6 7 ' so so 71 76 Calcutta 67 711 120 126 ' ' 20 !6 12'1 168 89 114 l'iadla II 10 6 0 0·2 o-3 2 2 17 18 11 14 )lurshlda~ II 10 3 ~ 0·3 l ' ' ' 3 42 46 )U.Ida 8 II 8 10 2 2 1 11-2 ' ' 21 :1!0 w .. t Dlnajpur : II 11 1 1 0·4 1 :1! 2 u 28 8 10 J alpai!!Dri 1 1 0·:1! I 1 6 3 a I Darj..,ling 3 I 0·4 0·0 I 0·2 2 2 0 ' Coocb !:Iebar

19'41 1947 1948 19411 1960 ~

K.ale Female )(.ale J'e-le lWe J'em&le Male Female Male Female

w""* Bengal 11-ll 12·7 7·0 11·5 20-o 21·1 8·3 3·3 31·9 38·0 Butdwao • S6 46 7 7 8 10 2 2 18 2 Blrbbum • 14 11 2 2 ' ' 0·3 ·:s 6 ' Bankura • 7 6 •8 1-G 6 • ., 9 9 )Udnapur. 11-7 0·7 I 1 4 ' 2 I 11 1Z Hoogbly 10 9 3 3 11 13 3 2 t8 liS Howrab 17 20 II 7 " 42 8 7 83 88 2'-P•rgaw 7 8 2 2 13 12 4 4 19 18 Calcutta 3 4 u 50. 116 110 13 u 101 123 l'iadia 17 18 3 3 4 • 2 3 28 32 Mut8hlda~ 111 19 J 2 2 2 1 1 Iii ·lD Maida 6 7 a 1 11 11 0·3 11-6 10. 10 West Dlnajpur : l!O 23 18 18 2 3 7 8 Jalpaiguri 0·3 0·2 0·8 0·2 0·4 1 1

=~ 1 0·2 4 2 4 1 1 8 0

TABLE 17·4 . '

DEATH RATR FROM ·~PLAGUE"' PER 1,000 DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES BY SEX, 1941-50

West Bengal Burdwan • Birbbum • Banknra • tiJdoapnr. Hoogbly • Ho...,..n • 24-PargUIU Calcutta • l'iadia • M utabldabad Maida • • w ... t Dlnajpur • Jalpai!<Url Darj•dlng. Coocb Bebu

West Bengal Bnrdwao • BirLbam • Bankara Mldnapar: Hoo~rbly . Howrab 24-Parg...&. Calt-ou.a !iad1a '!ol urshldabad 'lol•lda \\-Mt Dina1pu: J~patrun • lNr:~hnl'. ~bel~r

11141 11147

Male Female )(ale Female

-61 -os -61

·I ·-i •I

194& 1149 11160 ,.. lllale Female )(ale Female Kale Female

•1 ..oz •I •1 "02 •1

:Os ·I

:i .. ·li •1 1·8 :j :i

':i

• 7&

TABLE 17.5

DEATII RATE FROl\1 "DYSENTERY, DIARRHOEA AND ENTERIC GROUP OF FEVERS" PER 1,000 DEATIIS FR0!\1 ALL CAUSES BY SEX,19.U-50

.a. ....... , .. l»U-6Q liMl liM% 1~ liMO 1tH~

JbJe J'emale Jlale J'emale Kale l'emale Jl&le J'omale X&le J'emale 1Jlale )"•male ............... 1$-8 417"8 ee-o 6$·8 417•5 ee·o 111"2 '"~"' 63"0 111·8 5t·3 ~· 8 llvd•-. SO· I 411·0 62·8 63·3 5t·S 5t·7 S0·8

·~·· 4:!·6 40·8 4H• tU·7

Blrbl>•• . 30·1 li·8 3<!·8 311·5 ~-8 3~·7 27·0 2.;·0 1~·5 12·3 11·0 <HI )lanllWS (>1·6 62·0 76·0 7a·t 111·0 63·1 1>0·7 ·~·ll 1!11·8 611·! 40·0 •::·v )illdMpV • 63·0 7~·3 73-li 69-0 68·0 &&·S 23·6 112·11 7~·8 7~·3 5t·S !>J·O Hoochlr 111·1 1~·0 107·1 122·0 1111·8 131·11 141·3 1311·8 110·0 12;·7 llii·S to:.·:t Hownll HI· I 168·8 1~1·1 li2·6 11!7·0 204·7 172·1 117·8 1:..!·2 101·2 1~11·0 1:-a·ll ... ~ 7ll·6 72·6 68·1 M·O 73·1 72·0 ~·0 IIIHI !Ill·(> 611·0 6<1·11 6;"·:.! <&lnn&a 124·1 133 .. 111·4 10~·1 1~·1 137·4 U1·8 134·7 111·11 116·0 100·11 111·:4 :N..tla 24·8 2:2·0 14·6 12·0 lU·1 13·11 13·2 11·2 l!O·S 17·6 111·11 111·3 ~~~ 18·1 17·i 13·0 U·7 111·2 20·1 10·4 11·0 11·1 11·11 ltl-6 1(>·8 .Maida 17·1 14·6 l:N lO·ll 15·8 13·11 12·7 11·8 11·0 7·6 17·5 1:0 WM DI.,..Jpar. 23·1 30·1 l~·ll 13·1 21·3 14·2 21-11 111·0 14·1 11·6 H·l U·O .l&lpalnrl 63·1 411·11 33·6 211·1 20·11 17·2 30·1 27·1 SIH ~-2 48·i 46·1

:=u.:fw 851) 761) 82·6 77·0 711·11 6(1·1 113·11 711-7 811·8 70·7 117·0 ~·7

IHI 111'7 11148 111411 11).;0

llale l'emale Male J'emale Male Female Male Fe_. Male Female

Weo&Beapl 81·1 82·1 68-l 70·7 72·8 76·1 74·0 73-8 78·8 111·7 Bardwaa. 88·i S6·1 .... 43·6 ~2·0 61·7 68·8 33·11 litH tj;\-4, Blrbbou• • 8·1 8·11 16·2 12·6 14·2 13·1 12·0 11·11 li>·ll 1~·4 Banluua 17·1 311·7 89·1 48·4 46·0 S0·6 48·8 45·1 60·8 50·1 Mldoa~: :..!·3 61;·7 78·3 77·8 83·0 80·11 84·0 86·7 711-4 71·6 Boochlr . lOi>·O 124·8 126·3 137-ll 124·0 147·7 133·1 137·0 114·11 UO·fl Howra!l 1~4-1 173·8 171-1 190·1i 150·0 167·1 U7·9 148·11 1311·11 H6·6 14-~ M·l 7()-1 64·3 85·8 811·0 70·1 74·6 811-11 lltl·~ \10·11 Cal .... u. . 136·7 156·6 125·6 142·7 123·2 122·3 182·3 152·0 1~7·~ U7·tl l'i8dla 26-6 22•1 23·11 25·6 39·3 31H 42·11 36·0 [>0·1 f•4·ll Murohl4a~ 14·8 27·6 17·11 17·2 24·4 26·11 . 22·11 111·8 3tl·;i 3()·3 Maida 33·8 81·i 14·3 12·1 14·6 13·11 111·3 13·8 111·3 1~·· WMDioaj~: 17·7 14·0 30·8 31·8 21·0 14·1 34·8 211·2 4tl·fl '7·0 J&lpalnrl 82·1 lill·8 61·2 67·8 65·8 115·9 78·0 114·8 96·11. lll·ll !Mrjftll:fw 811·8 77·8 86·6 67·1 90·11 81·8 80·7 o:;-11 113·11 1!1"4 ()oudlJie

TABLE 17.6

DEATH RATE FROM "'RESPIRATORY DISEASES OTHER THAN T. B. OF LUNGS" PER 1,000 DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES BY SEX, 1941-50

llale

86·1 74·0 27·6 68·7 701)

144·1 133·8

70·7 168·7

80·7 18·7 1!6·0

Ul-7 1117·7 '11·1

Jlale

81-ll "N·I u .. 79-1

lot·f 147 .. 13~ ..

·~·· l!IIHI ,.., 1~1)

111·1 U7·1 hS·I 1:!·1

J'emale

110·8 46·3 17·1 42·1i 46·6 81·8 116·1 f>3·8

133·1 18·0 141) 17·1

102·0 168·2

70-G

1801

J'emale

80·8 tt·S 1H 06·8 67 .. 8!·· tH·8 t6·7

168·6 17·1 1Qo1 11·1

109-0 166·11

7o-7

19U

Male

104·0 106·8

611·8 84·7

1011-1 171·1 171-11

Female

72·11 70·1 f6·8 f>3·8 63·4

110·6 180·6

211·7 12·8 30·6

108·0 204-li

801)

Male

110·7 77·11 20·1 72·8 ~·li

137-11 lt!·li

67·0 170·4

32·!1 1~1)

2:2·1 1:!11·1 1111-t W·i

•

109·8 129·0

63·8 145·6

25·7 8·2

20·4 102·6 161·7

70·8

Male

100·7 85·7 60·11 77·8 113·7

169·3 168·1 93·0

187·7 42·8 18·3 47·11

lt41-6 2011·7

117·7

Female

63·7 411·3 10·2 46·6 5t·2 85·6

101-t 4:!·8 1~2·8

111·1 11-.lo

]0·41 111·7

]6:1·8 ;o-a

.Female

87·6 61·6 38·3 48·9 66·8

107·4 122·3 184·6 175·8

20·0 14·8 45·4

135·1 145·8 82·8

U48

Male

86·11 68•8 23·7 68•0 71!1)

12511 130·11

tl2·6 143·4

84·2 111·11 86·6

13.!o·O 215·1

111·7

11143

Male

114·8 68·1 21H 49·2 40·11

Female

1311·2 1011·2

66·1 145·7

23·6 18·1 43·8

127·8 179·1

611·8

J'emale

110·0 37·8 13·1i ~11·3 46·0 !!tH 11:.·11 3>1·0

122·4 14"7

!1·3 22·8

1~·11 173·8

113·11

46·7 35·7 17·8 33·2 27·3 95·6 711·11 34·8

113·8 18·6 10·11 36·1

111·4 184·11

76·2

Male

88·8 72·6 20·1 64·8 71·4

121!·2 136·6

116·4 1411·11

211·1 16·8 36·0

136·6 21~·0 114H

Male

7H• lill·2 111·8 64·4 68·11

148·8 116·1

62·4 147·8

22·8 16·0 14·6 83·0

1118·1 68·1i

Female

62·11 311·8 12·4 42•2 41·11 116·8 711·7 89·0

126·ll 16·t 18·8 1S·O 76·0

162·7 70·11

Female

li7·1i 42·11 11·8 35·8 40·8 711-ll 116·8 38·6

127·0 25·0

7·0 17-11

104·8 1770 77·0

.Male

88·1 70·4 24·7 77·1 116·7

lt11·3 124·6

6.!o·6 166•11

86·8 1t1·1 18·0

1011·7 2o2·7

70·8

Female

11160

61·11 8Y·II U·O 44·11 62·8 ~~~·1 711·7 46"3

137·11 27-ll 36·8

8·11 101·3 160·4

73·1

,..... ___ ___ .Hale

83·:' 1!1·11 111·11 611·4 67·11

122·7 1!>6-G

65·11 136·0

2!!·7 :tA:II 14·2

12:!·1 lllO·!f

611·11

)"emale

611·2 46·1! 111"0 a7·4 3Y·4 OW·~

11!:.·1 a;;-;,

11~·11 17·4 12·11 13·11

111:1·5 1 t:J·II

70·1

TABLE 17.7

DEATH RATE FROM "SUICIDE" PER 1,000 DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES BY SEX, 1941.·50 Av.rage for

1941-&0 1941 1942 1943 19U 1945

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

We•t Bengal 2·5 2·6 2·4 2·9 2·7 3·2 1·9 1·9 1·9 1·7 2·4 2·6 Hurdwan • 2·1 2·3 2·5 3·1 2·2 3·0 1·6 1·4 1·8 1·4 2·8 2·4 IJlrbhum 1·6 1·4 1·7 2·8 2·8 2·9 1·2 1·0 1·4 1·0 1·2 1·0 Bankura. 2·& 2·3 2·7 2·9 2·9 3·1 2·1 1·2 2·3 2·1 1·9 3·2 Mldnnpnr. 1·4 1·4 1·8 1·6 1·4 1·3 1·0 1·0 1·1 1·2 1·6 1·6 Hooghly 4·8 6·0 3·3 7·1 3·0 6·8 5·1 6·2 3·1 4·4 3·4 4·7 Howrah 1>-1 lH 4·3 3·3 3·1 3·7 6·2 6·3 4·6 2·5 4·9 4·7 24-Par~anaa 4·6 6·2 4·0 6•8 4·6 7·3 3·2 4·0. 2·8 3·1 8·8 6·8 Cah-utta 1·8 1·6 1·0 0·4 1·3 1·0 0·3 0·2 1·3 1·1 2·4 1·8 Nadia 2·0 2·2 1·0 1·0 1·3 1·0 1·0 0·2 1·1 1·0 1·8 1·7 Mur•hldabad 2·0 2·2 1·8 1·7 2·3 2·1 1·3 1·4 1·7 1·6 2·3 2·2 Mal<la 2·0 2·1 2·0 1·7 1·7 1·4 3·1 3·1 1·1 1·0 1·3 1·0 West Dinajpur . 1·6 1·6 2·2 2·2 2·0 1·2 1·6 1·5 1·0 :!.of) 1·6 1·3 Jalpalvuri 1·3 1·0 1·0 1·2 1·6 1·0 1·0 1·0 1·0 1·0 1·0 0·6 Darjeeling 3·6 1·& 2·7 1·0 2·2 1·0 3·1 0·4 3·2 2·2 3·5 1·0 t;ooch Jlehar

1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 ~ ,....-~ ~ ~ ~ Male Female Male Female Main - Female Male Female Male Female

West Bengal 2·7 3·0 2·5 2·6 2·8 3·0 3·1 3·3 S·O 3·1 Burdwan • 2·2 2·& 2·1 1·8 2·0 2·1 2·6 3·2 1·6 2·9 Hirbhmn 1·0 1·4 1·9 1·8 1·8 1·7 2·3 1·6 1·7 1-2 llankura 3•2 2·9 2·3 2·1 2·2 2·1 3·1 3·7 3·0 2·2 Midnapur: 1·3 1·9 1·6 1·3 1·7 1·8 2·0 1·6 1·6 1·2 Hooghly 4·1 6·4 6·6 4·9 6·4 6·9 6·6 7·1 6·1 7·0 Howrah 6·4 7·3 4·5 4·6 4·4 4·6 4·2 4·1 7·1 7·4 24-Pargan~s 4"3 6·9 3·3 6·1 3•6 6·2 4·3 7·7 6·2 6·4 Calcutta 2·4 1·4 2•0 2·3 2·5 2·3 3·1 2·4 2·6 2·1 Nadia 3·0 3·0 3·2 2·3 2·1 4·8 4·0 6·6 3·8 6·8 Murshldab;w_ 1·6 2·4 2"1 3·1 3·9 3·2 2·1 3·0 2·8 3·9 Maida 2·0 1·6 2•9 1·6 2·9 3·1 2·4 i·ll 1·9 3·2 West Dlnajpur 1·o 1·8 1·4 t·•t t·6 1•7 2•3 1"6 2•6 l"U Jaipaigurl 3·7 - 1•7 1·0 1·0 1·4 1·0 1·3 1·0 1·0 1·0 lJarjooling 3·4 1·0 3·2 2·2 4·3 2·3 6·9 3•9 3·9 1·2 Cooc h llc bar

TABLE 17.8

DEATH RATE FROM "CHILD BIRTH" PER 1,000 FEMALE DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES, 1941-50

West Bengal llurdwan . llirbhum . Hankura • Midnapur. Hooghly • Howrah . 24~Pal)!anas Calcutta , Nadia . Murshidabad Maida • • West Dinajpur • Jalpai~uri • llarjecling l'ooch llc har

West R<>nJl&l Hurd"Wl • Barbhum • Hankura \tit.inapur • Ho•.'.chl)~ • lt~,u-rah • 2•·Panzana.s t's.kuu..a • ~adla .,.u.,hldahad ~hhta • • \\. t"~t lltnaj(lUr • J:llp~~uri • Uatjt~:lintl • C Ot.h. b l~· har

. •

Average for 19U·50

16·6 16·2 11·0 13·0 17·9 20·3 11·2 14·2

9·9 11·0 8·S

16·8 34-Q 61·6 23·8

1946

19·1 16·8 9·8

l7-o 22·8 20·6 13"8 16·4 15-() U·S 8·3

U·S 34·3 60·7 23··

1941 1942

20·6 20·1 20·1 19·5 17·3 19·5 18·3 16·9 26·0 22·4 27·1 27·7 19·7 15·2 18·3 17·7 3·5 2·9 6·6 4·3 6·7 9·2

23·6 36·3 33·9 38·0 63·7 37·2 23·.'; 29·2

1947

16-6 17·0

9·1 13·0 18·7 11:'-5

&·3 14·2

9-1 12·7

8·7 111·2 85•2 52·8 26·7

1943

10·0 11·4 8·2 9·2 8·9

18·1 9·9

14·2 1·6 4·2 3·6

16·4 35·8 37·3 21·0

1948 1949

21·1 22·5 19·6 22-8 15·6 15·0 13·S 13·9 22·6 20·5 24·2 23·6 10·9 10·4 17·7 19·3 13·2 17·6 23·1 22·4 16·5 13·0 19-11 22·11 ~9·4 l5·6 "2·3 73·2 2··2 311·6

19U

10·4 8·5 6·3 7·6

11·3 15·1 10·1

8·1 8·9 7·0 6·4

10·4 22·9 29·6 18·5

1945

15·0 13·9

9·4 11·3 18·7 14·2 11·2 13·3 11·2 11·4 s-o

12·9 30·5 38-o 23·0

16·7 16·4 8·1

11-11 19·4 18·1 6·3

U·8 12·1 13·8 12·2 13·7 29·1 56·2 16·2 ..

TABLE 17.9

DEAnl RATE FROM "MALARIA" PER 1,000 DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES BY SEX, 19·U·SO

,.. ... Bencal l<•...twu • Jllrbh•• J<aakara )II<IMJIOII'• Honorhlr • u ........ !4-P....,..... (".....,.Ua • liadla • )I a"hldabad )la~la li"M DlnajpU • .Jalpabrarl Datj..,llnc (;oocb lkhar

,.._. B•lllal Burdwao • Blrbhum Hankura • Mldnapur. HQOifhiJ. Hcnrrab U·Pantaoaa l"alt-utta • Nadia • Munhldabad Maida W.a' Dlnajpur • .Jalpall(tlrl Darj..,lln• Cuot-b 1\ehar

AYera~P ror 1Nl~

Jlale

!31·7 ans-t 4113-l 2•18-4 U4·1 21%·4

116·7 US·1 to-8

127·7 3N·6 342·6 !Hi·! 1!!11-11 267-G

Kale

240·8 199·8 479·11 167·8 223·1 1611-8 118·0 Ull-li 40·7

635·4 328·2 845·11 2>16·8 236·8 2611·7

·-­~~--833-6 4!17·1 232·1 211.'>-0 236-9

117-9 134·11 84·5

817·11 40%·5 3311-7 222·5 1811•4 220·7

Jl'emale

253·8 226•4 4110·11 103-lll 262·7 1113·4 116·1 162·8 3NI

643·1 831·7 846-ll 304·7 237·8 227-ll

Jlale

213·6 3:tl!·6 317·1 204·1 2411-2 239-0 li'H 110-2 16·i

213·1 tt1·11 336·2 225·2 203-6 2411·3

1961

Jl'e..te

232·4 3<16·4 848·6 231·7 21<3·0 2611-2

Sl!-e 100·11

13·7 206·3 471i-ll 36M! 238·8 205·1 216·4

Kale

238·6 336·8 330·6 U!l-7 24<1·7 246·0

46·3 116·7

62·6 3011·8 36tH M\1-9 343·4 1111·8 2611·8

11147

If ale

206·3 199·11 432·0 1111·0 206•8 187·0 104·8 108·1

35·4 461·3 301·4 328·7 180·9 1117·8 U6·2 ..

Female

220·8 2111·3 444·2 213·2 227·11 202·7 111·3 111·11

32-4 476·2 317·2 334-li 1110·6 208·4 2U·8

11142

Female

2S~4 lk<S·O 8411·7 260·6 2oS·6 l!i6·6

43·1 uo-e

42•8 324·8 3:;11-6 846·2 82tH) 1113·3 2;111·&

lfale

192·8 215·2 360·0 189·3 2113·4 1!16·4 116·5 114·1

30·7 448·4 2111-li 300·3 186•9 1116·1 1116·6 ..

11148

11143

Kale

26H 414·11 61l·S 2il)-6 21111-3 26&·4

84·8 141!-li

60·8 1113·0 3111-11 6ill·ll 3011·3 1611·3 2!14·7

Female

205·1 239·1 368·9 216·8 222·5 214·11 127·8 116·7 2~·4

460·2 802·4 2116·8 196·2 1112·4 1511·6 -

......... 278·11 442·3 641)-3 3011-2 314•8 2\12·8

..... 5 168·11

40·11 184·4 367·4 813·9 33i·i 166·3 21U·6

If ale

199·2 219·8 4~8·1 213·9 173•7 1110·7 134·6 113·7

32·2 447·11 321·1 UO·S 111·2 183·9 166·S ..

TABLE 17.10

~i9-8 4011-7 634·4 2~(H) 3~1·0 2fO*t lOS·6 1111-4 74·6

181·11 606·i 241·11 l!OS·S 161·8 315·11

111411

Jl'elllale

!99-() 60<·8 11.:.4·0 27d·3 344·2 2 .... ·8 10<·$ li1·7 84·8

13~·8 616·7 l!d1·7 20.·$ 166·1 2111·8

Female

218·7 264·8 451·2 244·4 1116·4 218·7 HIH 117·7

24·8 450·8 3:17·8 366·6 106·8 171•3 14~·1 ..

!f\7·1 3!>0·7 11•13·11 lifo·· 2~11·2 1116·4

117·4 132·2 4Hi

835·5 6116·5 271!-4 23!1-6 214·11 2,t3·11

Mal•

157•8 lt\1·6 367·8 1"2·1 142·11 131•8 80·4

101•9 20·8

371-7 244·7 820·11

113·0 144·11 168·6

11160

Female

2"-S·l 3W1·7 111,.·4 ~l)\)·· 2\):!·& :11~·6 ltl:t-2 141>"1

40·0 2114·:1 6i!l·4 2~t·ll 24<1·1 2~6·1 2~>-7

Female

187·4 17!1·8 8"11·4 213·8 166·0 1f>ll·l

611·6 104·0

18·6 SHil-l 2~4·4 8~2·8

\16·8 • 137·6 161·2

nEATH RATE FROM "KALA-AZAR" PER 1,000 DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES BY SEX,l941-50

'Wedlh•npl i'ul'ftwu • lllrbhum • llankura lllldnaJ'Ilr. HtiOIIhiJ • Howrab U·Pantauaa ("al~utta Jiladla • II unhlclabad Maida w .. , Dlnajpar • .J alpahrurl • llar)<oolln• ()oucla llebar

Average for 11141·60

Kale

8·2 4·6 ·8 •4 ·7

10·0 2-1 4·1 8·8 6·7 8·6

11-1 46·6

8·0 111·4

Male

8·4 6·0

-e .. ·7

12-() ... 4·1

10 .. 9-0

1!·1 11-() T·i S·l

liol

Jl'emale

4·7 3-4 ·li ·2 ·8

7·1 1·8 8·0 6·11 4·8 8·1 8·7

81i·7 4·11

14·4

Female

8·8 4·8 ·I ·1 ·8

8·1 1-() 2-4 T·ll 1·1 t-2 ••• 60·11 t·l

18·11

1941

:Male

IH 2·1i

Female lfale

6·2 2·1

·2 ·4 ·6

8·0 1·4 6·0 4·8 8·8 7-7

18·0 32·0

8·8 17·7

Kale

11·2 8·11

·7 ·4 -8

1S·8 2·8 11·1 8·6 8·7

11)-7 17·2 71·1 Jt·t ltH

8·11 1·7 ·4 ·6 ·8

H 2·0 2·8 2·11 6·0 6·3

18·4 28·1

2·7 11·8

11147

•S ·2 ·2

8·2 ·8

4·3 4·1i 4·8 8·1i

19-() 311·7

4·4 24·8

Female

8·8 4·8 .e -()7 ·I

13-1 1·11 8·0 8·7 7·1 8·7

11-1 61·1

11-2 U·l

1942

Female

8·11 2·0

·8 ·8 ·2

4·8 •6

8·6 8·0 2·11 7·2

18·11 27·8

8·0 16·4

:Male

8·8 8·11 1·6 ·8 -9

15·8 2·1 6·6 11·4 6·6

UH! lS·II 8S·5

6·1 18·1

1948

1948

Male

8·6 2·0

Female

·1 ·4 ·2 ·7

2·4 2·6 8·4 3·8 4·7

15·7 46·7

4·8 26·4

Female

.. , 8·8 1·4 ·8 ·1

12·0 ·II

S·5 11·8 8·8 II· II 8·7

6!·1 7•7

14-4

2·7 H ·2 ·2 ·05 ·8

2·7 1·9 2·8 2·8 3·2

13·8 31-1

2·8 18·11

Male

7·7 11·7 1·4

•4 1·6

18·8 4·8 11·8 7·8 4·4 8·11

to-e 46·7

7·4 14·7

1944

lfale

3·11 1·6

Female

·1 ·S •8

6·11 1·1 2·8 6·0 8·11 8·6 6·8

26·3 3·8

21·8

1949

Female

8·1 8·2 1·2 ·I

1·1 13·4

1·4 4·8 8·1 8·11 4·8 H

41-e ... ,.,

2·8 }•}

·1 ·2 ·1

8·8 ·II

2·0 8·8 3·0 4·0 8·6

18·6 2·11

19·4

11146

Hale

8·4 2·6 ·8 ·1 •4

8·11 1·8 8·8 7·4 8·4

11·8 8·8

·2·8 6·8

17·4

Hale

8·1 0·11

. ·II ·II

1·8 14·4

2·11 4·11 6·2 4·& 8·4 8·11

17·6 1·4

ll·i

1960

Female

4·8 1·7 .o6 ·2 •2

4·9 ·8

2·7 6·2 &·3 8·11 6·11

2~1-4 6·8

17-1

Female

11·1 1·8 ·8 •2 •II

12·2 1·11 4·7 4·8 4·4 4·3 7·1

82·1 1•11 ....

TABLE 17.11

DEATH RATE FROM "TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LUNGS" PER 1,000 DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES, 1941-50 ·

Wc•t Bengal Burdwan • llirbhum Hankura Mldnapur Hooghly Howrab U·Parganaa Calcutta ]Sadla . Murshidabad Maida . • Weot Dinajpur •

Jalpaigurl llarjeeling

()uocll Bellar

West Benga.l llurdwan llirbhum ~"nkur& Midnapur Hooghly

, Howrah 21-Parganas Calcutta lSadia . M urshida bad Maida • West Dioajpur Jaipalguri llarjeellog Cooch Behar

Average for 1Y4l·i>O 1941 ......------.. ,.-·------

Male Female Male Female

21·5 21·4 10·7 21·7 11·7 26·0 34·7 19·6 '68·6

5·6 6·8 3·3 &·8

24·2 53·2

22·2 23·9 10·8 24·5 14·1 24·8 38·3 23·7 70·9

5·9 6·2 2·8 6·1

17-1 42·0

12·7 6·0 2·7 6·8 2·6

10·2 19·5

9·4 65·4

1·4 1·3 1·1 2·1

14·2 61·6

12·3 6·6 2·4 4·9 2·5 8·5

18·6 11·6 73·8 1·4 ·I •1

2·1 10·4 55·8

26·0 23·9 19·5 23·8 18·0 32·8 39·7 21·4 76·8

4·6 5·8 2·7 6·5

21·5 48·6

24·6 24·2

9•4 23"1 1:!·7 22·1 37·8 24·9 66·9

7-7 7·6 3·4 4•4

29·3 65·7

16·2 7·5 5·5 6·9 3·3

12·0 27-11 10·4 92·1

1·4 2·4 1·7 2·6

10·1 43·1

1942 1943

Male Female Male Female

24-D 24·1 14·9 24·7 11·2 29·5 42·3 22·6 82·8

3·7 5·8 3·9 6·2

21·0 48·0

14·4 5·8 2·2 4·1 2·2 9·0

20·7 12·5 71·8 2·3 2·0 1·4 2·3

17·8 60·3

U.·2 7·1 4·1 6·3 2·9

13·7 26·5

9·7 103·6

1·5 1·8 1·0 3·4 9·0

65·0

14·4 8·0 14·9 4·7

6·5 1·6 11·4 ' 2·8

5·2 1·1 24·0 9·2 23·8 13·2 11·2 4·8 47·2 50·5 2·8 1·0 2·5 0·6 3·4. 1·2 6·6 1·9

16·4 9·2 44·6 45·7

1948 ~

Male Female

26·3 26·1 13·4 23·7 14·8 26·6 37·1 24·0 58·0 8·6 8·6 5·3 6·9

43·3 68·9

15·8 6·5 8·7 6·7 3·7 9·7

21·2 10·7 62•6 2·4 2·0 1·1 1·9

22·2 66·6

TABLE 17.12

1944

Male Female

15·9 14·9

6·6 16·7

8·7 21·7 27·0 12·6 48·9 8·9 5·3 1·9 4·9

12·3 43·1

1949

9·2 4·7 2·0 4·9 1·9 7·6

13·6 6·2

63·8 1-1! 1·0 0·6 1·6 6·8

44·4

Male Female

27-1 24·2 12·3 25·4 15·9 29·3 41·7 25·6 62·7

8·1 8"4 4·7 9·4

44·5 70·2

15·6 6·5 2·6 6·9 ·3·0

13·1 25·8 10·6 66·0 1·6 2·0 1•3 2·4

30·7 65·2

Male Female

19·7 18·6 10·8 23·6 11·7 20·5 38"4 19·2 66·7 5·1. 6·1 2·2 4·2 9·6

43·4

11·0 4·4 2·6 4·6 2·6 11-1

19·7 10·1 61·4

1·0 1·2

"1 2·1 8·9 44·1

1950 ~

Male Fema.le

26·5 24·4

11·8 29·6 17·7 83-1 41·6 24·2 48·2 10·0 9·1 5·9 6·3

43·9 61·1

16·4 7·3 2·9 8·4. 4·8

11·2 16·7 13·9 65·9

•l 1·7 11-li 1·9

82·8 . 61·9

DEATH RATE FROM ••SNAKE BITES'' PER 1 ,000 DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSI!.S BY SEX, 1941-50

Average for 1941·50 ·1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 ...

Male Female Male Fema.le Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Weot Bengal 3·9 8·7 4·8 4·3 4·7 4·6 2·2 2·1 2·8 2·8 3·5 8·6 llurdwao • 4·9 4·2 7-1 4·5 6·1 5·0 2·9 3·9 3·4 3·3 4·1 4·0 Birl>hum • 2·6 2·6 3·6 2·6 4·5 4·1 1·8 2·1 1·8 2·0 2·1 3·0 llaukura 4•2 4•5 5•1 5•7 4•9 6"2 2"7 2•9 3"7 3•6 3•4 3"8 Midnopur. 6·1 4·1 6·4 4·7 5·7 4·5 1·9 1·5 4·0 4·2 5·6 4·6 liooghly 6·1 6·4 8·7 8·7 4·9 7·2 6·6 5·6 3·7 4·4 5·5 4·9 Hotnah 2·5 2·1 3·4 1·8 3·9 8·5 24-Parg.....;,.

1·3 1·2 1·8 1·5 2·2 1·6 6·8 5·1 ?·2 6·6 8·3 7·3 2·9 3·0 3·7 3·4 6·5 4·2

t'all'utta 0·4 0·2 ·2 ·09 0·4 0·1 ·4 ·1 lSadia 4·0 4·5 4·4 3·4 2·9 4·2 2·6 2·0 3·4 2·9 3·2 4·7 Murshidabad 3·6 4·6 4·5 6·1 3·6 3·2 1·8 1·3 2·8 2·8 3·5 6·3 M•lda 6·2 6·1 6·2 w e•t Dmaipur :

7·0 9·2 12·9 4·4 2·2 3·1 2·2 3·7 4·2 4·3 5·8 3·6 3·5 6·4 6·0 6·2 6·6 3·9 3·8 11·2 6•3

Jolpaiguri 1·7 1·2 1·7 •9 1·9 1·3 1·0 ·8 ·7 ·7 1·5 ·7 llarjt>eling ·6 ·6 ·9 ·7 ·8 •4 ·5 ·9 ·5 ·5 ·1 •9 Ooocb &l.ac

19411 1947 1948 1949 19511 ~

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female w ... t U.,ngal 4·2 4·4 4·5 4·2 4·8 4·1 4·6 4·S 1·5 Jlurd,.·an 4·6

4·4 l~ubbum •

4·6 4·6 4·2 5·4 3·8 5·7 4·3 5·8 4·8 1·7 HI 2·2 1·3 3·8 3·3 3·3

Hankura 3·3 3·1 8·5

4·1! 6·1 4·6 4·6 4·5 4·6 4·2 4·8 4·9 lhduapur. lHI 1;.11 6·, 4·0 8·1

5•1

liOOI<hly 5·2 6·5 4·5 6·1 4·"1

ll·ll 7·6 6·8 5·7 6·5 3·8 6·7 lif.rv.-rah

5·3 7·0 6·11 :!6-·Parga~

3·3 2·6 3·3 2·5 2·2 l!-4 2·2 2·9 2·6 2-6 7'1 7-1 8·1 5·7 6·5 4·6 6·6

t'alrulta 5·8 7·5 6·5 ~&A.:ha

·7 ·l! ·:I •1 ·6 -118 1-Q ·3 ·3 HI 3·11 5·7

·l! Jot ur>hidabad

8·3 4·6 6·7 6·6 6·7 5·5 6·3 Mal<la

4·1 4·9 4-Q 6·4 6·1 6·8 3·7 6·5 w.,., mnaipur :

4·5 'i·l 6·6 8·1! 6·7 4·7 •••

4-Q 6·7 6-ll 9-D 7-Q 7·4 6·4 8·1

IH 4·7 7·3 5·0 Ni J&!pai~uri • 1·1 ·3 ~-1

4·1 11·9 llar~tog

1·2 2·3 1·9 2·7 2·11 2,1 2·4 WOcll .liool.ac

. 1"0 ·:! •6 ·5 ·6 1"4 •9 ·2 . •8 ·i

APPL~DIX A

A brief attOU.Dl of the history of Vital Statistic:s iD West Bupl

The maintenance of genealogical trees in important families is an ancient feature in our country and these trees may be regarded as our only surviving account of vital statistics before compulsory registration was intrOL duced. They recorded births, marriages and deaths but, as can be readily concluded, they were imperfect and did not record dates in most cases. Records of marri­ages and deaths among 1\luslims have been handed down to us from the offices of Qazis and Imams but these, too, in the nature of things, were bound to be incomplete because not all marriages and deaths were entered eveo among important families.

The history of the Census and Vital Statistics in India has followed that in England. In 1936-37 an Act Flrsl te requiring registration of births,

8 ps marriages and deaths was pro-mulgated .in England. As a consequence, quarterly returns of births, marriages and deaths of European-­British subjects then residing in India were collected from Ministers of all denominations and transmitted to the Registrar General in England. At this time and subsequently the registration of these events was con­lined to Calcutta. Later, an Indian Act VI was passed in 1886 by which registration of births, deaths and marriages of Europeans was made obligatory and the transmission of their returns to the Registrar General of England was regularised. This still holds good to-day in all States .of India.

In Bengal, the years 1864-69 saw the beginnings of registration. A census of the British territories in

Proposals for Census and nrtstraUon of Vital StatisUes dur­lnl 186 .. -69

India was to have been taken in India in 1861 but was deferred in consequence of the Mutiny till 1865. Various administrative inconveniences prompted Sir

Cecil Beadon in May 1865 to urge upon the Supreme Government the expediency of reviving the project ior taking a census of all India. A census of the North Western Provinces was taken in 1865 by Plowden J\.1d an exploratory census of Bengal by Beverley in 1866-7. An authoritative census of the Province of Bengal wa;; taken in 1872 which marked the first of a series of decen­nial censuses thereafter. In 1864 an Act (No. Ill) was passed to provide for the first time a fairly compre­hensive and elaborate code for muffasil municipalities of Bengal but no provision was made for taking a census or registering births and deaths in them. In 1867 the Government of India suggested the collection of mortuary returns "approximately accurate and such aa would be at least valuable as a commencement of statistics".

There were no census returns at this time with which births and deaths even if they were accurate could be compa~ but the local Government decided that deJth ~turns should be procured through municipalities where they existed and through village t'houkidars and the Police elsewhere. Orders to this effect were issued in 1868. Chaukidars were to make weekly or bi-weekly reports to Police Stations and the registers prepared at tht.>5e stations were to be forwarded to the Distrir:t Superintendent's office for compilation and submission to tbe Commissioner.

Y•r 1\irtlia rate pH 1,0110 or pof>ulation Of'n&lla 1878 llioP&Lia rate ~ 1,0UO ol p<•pulation ~uaua 11176 • 1aia~tl DWI'\&htJ rate.- 1,000 blnba •

154~

13-1 3:!

The establishment of the District Superintendt:nt of Police proved unable to cope with this work and in some districts it was transferred to the District Magistrate. In Chottanagpur many of the choukidars, who were poorly paid, preferred dismissal to the burden of this new duty. In a small area in Hooghly, a Bengali missionary, by house to house visitation, succeeded in compiling statistics which be used to illustrate the devastations of the "Burdwan fever ". Two District Magistrates saw to the prospect of accurate statistics , being obtained through the chaukidars and advocated compulsory registration such as the Calcutta Municipal Act provided for.

The statistics as a whole were admittedly unreliabl~. but a mass of information was gradually made av<~il­able. Nothing was however done towards digestin.jl these statistics, comparing those of different areas, or utilising them. It was decided that the examination .md extraction of vital statistics should be entrusted to the Sanitary Commissioner as the Officer on whose duties the practical conclusions drawn from these statistics most directly bear. He was asked to propose simple forms and to group causes of death into the most obvious and easily recognizable classes, of which the destruc­tive symptoms are known and familiar to the rude.:;t villager. After a short trial or the new system it was thought that Government would be in a position to propose legislation on any point on which it might be found necessary and that trustworthy information would be ready for comparison with the census, which was to be taken in 1871. Without a census of course, the real value of these statistics could not be secured.

Before the year 1864, there had been no registration in Calcutta. Under the municipal organisation then

introduced, the duty was entrust­Registration of vital ed to Eurasian and Native events in Calcutta Medical Practitioners, six in before and after 1873 number, one in each division

_ of the town. The results were considered unsatisfactory after four years of trial and in 1868 the work was transferred to the Police. Each Section Inspector (there were eighteen sections) became a registrar of births and deaths. Registers were also kept at the burning ghats and burial grounds so that the record of corpses burnt and buried might be used to check the section registers. Returns were furnished from churches, from the garrison, from the shipping office and from some hospitals. These returns were to be duly used for compilation in Calcutta Municipal Office.

In 1875, the law was forcibly brought to the people's notice by beat of drum in Calcutta and the Deputy Com· missioner of Police gave much attention to this subjed. The Health Officer was responsible for compiling the vital statistics of the town, but did not exercise dirert control over the collection of the material, as the Polkc was in charge of the work. Moreover, the Health Department was inadequately staffed. Despite these circumstances the Health Officer in his report of 1876 gave reasons why the work of registration of Vital Statistics should also pass to his care. The statement of birth and death rates in Calcutta from 1868-1876 as shown below will indicate that the registration, though defective, was showing sil:ns of slow improven;ent.

1869 1870 1871 1872 IS73 1S7j 1873 1~i6

)3·8 12·2 1:!·0 11)-6 10·7 J()-8 16·3 17"3 ::9-11 :!N :!j :..'7·8 !!6·' :.!9·' 3J 30·2

3•8

The results were far from satisfactory and the whole question was placed before. t~e Gove~ent with the object of improving the ex1stmg mach~7ry. But the system continued till the Calcutta Muruc1pal Act was passed in 1889 when the work of registration of vital events was restored to the muniCipal authorities. The revised Act of 1913 made no change in the administra­tion regarding registration of births and deaths in Calcutta.

So much for Calcutta. It soon appeared that the Sanitary Commissioner was unable to devote sufficient

attention to this all-important Compulsory Births branch of public health work. and Deaths Registra- The Army Sanitary Commission tion Act of 1873 en- in England commented very forced in nrban and severely on the worthlessness of rural areas of Bengal statistics presented in the Sani­by Police tary Commissioner's Report for 1872. The Sanitary Commissioner attributed the failure "mainly to bad agency, and secondly to want of interest on the part of local officers and the consequent absence of the necessary supervisors and urged that a compulsory system of registration should be introduced".

The Bengal Births and Deaths Registration Act (Act IV) was passed in 1873. This Act introduced a dual system which provided for the submission of returns from both " general circles " and " selected circles ". The returns for the general circles included the selected circles and related to the whole of Bengal. In the " selected circles " whether urban or rural, a higher degree of accuracy was sought to be obtained by the employment of special agencies under closer supervision. The " special circle " was to serve as an example of the manner in which registration ought to be conducted. In modern parlance it would be regarded as a sample area for quality control. In 1877, this system of selected areas was condemned as costing more than it was worth and it was decided to dispense with all special agencies and to collect vital statistics by the same machinery that was employed in the general circles.

Up to 1875, registration of births was undertaken in " selected circles" covering all but four districts. It was attempted for the first time in "general circles" in 1876 and proved a failure. The experiment was abandoned in 1878. Registration of births continued however in a few selected municipalities and in 1880 it was resumed in all first class municipalities and in certain towns. It was in this year that the Compulsory Vaccination Act was passed. By 1881, the Registration Act was in force in 101 towns. Both births and deaths statistics were quite unreliable, births statistics being more so than deaths. In many of these towns voluntary registration was almost unkno~m. while prosecutions were inadequate.

In 1886 registration of births was extended and a very important change of system was introduced by the Transf f . Government transferring the tratiott ~ ~~ ~~ duty of registering both births authorities lllllop and deaths in towns to munici-

pal authorities. In many of these to~ms Act IV of 1873 was actually in force but the local authority had been unwilling to undertake the burcien of registration which the police bad hitherto borne. In some towns even the registration of vaccination under the Compulsory Vaccination Act (Act V of 1880) was ~rfo~ed by Police. In rural areas the system of registration by the Police of deaths remained un­altered.

1 cnsus

53 The collection and recording of vital statistics, bow­

ever, continued to be unsatisfactory under municipal

Retransfer of regis­tration in munici­palities to the town police 1892

authorities. Records of deaths in municipalitites appeared in• deed to be in many cases less trustworthy than those of the rural circles. ·

The work of registration was, therefore, With effect from the 1st January, 1892, again transferred to the town police and it was directed that the municipal funds thus set free should be applied to the advancement of primary education. Birth registration through agenc)t of the police was at the same time introduced into rural as well as urban areas. This change-over from the local bodies to the Police seemed to effect an overall improve­ment in registration. In 1896 there were 527 prosecu­tions, 2,049 convictions, and Rs. 3,155 in fines were realised.

At this time births and deaths were thus registered through the town or village police all over Bengal except the South Lushai Hills, Chittagong Hill Tracts and. the district of AnguL The statistics thus collected were from time to time ehecked by Magistrates, Subdivisional Officers, Police Officers and the Sanitary Commissioner and his subordinates including the superior officers of the vaccination staff. In 1899, the Government of Bengal passed orders so that station masters of all rail­way stations within the province but outside the munici­pal towns should be registrars of births and deaths and be responsible for ascertaining and . reporting to . the Civil Surgeons of their respective districts ali births and deaths occurring on all railway lines and lands (including lands occupied by railway employees1 etc., whether within or without the jurisdiction of the railway police). Station masters were to register events and send the return to the Civil. Surgeon on the first day of every month. The Civil Surgeon was to show these figures. separately in the monthly return and submit it to the Sanitary Commissioner. No change of this system was made for several years .. During 1906-09 an experi­ment was made in the Galsi thana . (Burdwan) to test the accuracy of rural registration.

In 1909 the Eastern Bengal and Assam Goveriurients took up the question of improvement of registration in Registration retrans- compulsorl_ly . notifiable areas. ferred to 1\lnnieipal The vaccma~o~ staff ,was to Authorities 1913 check the statiStics and a reward

of four annas was paid for every conviction obtained. The results werf? unsatisfactory and the whole subject was reconsidered in 1912;

The work of registration lay outside the sphere of the ordinary duties of police, the public disliked going to the thana to report vital occurrences and the work of the police was not directly under the Sanitary Depart­ment. For these reasons, with the almost unanimous approval of district officers, registration WaS again trans­ferred to the municipal authorities on the 1st April, 1913.

ln 1916 the health officers of municipalities were made responsible for all round improvement of the registration of vital events and in the next year the Registration Act was extended to the· Asansol Mirung Settlement. In J 925 station masters of railway stations within a town were made reporters of births and deaths and required to submit their returns to the municipal registrar. In 1929 medical officers of hos­pitals situated in towns were asked to report births and deaths occurring within hospitals to municipal registrars. The above system of registration was followed in an municipalities and there has been no major change on this point in urban areas of the State.

8.

54

For the rural areas the work of registration in 1913 Wll transferred in two subdivisions (Kalna and Chana­pur) to the chaukidari paochayets to be assisted by munshl chaukidan and ln 1915 this system was extended to Bogra and to the Lalbagh Subdivision. There were thua in 1915 four agencies in Bengal for the registra­tion of vital occurrences, viz.-

(1) the Police and the village chaukidar (in most rural areas) :

(2) the panchayets with their munshi chaukidars (in certain selected rural areas) ;

(3) the municipal staff (in urban areas) and (4) the station master of the railway station outside

municipal towns.

The above system continued till 1926 when thana health circles were established. Health Officers were Rural Pablle Health apP?inted . for each district ~d Re-orpnisation of sarutary mspectors for public Bearal 1a 1926 health circles. This ~r~cedure

became necessary as C1vil Sur­geons could not cope with the work of public health as well as medical duties and, therefore, the public health portion was transferred from the Civil Surgeon to the District Health Officer. The Bengal Births and Deaths­Registration Act, 1873 was now extended to aU rural area• In Bengal. Every district was divided into a suit­able number of registration units, such as union boards, panchayetl unions, railway stations and thanas. The work of registration was gradually transferred from the police to the hands of local bodies. Presidents of union boards, panchayeti unions, station masters and thana officers were by the District Magistrate appointed local registrars of births and deaths for their respective areas. Every vlllage chaukidar was required to report at the local police station, chaukidari union or union board office, all births and deaths occurring within his beat. Vital statistics were compiled according to the date of occurrence and regionally by thanas and not by sub­divisions. The following sequence of dates was pre­arrlbed for the submission of vital statistics from one agency to the next :-

(A) District Board.t (1) Chaukidars to the local registrars-

7th day of the succeeding month. (U) Local registrars to Subdivisional Officer.-­

Not later than the 12th day of the succeed· lng month.

(ill) Subdlvislonal Officers to District Health Officer-

Not later than the 15th day of the succeed­Ing month.

(lv) District Health Officers to Director of Public Health-

Not later than the 20th day of the succeed· lng month. The submission of district returns through Civil Surgeons was dis­continued in 1928.

(B) lfunidpclitiel

Tbe Municipal Health Omcer, or the Municipal Chainrum as the case may be, should forward the returns direct to District Health Officers and not to Subdivisional Officers or Civil Surgeons.

Where the local registrars were thana ot'ficers, the d.afad&~ were requlnd to collect the chaukidars' hath­chlttu and band them in at the first week17 parade of

the month which the thana officer was required to attend. All registers of births and deaths "·ere preserved in the district room only for a period of thirty years.

Local authorities were entitled to charge for supply­ing copies of entries in the registers of births and deaths a fee of four annas for each extract in rural areas And eight annas in town. Registers and forms were supplied by Government free of cost. Thana and Circle Officers drew up estimates of annual requirements and sent them to their Subdivisional Officers for transmission to the District Health Officer who distributed the forms on indent from the Forms Department. A chaukidar used Form No. 2990 for births, No. 2998 for deaths and No. 3014 for Epidemic diseases. Bengal Form Nos. 2993 and 2999 were used by local registrars for birth and death registration respectively. Bengal Form No. 2996 was used by Local Registrars for supplying monthly returns and similarly Bengal Form No. 2997 was used by Subdivisional Officers and District Health Officer. For the prompt notification to the Ministry of Health in England of the prevalence of certain epidemic diseases every Tuesday, an innovation was introduced in 1920 requiring a telegraphic summary of the main features relating to the prevalence of plague, small-pox, cholera. influenza in Bengal during the week ending the previous Saturday. This information was supplied to the Gov· ernment of India by the Director of Public Health. The District Health Officer collected such reports both from urban and rural areas and sent them to the Director of Public Health for the purpose. Incidentally~ in 1894 Civil Surgeons used to notify any outbreak or existence of epidemic diseases in their district to their colleagues of neighbouring districts and the system of Inter­provincial exchange of epidemic information was intro­duced in 1922 but since 1926 these functions were assumed by the District Health Officer.

But the compilation of vital statistics caused delay under the system and the matter was discussed at the Divisional Commissioners' Conference in 1931. A new system was adopted in some districts for trial so that registrars were required to submit their monthly returns of births and deaths direct to Sanitary Inspec­tors who compiled statistics for the thana and forwarded it direct to the District Health Officer and not through the Subdivisional Officer. The dates of submission of vital statistics by one agency to the other were ns follows:-

(a) By chaukidar to local registrars.

(b) By registrars to the Subdivi­

sional Officer or Sanitary In-spectors as the case may be.

(c) By Subdivisional Officer or Sani· tary Inspector to District Health Officer.

(d) By District Health Officer to Direc­tor of Public Health.

7th day of the succeeding month.

Not later than 12th day of the succeeding month.

Not later than 17th day of the succeeding month.

Not later than 2Jrd day of the succeeding month.

In the case of municipalities, the monthly viW statistical returns were to be submitted to the District Health Officer not later than the 15th day of the succeed­ing month. This system continued up to 1!143.

After the appointment of Sanitary Inspectors to health circles, local registrars in 1939 were required

to supply every month to Sanitary Ins~tors info~­tion regarding all births and deaths. Th1s was conslder­ed nc~essary to enable Sanitary Inspectors_ properly to look after the Sanitary measures of theu area. To enable District Magistrates to exercise control «;~ver ~e working of the Bengal Births and Deaths Reg15trabon Act in municipal and rural areas, District Ma~strates were required to send quarterly reports _sh~wmg _the number of prosecutions. number of ~onv1ct10ns, DD:~ realised etc. under the Act to the D1rector of PubliC Health. ' As ~ consequence the supervision of the Regis­tration Act seemed to improve in this period.

Ever since the introduction of the system under which the responsibility of registering births and deaths was

Registration trans­ferred froDl UIUon president to thana Sanitary Inspector 1944

placed upon Presidents of Union Boards, there were repeated complaints that vital statistics were late in reaching the Direc­tor of Public Health leading to delay in submitting the

provincial report to the Public Health Commissioner with the Government of India. As Presidents held office in an honorary capacity and for one reason or another were often absent from their unions, the system was considered unsatisfactory. Under orders of the Gov­ernment, dated the 4th January, 1944, District Magis­trates were instructed to cancel the appointment of Presidents of Union Boards as registrars of births and deaths and to appoint the Thana Sanitary Inspectors in their place. The Sanitary Inspectors were asked to attend the fortnightly parades of chaukidars at the thana and take the figures of births and deaths direct from the hathchittas of chaukidars and at once compile the list and forward it to the District Health Officer. As both the Sanitary Inspector and District Health Officer were officers of the Public Health Organisation, they could see that vital statistics returns were compiled and forwarded regularly and punctually thus effecting a considerable saving of time. This change was intro­duced with immediate effect. Later in July 1945, an additional health assistant was sanctioned to 11 Sanitary Inspectors to help them in compiling vital statistics.

Famine and epidemic had prevailed all over Bengal in 1943. It was the delay in submitting figures to White Hall in 1943 from the former agencies that this change from Union Presidents to Thana Sanitary Inspectors was made. Though the returns were received earlier, they became less representative of the area, as the population of the new registration district increased ten times approximately. Some army Subdivisional Health Officers were appointed at subdivisional headquarters for the control of epidemics and later the Government decided to place each subdivision under a Health Officer as •• Subdivisional Health Officer". The Sub­divisional Health Officers in addition to their public health duties, supervised the work of registration of vital statistics and were responsible for the normal administration of vital statistics registration of the area. In 1945. detailed instruction in connection with the registration work were issued by the Government to the local registrars, i.e., Thana Sanitary Inspectors for their guidance.

After 1947, all subdivisions were provided with Sub­divisional Health Officers and a scheme for rural health centres was started. So far 103 union health centres have been created and it has been proposed that the Rural Medical Officer of Health will be the registrar of births and deaths for the union where the Union Health Centre is opened. In 1948 a pilot survey to determine the extent of incompleteness of registration of births and deaths was undertaken and its results "Vere published in a Vital Statistics Special Report. A

55

summary of the Report and its conciusions is prlnted as an Appendix in this volume.

The existing method of registration and compil~tion of births and deaths in the State of West Bengal 1S as follows:-

A-Registration

Throughout the State of West Bengal except the district of Cooch Behar the registration of births and

deaths within eight days of their Legislation date of occurrence is compulsorJ' and it is administered in different areas according to the Act as mentioned below :-In rural areas • Bengal Births and Deaths

Urban areas (except Calcutta & Howrab).

City of Calcutta and Howrah.

Registration Act of 1873. Bengal Births and Deaths

Registration Act and Bengal Municipal Act of 1932 and rules issued thereunder.

Calcutta Municipal Act of 1951.

Cantonment areas Cantonment Acts and Bye-laws issued thereunder.

(i) Urban areas-In the municipalities (including Calcutta) municipal authorities are responsible fo~ the

efficient management of registra­Agency tion of vital events. Registrars of Births and Deaths are appointed by the Municipal Commissioners in Municipalities and by the Health Officer in Calcutta for the purpose. The father or mother is primarily responsible for reporting births and other persons who are required to report are the occupiers of the building in which such child is bom, the medical practitioner or the midwife. In case of death it should be done by the nearest relatives present at the time of death or in attendance during the last illness of the deceased or in absence of such relation the medical practitioner if any, who attended during the last illness. In the municipalities which have no regis­trars of deaths at burning ghats or burial grounds, the fuel contractors, ghat priests and doms of the burning ghats and munshis of burial grounds are to report deaths to the registrars periodically. -Station Masters of railway areas within municipalities are responsible for reporting vital events occurring within their areas. The family is primarily responsible for reporting births and deaths in the municipal areas including Calcutta_

(ii) Rural areas-In rural areas village chaukidars are reporters of births and deaths occurring within their beats. They are provided with a double set of hath­chittas of births and deaths for collection of village statistics. If they are illiterate (as they generally are) they may have the entries made by any literate person of the locality. The dafadars of the union collect one set of hathchittas of births and deaths from all chauki­dars of the union and submit them at their weekly parades at Thana to the Sanitary Inspectors of Thanas. who are the Registrars of Births and Deaths for tbe Thana areas. The Sanitary Inspector with a health assistant attends parades of dafadars at the thana and collects one set of hathchittas from the dafadars and retains the same for the purpose of registration ; the other set of hathchittas is handed over to th~ dafadar for distribution amongst the chaukidars concerned for the purpose of collection of vital statistics, in the sub­sequent week.

The above procedure is not applicable in tbe Darjeeling district. In ~ district, the Thana Officers are Registrars ot Births and Deaths and village mandals

8A

Or b~men are responsible for reporting births an:! deatlu ()C'('Urrin~ 11.ithin their beats.

(iii) Other anu-~anagers of tea gardens. medical officers of bospi~. authonties of factories and nulls outside the jurisdiction of unions, municipalities and cantonments and officers in charge of forests are res­ponsible for reporting births and deaths occurring within their respective areas.

Railway Station Masters are responsible for collec­tion ancl registration of vital events ()C'('Urring within their areas. ·

In cantonments the Executive Officer is responsible for fe&istratioll.

B-Compilatloa

In urban areas, the municipal registrars of births and deaths compile the monthly vital statistical returns and submit the same to the District Health Officer by the 15th of the succeeding month for inclusion in the district return.

2. In rural areas the procedure for compilation and transmisllion of vital statistical returns is as follows :·-

(a) The local thana registrars of births and deaths collect reports of births and deaths from all reporting agenciH and from railway station masters within their ~pective jurisdictions and compile a return of the police station 41nd submit the same to the District Health Officer by the lOth of the succeeding month.

(b) Executive Officers of Cantonments compile month.l,y returns o~ their areas and submit them to J;>istrict Health Officers.

3. District Health Officers compile monthly vital statistical returos of their districts showing figures of municipalities and rural thanas separately therein, and submit them to the Director,te o~ Health Services where district aQd State figures are compiled in permanent records.

f. The final figures of the State and towns with populations of 30,000 and over are sent to the Director

General of Uealth Services witb the Government of India.

A permanent Census Act was passed in 1948 and the post of a Registrar General and Ex-Officio Census Com­missiOIM'r has been created to deal 11.·ith population censuses and vital statistics under a single organisation of the Central Government. Accordingly, the subject of vital statistics including registration of births and deaths bas been included in the concurrent legislative lisL A new era in vital statistics registration is thus expected to follow.

A table showing the nature of information collected since the beginning is annexed. This note may conclude with the recommendations made by W. Goode, Secretary in 1919 of the Local Self Government and Medical Public Health Department of the Government of Bengal, quoted helow :

" The committee has already decided to recommend that the central organisation for controlling registration and collating and utilization of the data it furnishes should be stren~ened. It suggests that a Deputy Sanitary Commissioner should be placed in charge of this work ; constituting with his office a separate branch of the Public Health Department. It is outside the province of the Committee to make proposals for the improvement of the local registering agency. The history of registration in Bengal indicates the difficulties with which the whole Question is beset. The Sanitary Commissioner has pointed out that the system under which local bodies are constituted by the registering authorities for their local areas is unsound in as much as vital statistics supply the facts by which these Sanitary Administrators must be judged. It will how­ever be for the new Central Branch which the com­mittee suggests should be created to examine the work· ing of the local agency on which it will depend for its material and to make proposals to Government for its improvement. It can hardly be doubted that the history of registration in Bengal justifies the committee's pro­posals to create a separate branch for vital statistics in the new Public Health Department."

APPENDIX B Estrada from pages 4'7-49 of the Report of a Pilot Survey held in the districts ol Burdwan, Bankura, Nadia,

U-hrraus, 1\lalda and Darjeeling in the year 1948 by Dr. P. G. Choudhury and published by the West ~~~&al Gonrnment ill 1953

Summary and eonclusions-The work of registration thou,h a statutory duty of the Government is admini­ster-N by local bodies and from tile results of the survey it has been found to be utterly defective, Inaccurate and unproductive. Omission in the registration of births and deaths i1 more than 50 per cent. and about 22 per cent. of the registered events cannot be traced or verified.

It bas further been observed that the data compiled In \be Central Office for the purpose of analysis and Ddtds publication, etc., do not tally even

with those in the original regis­ten. Discrepancies between the figures of the register and the return are about :t 5·06 per cent. Moreover the returns are neither representative of the area and mon~h iD question nor contain all the information available ln the original register. And whatever is available, ~che. thta omce three to four months after its due date ladeD with mistakes.

1ne reaistration of vital statistics was enforced by \be &ngal Births and Deaths Registration Act of 187'3, ~asou •by erron but the desired lm~roveme~t has are IIOl elimhu.tecl not yet been obtamed owmg to

inherent defects in the system. A PoliC"e Station 11.·ith an average population of 100.000 ancS an area of 100 sq. m1les is the present registration ~tnct in rural areas. This area is too big and un­mana,cabl-e even fur le\eral 'tl.'hole-Ume re~trars but

the work is entrusted to a part-time officer. The present registrar has to perform this work in addition to other more arduous official duties. The registration office is

· too far away for the majority of the people and as a result neitller the people can report personally nor can the chaukidars attend office regularly. In fact, the work of registration has deteriorated since 1944 when it was transferred from Union Boards to Police Stations.

Although the reporting of vital events is a primary duty of the people, yet they are quite ignorant of 'h1t fact. Nothing has been done so far to make the peo9lo alive to their responsibility. As a result people seldom report births and deaths for registration. Moreover there is very little utilisation of birth and death certi­ficates by the people, nor has the State yet enforced 11ny of these measures. People are not punished for non­registration even if their negligence is brought to the notice of the law. Not even Rs. 100 is realised either from certificate fee or from prosecution of delinquenll while the Government spends about Rs. 1·55 lac• every year which serves little useful purpose and is nearl,y all wasted.

In the rural areas. chaukidars are entrusted w1tb reporting vital statistics. But these chaultldars are ill1terate and ill pa1d and can hardly repc>rt cause CJt death and age at death correctly.

They have neither the training not the incentive to do lhtir work properly and consequently they do not pay any attention to its improvement.

In urban areas too, regi~tration does not receive proper attention. The municipal authorit~es have no reporting agency and have to depend entirely on the apathetic public for this purpose. Consequently, the vital statistics of towns have been found, in course of the survey, to be more defective than those of rural areas.

Vital statistics of this province are at present com­piled at three stages namely the thana, the district a!ld the capital and at every stage some errors creep m. As a result, the figures published from the provincial capital do not tally with those in the original registers.

Vital statistics wiU not improve so long as the above­mentioned defects in the present system of registration are not removed and the agencies for registratioll and reporting are changed or at least specially trained and paid for the work so that they may take more interest in its improvement. The following measures are there­fore recommended for immediate adoption :-

The present registration unit which is too big and unmanageable should be reduced in size and

the union may therefore be 1\Ieasures suggested restored as a registration unit. for their remedy The union clerk may be appointed as registrar of births and deaths and for this extra work paid an additional remunera­

Unions tion of Rs. 5 per month by the Government. The total cost will

be Rs. 1,24,000 per year for 2,070 unions instead of Rs. 1,13,000 spent by the Government over additional health assistants at Police Stations. This contribution to unions will be made on the specific condition that unions will try to effect all round improvements and chiefly punctual submission of accurate vital statistics. Registration work will be transferred from union clerks to Rural Medical Officers of Union Health Centres as the latter are started. The above expenditure of Rs. 1,24,000 will thus ultimately be saved.

The chairman of a municipality may appoint a registrar of births and deaths and the person concerned

may be paid a sum of Rs. 5 per Towns month and the total cost for the purpose will be Rs. 4,500 for 75 municipalities. The sum will be contributed to the municipal fund on the same condition as suggested in the case of unions.

It is true that vital statistics cannot improve and complete collection of statistics will not be possible unless people themselves take interest and report vital events to reporters or registrars of their own accord. Measures should, therefore, be adopted to punish people under the law for failing to report vital events and steps should be taken to utilise birth and death certi­ficates for proof of age, nationality, citizenship, succes­sion to property, insurance money, etc., etc. This will lend importance to registration of births and deaths in the eyes of the public and they will then be anxious to register births aad deaths. Accordingly, a proposal for introduction of birth certificates as evidence of age of all new entrants to school from January 1950 has been submitted to the Government. This will fetch an annual revenue of Rs. 2·91 lacs approximately and the estimated cost of the scheme will be Rs. 38,080 only.

Tax Collectors may be appointed as i"eporiers of births and deaths in municipalities. These tax collectors and chaukid.ars may be trained in vital statistics and the best workers may be rewarded. This will provide an incentive to them. A reward fund for the purpose may be opened in each district under the control of the district officers out of the prosecution fees realised. It is proposed that whoever (chaukidars or Tax Collector) will detect omission in registration of births and deaths will receive a reward of eight annas per successful case of prosecution. The reward may be increased to Rs. 4, when the fine imposed under sections 7 and 8 of the Bengal Births and Deaths Registration Acft wiU. be enhanced to Rs. 25. This enhancement is necessary to meet the cost of prosecution. This reward will be given to reporters provided that they collect records of more vital events than the average. U each and every delinquent is thus punished, a sum of Rs. 1·6 million approximately will be realised as fine every year and Rs. 400,000 may~go as reward to reporters whose total strength has been estimated to be 30,000 chaukidars and 352 Tax Collectors. Each reporter may thus get a sum of Rs. J3 per year.

The supervision of the work of registration at the periphery regarding verification, omission, issue of certificates and prosecutions, etc., will be entrusted to specially appointed Inspectors of Registration and six · such Inspectors are considered to be essential to start with.

Burial and burning without registration should be forbidden at least in all towns. In pursuance of sections 435-439 of the Bengal Municipal Act all burial grounds and burning ghats in towns should be registered and provided with keepers who will report particulars of death, in respect of the bodies disposed of, to the local registrars.

Only in Darjeeling district, the registration. unit may remain as it now exists ~nd the case may be taken up later.

To eradicate the defects in the present system of compilation, the Central Compilation Scheme may be

introduced. This will eliminate Procedure all intermediate compilation at thanas and districts. The scheme may work as under. The existing forms of birth and death registers should be revised. Local Registrars will register each and every· event either reported by official reporters or by parties and send counterfoils of each individual regis­tered event to the Central Office every month. These slips will be tabulated with the help of calculating machines and kept systematically for issue of certifi­cates to persons on demand. There will thus be no lo;,s of information and no error in compila,tion and more­over the preservation of records will be possible at the Central Office. The records also will thus be available at the Central Office for issue of certificate as proposed. The Central Office will be the Provincial Registration Office like that of Somerset House in England and Wales and will be located in some prominent bouse in the city.

It is further proposed that to assess improvement in registration, a sample survey J,ike that of the present one may be undertaken every year.

The present state of vital statistics is so defeetlve that neither any scientific research nor any effective health planning can be undertaken on their basis.

~

Table 1

Birtlu by unions, thanas and town.! : comparison between the 19-18 survey figures and those recorded in the original otficial registen

Total

Ptorwo' bi~he Ptorwnt

l>iNic& -s Police Birtha of oocu~ omieaioa l't-rwat or Uniou ~

Births nrified io 1948 OYer lkot«tK>o &auoa nriJied .. tok! 1948 0'1'~

O'l't'f

rt'gd. detected lkotec- l'l'gd. during tioo suney

nw.rid Bard•-P. 8. Ktllwe I Kuhigram 2.58 244 9-i·G 360 33·2 141-li % Khajunlihi 181 )59 87·8 229 30·6 1:!6·3 3 Srikhallda 210 179 8.5·3 274 34-7 130-5 4 Alampur 199 16-& 82·4 251 34·7 1:!6·1 6 Gidhgram 211 179 84·8 304 41-1 UH e Karui 191 174 91-1 2.>.5 31·8 133·5 7 Karajgram 214 179 83·6 289 38·1 13.i·O 8 Sribati 212 19.5 91·9 302 3.5·4 H:l-4 g 8ioghi 175 160 91-5 224 28·6 128·0

10 Agrad'lrip 162 143 88·3 28.5 49·8 176·9 II Jagadanaodapur 175 153 87·4 261 41-4 Hil-l

TOTAL 2,188 1,929 88·2 3,039 36·5 138·9

Diatrict Bank-- I Maoikbazar . 84 75 89·3 99 24·2 117·9 r.s. s-.. d.\t 2 Hamirbati 80 76 95·0 91 16·5 113·8 3 Pe&rbera 92 81 88-() 126 35·7 136·11 4 Dbulai In 135 91·8 184 26·6 1:.!5·~ :; Kocbdibi 121 108 89·3 184 41·3 l:i:?-1 e Nabason 128 128 100·0 164 22·0 128·1 7 Dibipara 138 131 94·9 168 22·0 121·7 8 Dhansimla 91 83 91·2 108 23·1 118·7 9 Pane hal 78 68 87·2 1:!0 43·3 1.33·8

10 Radbamobanpur 171 170 99·4 235 27·7 13H

TOTAL 1,130 . 1,055 93·1 1,479 28·3 130·9

24-P~P. B. &ArU. I Gborarasb 2-19 210 84·3 3·,., 34·8 1:.!9·3 *~

2 Dhanyakuria • 231 201 87·0 452 65·5 1116·7 3 Chaita 226 201 88·9 410 51·0 181-4 4 Champapukur 3.56 286 80·3 610 43·9 1-13·3 6 &ngrampur . 124 108 87-1 2tlQ 62·8 233·11 8 Sankcbura 203 137 67·5 384 64·3 189·2 7 Itinda 282 215 76·2 625 59·0 186·2 8 Pifa 271 253 93·4 523 61·6 193·0

TOTAL 1,942 1,611 83·0 3,416 62·8 175·9

I>idriot Nadia-P. 8. Naha- I Bablari • 136 67 49·3 166 69·6 1:!2·0 4wi1' 2 8•aru~nj . 208 63 25·5 301 82·4 144·7

a Maya pur 194 72 37-1 357 711·8 184·0

TOTAL 638 192 35·7 824 76-7 153·2

!Mtrict Maida- I Milk.i . 629 375 7()-9 700 46·4 132·3 P. B. 61tflWA s- 2 Kalligram 196 152 77·6 199 23·6 101·5

3 Jodupur 123 68 47·2 1-62 69·2 115·4 4 Amriti . 297 199 67-() 338 41·1 113·8 6 Narbata 178 126 7()-8 213 40·8 119·7

• ),lahadipur 143 78 M·5 183 67·4 128·9 7 K~'IFAli 148 69 46-8 151 M·3 10"l·O

TOTAL 1,614 1,057 65·5 1,926 45-1 JJ9·3

,._ a-riot Bard-. . Kat .. ':0 oa t!O-() 292 80-8 417-1

IM&rirt U.l"arpaM . . Jo,--gv.)la&il JMir r.o 246 91-1 «2 «·I 163-7

Hal;.h.u 180 N 60·6 6!!2 82·0 2&0··

59

Table 1-concld.

Births by unions, thanas and towns : comparison between the 1948 survey figures and those recorded in the original official registers

Total births Percent Percent

Births Percent ooclll'red of of

District and Police reg d. Births of in1948 omission detection Station

Unions verified verified as over 1948 detected total over over re6d· reg d. during detection

survey

TotDM-COntd.

District Darjeeling . Kureeong 237 94 39·7 542 82·7 228·7

Uas.ur TOTAL 763 490 64·2 1,798 72·7 235·6

RuaAL TOTAL 7,412 5,844 78·8 10,684 45·3 144-1

GRAND TOTAL 8,175 6,334 77·5 12,482 49·3 152·7

D~UOATB Suav:a:Y

Unian8 District Nadi-P. 8. Naba.- 1 Bablari 136 64 47-1 176 63·6 129·4

dwip 2 Swarupganj 206 57 27-7 319 82·1 154·9 3 Maya pur 194 66 34·0 308 78·6 158·8

TOTAL 536 187 34·9 803 76·7 149·8

Table 2

Deaths by unions, thanas and towns : comparison between the 1948 survey figures and those recorded in the original official registers

Total Percent Percent Deaths of Percent occurred

Di~trict and Police Deaths Deaths of inl948 OmlSSlOD of Station Unions regd. verified verified over detection

1948 as total over detected over regd. during detection reg d.

survey

Di.~trict Burdwan- 1 Kasigram 320 302 94·4 430 29·8 134·4 P. S. Kalwa 2 K.hajurdihi 183 161 98·0 211 23·7 115·3

3 Srikhanda 188 159 84·6 264 39·8 140·4 4 Alampur 184 151 82·1 227 33·5 123·4 5 Gidhgram . 275 253 92-6 404 37·4 146·9 6 Karui 141 132 93·6 210 37-1 148·9 7 Karajgram 190 161 84•7 245 34·3 128·9 8 Sribati 247 231 93·5 303 23·8 122·7 9 Sing hi 201 183 91·0 235 22-1 116·9

10 Agradwip • 181 155 85·6 211 26·5 116-6 11 Jagadanandapur 148 139 93·9 220 36·8 148·6

TOTAL 2,258 2,027 89·8 2,960 31·5 131-1

District. Bankura- 1 Manikbazar . 89 79 88•7 102 22·5 114·6 P. S. Sa.amlikAi 2 Hamirhati Ill 99 89·2 117 15 .. 105·4

3 Pearbera 86 84 97·7 147 42·9 170·9 4 Dhulai 157 154 98-1 200 2li·O. 127·4 6 Kochdihi U2 100 89·3 157 36·3 140·2

.6 Nabason 125 124 99·2 166 2li·3 132·8 7 Dihipara. 123 102 82·9 131 22-1 106·5 8 Dhausimla 81 72 88·9 ~ 19-1 101f-t 9 Panchal 82 73 89-6 Ill 34·2 135-4

10 Radhamohanpur 143 124 86·7 166 25·3 WH . T<rrAL • 1,1!)9 1,011 91·2 1.386 27-1 12H

60

Table z-coocld.

Deat.M btl unionl, tharuu and totem: comparison between the 1948 $Un;ey figuru and those ~corded in the original otfu:ia.l registers

I>iaric& aacl Poliae titatioa Ulliooa

Diatrio' 2'-P~ I Gborarash • P. ll. B..trltM 2 Dhan7akurie , 3 Chait& • 4 Champapukur 6 Saognunpur • t Sankehura . -7 ltinda a Pita

D~ Nadia-P. 111. Naba- I Bablari • ~ • 4~ 2 Swarnpganj •

3 ldayapur •

Di.wt.nc& Malda-P. 8. E"fflwA I Milld Baaor 2 Kazignwn

a Jodupur 4 Amriti . 6 Narhata 8 Mahadipur 7 Kotwali

T-

Diatric& Burdwall · Katwa

Diatrirl%4-Parpnaa Joynagar-Mazilpur Halisahar • •

Diatrlc& Darjeelint . Kuraeona

UBBA. TOTAL

RUB.ALTOTAL

r·

TCJT.U.

TOTAL

•

• •

ToTAL

•.

De.ths reg d. 19-18

181 239 207 249

80 168 203 205

1,532

76 183 160

419

202 122 112 140 86 68 74

804

243

94 102

256

694

6,1%2

GRAND TOTAL 8,816

Dun.Ic•·n l:!nnT u-

()i.tri<i Nad»-.r. B. 1.-.-. I Bablari • 76 ~wi, I Swarupga~~j 183

a Jiayapur 108

TOTAl. 367

Deaths verified

156 202 169 197 57

121 148 175

1,225

24 31 68

123

150 87 60 95 46 40 37

515

184

83 43

82

392

4,901

6,293

24 35 41

106

.

Percen' of

Terified over reg d.

86·j 8-4·5 81·6 79-1 71·3 72·0 7~·9 85·4

80·0

31·6 16·9 42·5

29·4

74·3 11·3 53·6 67·9 53·5 58·8 50·0

64-1

75·7

88·3 42·2

32·2

68·6

80·1

17-'1

31-ft 19·) 43·5

28·11

Total deaths

ocC\Irft'd in1948 ..

detected during aurvey

222 370 305 298 152 232 329 334

2,242

108 251 223

582

235 115 141 157 66

130 70

914

300

196 314

324

1,134

8,08-4

9,218

12-& 265 163

5.'>2

.

Pe~n' of

omi&tion over tote}

detection

29·7 45·4 44·6 33·9 62·5 47·8 55·0 47·6

45·4

77·8 87·6 69·5

78·9

36·2 24·3 57·4 39·5 30·3 69·2 47-1

43·7

38·7

61-7 86·3

74·7

65·4

39·4

42·6

80·6 86-8 71·2

80·8

Pe~n' of

dete<-tion over n-gd.

U:l-7 1M·8 147·3 120·0 100·0 138-1 162-1 162·9

146·3

142-1 137·2 139·4

139·0

116·3 94·3

125·9 112-1 76·7

191·2 94·6

113·7

123·6

208·6 307·8

127-1

16H

132·0

136·2

163·2 U-&·K !50-9

1:.0.4

Table 3

... Table showing the number of events as per the 1948 Survey, Registers and returns with their (') respective percentages over the total detection during 1948 "" :..: VI d l/l

BIRTHS DEATHS STILL BIRTHS

Original Percent District Percent Original Percent District Percent Original Percent 'District Percent Polioe Station or Town to total vital to total Survey to total vital to total Survey to total vibl to total Survey Register

detection return detection Register detection return detection Register detection return detection

1 Katwa P. S. 3,039 2,188 72·0 1,881 61·9 2,960 2,258 76·3 1,695 l57·3 83 44 53·0 47 56·6

2 Sonamukhi P. S. 1,(79 1,130 76·4 1,132 76·5 1,386 1,109 80·0 1,111 ~80·2 152 40 26·~ 21 13·8

3 Basirhat P. S. • 3,416 1,942 56·9 1,935 56·6 2,242 1,532 68·3 1,532 68·3 96 54 56·3 55 57-3

4 Nahadwip P. S. • 824 538 65·3 507 61·5 582 419 72·0 418 71-8 2 0) ..... a English Bazar P. S •• ~1,926 1,614 83·8 1,615 83·9 914 804 88·0 842 92-1 54 40 74-1. 45 83·3

6 KatwaTown . 292 70 24·0 66 22·6 300 243 81·0 245 ~1·7 !

'1 Joynagar-Mazilpur Town 442 270 61-1 249 . 56·3 196 94 48·0 93 47·4 13

8 Halisahar Town 522 186 35·6 171 32·8 . 314 102 32·5 96 30·6 13 ...

9 Kurseong Town 542 237 43•7 217 40·0 324 255 78·7 264 81·5 14 27 192·9 28 200·0

UB.I!IAN TOTAL 1,798 763 42-4 703 39-1 1,134 694 61-2 698 61·6 40 27 67·5 29 72·5

RtrRAL TOTAL 10,684 7,412 69-4 7,070 66·2 8,084 6,122 75·7 5,598 69·2 387 178 46·0 168 43-4

"' GRAND TOTAL • 12,482 8,175 65•5 7,773 62·3 9,218 6,816 73·9 6,296 68·3 427 205 48·0 197 46-1

62

Table f

EatiTT&4tU oJ total Births, Deaths, Infant mortality and Deaths Jrom Cholera and Malaria /or 1948

llirtha Deatha • lnfaD& mortality • DNth from Cholera Death from Malaria

.•

Figuree reoorded for Police titatioo, l:oiou aa per

7,773 6,2116 1,038

246 1,410

12,482 9,218 2,004

476 1,603

Me&D ratio of total number aa enumerated at Standard error the survey to of the me&D

the COrTl'Spond- ratio ing ligures under the existing system

1·6058 ~1196 l-4641 0·:!756 1·9306 0·:!:!!11 l-!.13.)0 G-lV45 Hi94 0·4~49

· Provincial fig~ for liltS

l:nder the Estimat~ in lul'a exil!ting system

in laca

4-{)3.)64 7-3±0·6-& 3·1\5:!70 5·6±1·06 0·6HI!l0 1·:!±0·14 0·137!)0: 0·3±G-01 0·7tiS76 0·9±0·37

APPENDIX C

BENGAL Acr IV OF 1873

(THE BENGAL BIRTHS AND DEATHS REGISTRATION ACT, 1873')

As modified up to the 1st March 1932 (2nd July, 1873.)

AN ACT FOR REGISTERING BIRTHS AND DEATHS

Whereas it is expedient to provide the means for a

Pr bl _ complete register of births and

eam e deaths.

'SHORT TITLE-This short title was given by· the Amending Act, 1903 (I of 1903), Sch. I, printed in the Bengal Code, Ed. 1913-1915, Vol. I. p. 738.

LocAL Exn:n-Since this Act contains no local extent clause, it must be taken to have been intended to extend to the whole of the former .?rovince of Bengal ; but it applies only to areas specially notified under s. 1.

The application of the Act is barred in the Chittagong Hill-tracts by the Chittagong Hill-tracts Regulation, 1900 (I of 1900), s. 4 (2), printed in the Bengal Code, Ed. 1913-1915, Vol. I, p. 790.

OTHER ENACTMENTS-As to the registration of births and deaths, under the present Act, in Provincial Munici­palities, see the Bengal Municipal Act, 1884 (Ben. Act III of 188-l), Pt. XI, printed in the Bengal Code, Ed. 1913-1915, Vol II, p. 8-15.

As to the re~ristration of births and deaths in the Calcutta Municipality, see the Calcutta Municipal Act. 1923 (Ben. Act III of 1923), Ch. XXXI, printed in the supplement to the fourth edition of the Bengal Code, p. 633.

As to the registration of births and deaths under the &ngal Local Self-Government Act of 1885 (Ben. Act III of 1885), su s. 114 of that Act, printed in the Bengal Code, Ed. 1913-1915, Vol. II, p. 953.

As to reports by village chaukidars of births and deaths, ~~~ the Village Chaukidari Act, 1870 (Ben. Act VI of 1870), s. 39, cl 7th, printed in the Bengal Code, Ed. 11l13-1915, Vol II, p. 183.

As to registration of births and deaths under the Bengal Village Self-Government Act, 1919 (Ben. Act V of 1919), 1t>e s. 26 (3) of that Act, printed in the supple­ment to the fourth edition of the Bengal Code, p. 135.

As to reports by chaukidars of births and deaths, see the Bencal Villaie ~lf~vernment Act, 1919 (Ben. Act V of 1919}, s. 23 (J) (t"ii), printed in the supplement to the fourth edition of the Ben~ral Code, p. 133.

For power to make rules &s to the re~stra tion of births and deaths in Cantonments, see the Cantonments Act, 1924 (II of 192-l), s. 282 (1).

As to the voluntary registration of births and deaths, see the Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act, 1886 (VI of 1886), in Vol. II of the General Acts, 1873-86, 5th edition, p. 483.

As to the transmission to the Registrar-General of Births and Deaths in England of registers of, or docu­ments showing, births and deaths of officers and soldiers and their families abroad, see the Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Army) Act, 1879 (42 and 43 Viet .• c. 8), in the Collection of Statutes relating to India, Vol. I, Ed. 1013, p. 530.

As to the duties of Registrars of Births in connection with the vaccination of children, see the Bengal Vaccina­tion Act, 1880 (Ben. Act V of 1880), ss. 18 to 24, printed in the Bengal Code, Ed. 1913-1915, Vol. II, pp. 475 and 476.

(Secti011s 1-4)

It is hereby enacted as follows :-

1. The. Lieutenant-Governor' may at any time, by a notification• published in Calcutta Gazette, direct

that all births and deaths, or all Power to direct re- births or all deaths, occurring gistration of births within the limits of any area and deaths and after a certain date to be named define area in such notification shall be registered, and for that purpose may define the limits of such area.

' Now the Governor in Council of Fort William in Bengal-see the Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and Assam Laws Act. 1912 (VII of 1912), s. 3, and Sch. D. items 1 and 2. printed in the Bengal Code, Ed. 1913-1915, Vol. I, p. 776.

• For such notifications. see the Bengal Local Statutory Rules and Orders, 192-1, Vol. I, part VI.

63

From and after such date this Act. shall apply to the whole of the area so defined. ·

2. The Magistrate of the district' mc:y, f~r the purpose of such registration, divide any such a:ea mto such and

so many distncts as be may Magistrate may think fit and may appoint one divide area into or more 'persons to he registrars districts and. may of births or of deaths, or of births appoint regiStrars and deaths, within such district, and may at any time for sufficient reason ?ismiss any such registrar and may fill up any vacancy m the office of registrar.

The Magistrate shall cause to he published ~ list containing the name and place of office of ever:y r~g1strar l\1 a i 8 t r a 1 e to in the area, and spec!-fymg ~he ubl~h list of regis- hours of the day durmg whic_h

frars such registrar shall attend at his office for the purpose of registration.

3. Every registrar shall have an office within the district of which he is appointed registrar, and shall

cause his name, with the addition Every registrar to of registrar of births (or of have an office with- deaths, or of births and deaths in his distrid according to his appointment) for the district for which he is so appointed, and notice of the hours during which he will attend for the purpose of registration, to he affixed in some conspicuous place on or near the outer door of his office.

4. The 1\lagistrate shall cause to be prepared a sufficient number of register-books for making entries

of all births or deaths or both, 1\lagistrate to have according to such forms as the register-books pre- Lieutenant-Governor• may from pared and number- time to time sanction ; and the ed pages of such books shall be numbered progressively from the beginning to the end; and every place of entry shall be also numbered pro­gressively from the beginning to the end of the bo_ok. and every entry shall be divided from the followmg entry by a line.

(Sections 5-7)

5. Every registrar shall inform himself carefully of every birth, or of t!very death, or of both, according to

his appointment, which shall R~gistrar to inform happen in his district, and shall ~lf ~f. and register as soon as conveniently register, births and • . deaths may he after the event, Without

fee or reward, the particulars required to he registered, according to the forms mentioned in the last preceding section, touching every such birth or every such death, as the case may be, which shall not have been already registered.

6. Every chaukidar or other village-watchman in any area t:> which this Act shall apply, or, where there is no

Cbaukidar to obtain particulars and to report to registrar

chaukidar or other village-watch­man, such person as the Magis­trate may appoint, shall be re­quired to report every birth or

death occurring within his heat to such registrar and at such periods as the Magistrate may direct.

'Now District 1\lagistra~see the Code of Criminal Procedure, 18!l8 (Act V of 1E9S), s. 3 (2).

•Now the Governor in Council of Fort William in Bengal-see the Bengal, B;har and Orissa and Assam Laws Act, 1912 (YII of 1912), s. 3, and Sch. D. items 1 and 2, printed in the Bengal Code, Ed. 1913-1915, Vol. I, p. 7i6.

He shall obtain in writing, if possible, and if it is impossible for him to obtain in wri~ he shall obtain verbally, from any person who is bound to give informa­tion of the birth or death all particulars which are required to be kn0\\..'11 and registered and he shall report such particulars to the registrar.

Any chaukidar or other village-watchman or other person so appointed who wilfully or negligently refuses

or omits to produce such writing, , Penalty for neglect if any, or to report such birth or death, shall be punishable at the discretion of the Magistrate with fine which may extend to two rupees.

7. The father or mother of every child born within such area, or in case of the death, illness, absence or

Persons bound to give uuormation of birth

inability of the father and mother, the midwife assisting at the birth of such · child, shall. within eight days next after the

day of every such birth, give information, either personally or in writing, to the registrar of the district, or by means of the chaukidaT or other village-watchman, or other person as provided in the last preceding section, according to the best of his or her knowledge and belief, of the several particulars hereby required to be known and registered touching the birth of such child.

Any person who refuses or neglects te ~ive any information, which it is his duty to give under thi.i

• section, shall be punishable at Penalty for neglect the discretion of the Magistrate with fine which may extend to five rupees:

Provided that not more- than one person shall be punishable at the discretion of the Ma~trate for such refusal or neglect to give information.

(Sections 8-10)

8. The nearest male relative of the deceased present at the death, or in attendance during the last illness

Persons bound to give uuormaUon of death

of any person dying, within such area, or in the absence of any such relative, the occupier of the house, or, if the occupier be the

person who shall have died, some male inmate of the house in which such death shall have happened, shall within eight days next after the day of such death, give information either personally or in writing to the registrar of the district', or by means of the chaukidaT or other village-watchman or other person as provided in section 6, according to the best of his knowledge and belief, of the several particulars hereby required to be known and registered touching the death of such person:

Provided that no person shall be bound to give the name of any female relative.

' Or any sub-registrar appointed for a burning-ghat or burial ground-see the Bengal Municipal Act, 1884 (Ben. Act III of 188-l), s. 348, printed in the Be~al Code, Ed. 1913-1915, Vol. II, p. 8!5.

As to duty of Medical Officer-in-Charge of Hospital to give notice of death, see ibid., s. 3t9, printed ibid., p. 8-15.

9&

Any person who refuses or ne$tlects to ,Ove any information ~A·hich it is his duty to give under .this

section. shall be punishable at the F~ulty for •~elect discretion of the .Magistrate with fine which may extend to five rupees;

Provided that not more than one person shall be punishable for such refusal or neglect to ~ve informa-

' Uo11.

9. Any registrar' who refuses or neglects to register any birth or death occurring within his district, which F~Dalty for registrar he is bound ~o register, within refwdnr &o ~r a reasonable trme after he shall

have been duly informed thereof, or demands or accepts any fee or reward or other gratification as a consideration for making such registry, shall be punishable at the discretion of the Magistrate with fine which may extend to fifty rupees for each such refusal or neglect.

10. Whoever wilfully makes or causes to be made, for the purpose of being inserted in any register of r~ulty for wlllully births or d~aths, any false stat~ &1v~ false lnfor- ment touching any of the parti­mation culars required to be known and

registered, shall be punishable at the discretion of the Magistrate with a fine not exceed­ing fifty rupees.

' Or any sub-registrar appointed for a burning ghat or a burial ground-see ibid., s. 348, printed ibid., p. 845.

(Section.s 11, 12)

11. In any place to which the District Municipal lmprovement Act' shall have been extended, the ~D. Act W of .Municipal Commissioners may, 186-1 if at a meeting specially con­l\lunicipality under vened for considering such ~n. Act W of l8U question they shall so determine, may arrange for arrange for keeping a register keeping register of of all births or of all deaths or births or deaths or of all births and deaths, occur-both ring within the municipality.

On and after a date to be fixed at such meeting, the Commissioners shall in such case be authorized to pro­vide out of the municipal fund for the employment of a sufficient number of registrars, and for the expenditure necessary for the maintenance of such registers, and shall exercise all the powers of a Magistrate under this Act ; and all the provisions of this Act shall be deemed to apply to such place.

12. The Magistrate of a district' may depute any subordinate Magistrate to exercise the powers and to

Magistrate may de­pute subordinate .1\lagistrate to dis­charge his functions

perform the duties vested in the Magistrate by this Act, within such district or any part thereof .

' Ben. Act III of 1864 was repealed by Ben. Act V of 1876, which again has been repealed and re-enacted by the Bengal Municipal Act, 1884 (Ben. Act III of 1884), and this reference should now be taken to be made to the latter Act-see s. 2 thereof, printed in the Bengal Code, Ed. 1913-1915, Vol. II, p. 710.

• Now District Magistrate-see the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898), s. 3 (2).

APPENDIX I

1S36

1S75 19:!7 1~

1816

1SS8

1S73 Hlt~j

l93:l 1113.\

18~1)

Mile~tones ln the development of vital statistics in India and outside

England

Enjtland • England • United States •

United States •

• India

, Bengal • Madras

Coorg • Aaeam

Promulgation of Births, Marriages and Death& Regiijtration Act.

Compulsory registration of live births, deatha and marriagee. Compulsory registration of still births. Compulsory registration of live births, still birth&, death• and

marriages. First year of separately published official birth statistics for

· Birth Registration area of United States. , Births, Deaths and :Marriage Rl'gistration Act: voluntary

and for marriages not in effect for Hindu or .Muslim communities.

Births and Deaths Registration Act. , Births and Deaths Registration Act,

Births and Deaths Rt>gbtration Act. , Births and Deaths Registration Act.

APPENDIX U

A ~&lender of registration of vital events from 1870 in Bengal

Dr-. the by 8l'X, by months, by causes, n&ml'ly cholera, small-pox, fever, bowel complain til, in_iunee, namely anicide, wounds and aoc.idl'nta, anake bites or killed by wild anima1J, aU other ca~. Total deatha irom all caUl!<•,

l>Ntha by a~. namely born dMd, not exceeding 1 year, 1 year to 8 years, 8 yE"ars to 12 years, 12 years to !!0 ~ 20 yean to 30 yean, 30 yean to .W years, .W yean to t;() yl'an, 60 years to 60 yean, and exceeding ooy .. n.

O.,atha by oommonitiNI, namely Hindu•, lluMlim.•, Christians and other ciaMee. llirtha by communities. naml'ly Hindu~. lJW<lims, Christia011, Bu<ldhiMt. and all other c'-. IIMtha by oommunitit-8 aa tha' of 1872, only Buddhi>tt. have OO..n inoerted.

, i{irtha hy en. DNI.ha b1 aae aorordinll to infante (children unable to walk), hoyt and girls, adultll, old people, tot&l.

1K75 1M76 1877 1S78 1879 lbSO 1881 1882

18s3 1ss4 1~:~ss 1sstl 1887 1sss 1889 1s!lo 18!!1 1892 1893 18!!4 1895 1S!J6 1897 1898 1899 1!!00 1901 1902 1903 1!!04 1905 19(16 1!)07 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1!!20 1921 1922

1923 1924 Hl25 19:!6 19:!7 1928 1929 1930

1931

11132 l\1:!3 1934 1\l:l.; 1936

1\137 1\13~ 19:\9 1940

65

APPENDIX ll-contd.

:}No change. . • Deaths from suicide a{!cording to sex.

~}No change.

• Deaths by age according to 0-1 year, 1-5 years, 5-l~ year!!, 10-15 years, 15-20 yeal'8, 20-30 years, 30-40 years, 40-50 years, 50-60 ~ears and exceeding ~0 years.

No change.

Deaths from dysentery and diarrhoea by months.

No change.

Deaths-Registration of attacks and deaths from plague during each month. Deaths-Registration of deaths from plague.

• Deaths-from respiratory diseases. ·

:}No change. • Deaths-respiratory diseases by months. • Deaths-from plague by months.

}·h~· . Deaths from rabies.

}odoogo. • Monthly malaria reports of Hospitals and Dispensaries. • Deaths under one year as under heading under 1 month, between 1-6 months, 6-12 months, total, and

1--5 years, 5-10 years, 10-15 years, 15-20 years~ 20-30 years, 30-40 years, 40-50 years, 50-60 years, 60 upwards

and

deaths from causes-malaria, enteric fever, measles, relapsing fever, kala-azar, other fevers, dysentery and diarrhoea (shown separately), inftuenza, pneumonia, phthisis, other respiratory diseases and death from child birth.

:}No change. • Monthly Kala-azar reports of Hospita.ls and Dispensaries.

}• oh.ogo.

• Quarterly statements showing the working of the Bengal Births and Deaths Registration Act, separately for the MunidpalititJS and the rural areas.

Deaths under one month as under heading male--under one week, over one week, total and female--under one week, over one week, total and total under one month.

Xo change. • Registration of births according to chief communities..

Deaths of infants under one year by communities. ::>till births registered according to communities and sex. Deaths from cerebrospinal fever, typhus fever, black water fever, whooping cough, beri beri, acute poliomye-

litis, diphtheria, chicken pox, mumps, T. B. of joints, other tubercular diseaaes, leprosy and cancer.

: 1xo change. •J • Deaths from snake bites and killed by wild animals (shown separately), anthrax, epidemic dropsy, T. B. of meninges

and homicide. -

1~1

·~2

·~ It«

·~ lWG

·~7 1~8

1~9

1950

1951

66

APPENDIX D~ncld.

So change.

·J • Ikatha under one month ae under heading mal&-within 24 hours. one day ~ one week, ooe week ~ ooe month

~tal. female-within 2-& hours, one day ~ one week, one week ~ one mont.h, ~&AI aud ~tal of under one' month, between 1 and 3 months, between 3 months to 6 months, between 6 montha ~ 1i mootha and under 1yeaz.

• So change.

APPENDIX m

List of Notifiable Diseases

1-J. C.Jctl#a Gnd Hoti1Nllt

1 Cholt.ra

ll-1• oiMr .Mvnicipaliliu

1 Anthru:

2 Small-poi

3 MeaeiM

4 Yellow fever

6 Whooping ooogh •

6 Jnfluenaa

7 Pneumonia

8 Enteric fever

9 Plague . 10 Cerebrospinal:rdeningitia

11 _Diphtheria

U Leproey

13 TubereulOiiia (all forma)

U Anthru

15 DyRntery (Amoebie and BaciUary)

16 Relap.ing fuver

17 Typhua fner

18 Epi<kmic Dropoy

19 Elephantiuilo

2 Chicken poi

3 Dysentery, both Bacillary and Amoebic

4 Measles

5 Relapsing fever

6 TuberculOIIis of all forma

7 Typhus fever

8 Whooping cough

9 Yellow fever

10 lnJiuenzal pneumonia

11 Leprosy

12 Epidemic dropsy

13 Diphtheria

IlL-I• Rural Arecu

1 Cholera

2 Small-poi

3 ID.IIuenaa

4 Typhoid fever

6 TyphU'I fever

6 Rela po;ing fever

'1 Cerebroepinal meninl(iU.

8 lleri Beri

9 Pla~rne

67

APPENDIX IV Births and Deaths since 1870 in Districts of West Bengal

Burdwan Blrbhum Bankura Mldnapur Hooghly Howrah 24-Parganaa Yeara ,--A---. .----"---.. .----"----.. .----"----.. .----"----.. ~ .---'---..

B D B D B D B D B D B .D b D

1870 9,726 2.032 2,298 3,174 :1,32!; 512 6,326 1M71 ..

29,864 14,94i 2,793 11,881 5,566 s,3i2 17,173 1872 1,642 1873 333 25,9&3 192 13,274 638 4,077 21,210 6,841

2,827 6,057 674 19,725

1874 7M6 1,923 209 3,361 583 1,168 5.531 6,294 2,341 2,984 4,934 1,407 1,016 1876 1,418 2,699 194 2,047 772 1,005 3,47R ~.3~2 2,629 3,171 2,606 6,652 1,288 1,724 1~76 1,729 3,033 203 5,320 914 1,255 4,226 £,707 4,042 6,390 2,018 3,781 979 1,697 1877 2,155 25,317 14,215 17,937 8,953 7,089 4,510 l4,1&3 6,112 8,272 11,148 13,853 37,732 37,412 1878 1,1:39 39,360 148 17,253 1,070 12,629 976 44,290 862 9,337 1,620 13,615 ' D,402 6!;,478 1Hi9 1,026 35,825 143 11,816 947 9,452 886 30,020 665 5,764 1,098 7,465 4,623 26,466 1880 632 29,327 17,971 1,242 14,694 715 39,511 756 11,874 1,079 10,285 4,406 41,413 1H~1 739 41,010 25,557 1,101 27,284 &25 56,871 858 15,686 2,079 11,652 6,102 38,667 1882 940 49,297 27,285 1,037 33,559 405 62,019 871 16,378 1,863 9,589 6,470 33,620

966 39,092 20,634 1,150 21,121 518 !;1,846 802 14,206 1,951 12,145 6,559 32,403 1H83 882 33,198 20,668 1,220 19,033 716 50,773 1,022 13,486 2,789 12,357 6,418 31,713 1884

18Ho 936 35,526 2,248 1,100 18,943 611 51,324 963 16,391 2,470 13,592 6,429 31,703 1886 763 27,126 16,256 894 17,615 517 53,114 1,679 13,994· 2,191 11,870 6,017 40,539 1~87 1,141 27,046 21,168 815 16,624' 1,452 55,424 1,925 13,384 2,022 12,682 8,338 46,634 1~M8 1,458 29,627 106 21,057 870 19,498 1,603 59,209 2,285 15,464 2,162 14,867 8,803 41:1,197 1~89 1,643 33,918 129 21,738 941 21,711 1,886 68,299 301 16,623 2,418 15,107 6,035 32,573 1~\lO 1,357 28,251 117 19,474 1,105 18,601 2.015 61,832 2,619 16,595 2,221 16,064 4,810 36,900 18!ll 1,391 86,825 122 24,512 1,263 20,678 2,138 7,458 1,272 19,693 2,351 18,500 6,170 ,46,785 1~92 84,977 46,443 22,204 26,297 25,882 23,727 66,814 81,207 23,014 35,565 20,250 3,307 39,242 19,185 1893 48,430 86,196 32,409 23.172 34,966 20,943 87,105 66,516 38,638 33,588 24,773 18,488 64,708 41,101 1894 40,980 48,119 25,925 28.6~6 34,869 33,067 77,487 73,066 29,008 86,728 24,146 20,991 48,908 45,050 1890 41,638 48,002 28,888 26,448, 84,837 30,771 93,694 73,677 28,183 40,oo:; 25,013 25,379 48,693 65,082 1896 43,313 47,952 29,o3o 26,120 41,698 32,657 88,773 80,637 27,794 40,159 24,973 25,081 48,863 65,882 1897 46,111 41,559 32,062 23,738 88,431 28,546 94,762 74,549 31,885 83,999 27,970 22,391 59,607 46,212 1898 45,822 29,866 81,983 17,157 38,101 20,104 91,108 6~,040 27,799 29,895 25,975 22,156 62,938 42,135 1899 02,454 36,168 85,054 20.526 44,063 22,480 105,235 66,188 81,214 31,006 27,720 25,386 60,533 61,730 1900 47,271 45,292 32,387 22,355 40,654 25,493 95,574 76,314 29,511 35,569 27,528 28,802 60,625 66,127

Census population 1901 1,528,290 906,891 , 1,116,411 2,789,114 1,049,041 850,514 2,165,981.

1901 48,461 45,310 34,401 23,089 40,299 30,203 89,620 92,728 29,736 87,287 26,287 26,942 67,676. 48,194 1902 51,123 52,553 34,367 24.117 87,222 37,061 86,033 115,106 81,559 42,668 26,882 29,996 66,14' 62,480 1903 48,401 50,185 83,722 24.882 37,169 35,687 9:3,543 86,759 80,311 39,465 25,970 28,942 66,901 64,799 1904 57,671 44,306 86,768 26,156 43,2&9 27,883 102,860 71,948 36,662 34,583 31,253 26,186 69,657 68,528 1~05 50,332 64,529 30,918 29,876 40,488 34,364 93,056 93,839 33,796 37,621 29,084 28,288 68,647 60,477 1~06 45,384 53,699 27,711 36,040 39,735 84,010 87,844 100,698 30,363 34,138 26,280 26,198 64,111 69,214 1!107 &0,958 64,901 50,953 64,901 41,&50 38,331 91,789 99,272 34,274 42,729 28,862 29,309 63,952 66,974 1908 40,326 68,392 25,956 44,117 33,872 42,576 91,204 85,911 31,787 37,579 28,216 24,932 71,580 69,94-l 1909 48,872 89,763 81,856 25.397 38,463 30,317 97,799 62,836 36,232 30,329 28,203 22,033 79,988 49,148 1010 52,894 40,951 36,052 24,879 48,529 31,987 97,522 67,211 35,986 29,765 28,890 20,153 74,489 61,&30

Crnsus population 1911 1,638,874 940,162 1,138,670 2,821,201 1,090,097 943,602 2,478,336

1911 49,484 41,890 84,687 27,499 43,607 32,122 95,202 72,109 36,818 33,561 30,320 22,488 80,616 60,424 1!112 46,572 48,894 82,109 32.288 40,734 33,801 89,815 94,875 34,446 38,333 31,189 26,598 76,645 72,857 1913 45,075 4,(1,781 83,419 30,819 40,064 40,389 81,877 88,531 29,930 37,824 28,318 28,368 67,677 64,385 1\l\4 46,796 59,907 32,379 43,702 38,681 4&,062 90,417 77,289 30,497 34,739 28,913 27,076 73,340 62,208 1!115 38,933 53,728 22,598 41.649 33.451 38,196 88,125 88,003 31,387 35,601 28,400 26,917 66,698 71,688 l\116 49,672 49,616 31,276 30,703 86,012 35,777 83,869 82,657 33,640 34,018 31,012 22,610 67,443 64,192 1!117 &3,386 45,935 35,405 24,568 84,617 31,144 85,662 78,969 35,945 33,704 29,846 24,344 75,129 61,18' 1~'18 44,586 79,689 32,338 46,418 87,219 56,981 78,206 107,385 • 27,995 51,459 27,242 30,369 69,509 73,219 1!>19 82,667 77,676 22,174 &8,252 28,482 41,588 68,410 113,260 23,454 89,361 25,432 33,086 117,667 85,436 1~20 39,675 56,642 25,836 40,876 34,386 38,428 75,531 97,895 29,955 38,759 28,055 34,011 69,718 85,147 Crnsus population 1921 1,484,771 851,725 1,019,941 2,666,660 1,060,142 997,403 2,636,710 11>~1 39,489 62,532 28,342 32,548 82,134 39,035 70,655 82,462 27,543 34,999 26,518 28,695 56,934 77,665 ~~~~~ 42,752 89.007 29,970 22,436 85,961 27,403 76,589 64,396 28,111 29,036 26,345 25,695 64,839 64,014 lU:!.:J 43,508 87,329 81,662 22.969 84,369 24,732 77,033 62,874 30,720 27,367 29,175 22,164 66,254 61,414 tn:!-t 89,503 86,352 81,371 24.221 34,188 28,387 72,568 65,889 27,396 27,658 27,217 24,246 58,452 63,2'12 ~~~!) 47,868 35,276 87,010 21,076 88,2&8 24,201 79,273 60,044 28,831 27,804 27,506 24,434 64,125 68,987 1~1:!6 45.038 36,880 35,427 24.778 40,070 25,640 82,205 67,235 26,958 26,504 28,207 30,728 64,441 65,819 1927 42,888 87,921 81,036 24,663 82,435 25.798 69,936 64,229 24,291 26,229 24,345 29,010 57,008 &3,225 IH:!S 41,636 37,576 31,762 25,059 35,214 23,986 79,848 63,838 27,510 27,922 27,754 26,062 68,067 59,597 1929 45,061 35,297 35,290 21,701 88,043 27,187 87,651 57,313 27,643 21,828 26,960 21,829 73,749 52,451 1930 36,810 33,817 34,901 24,338 31,086 25,936 74,225 55,730 25,8-!0 22,045 24,820 21,202 66,184 48,616 CeMllll population 1981 1,675,699 947,564 1,111,721 2,799,093 1,114,255 1,098,867 2,888,694 l\\!ll 42,599 35,253 85,699 27.827 31,468 25,434 78,016 62,958 27,835 22,804 28,208 20,325 73,761 48.682 1!1:12 39.310 84,611 81,482 27,145 28,182 21,406 72,045 58,73! 27,314 2:l,856 27,270 19,537 68,819 48,217 1!1:\3 46,649 89,103 88,1~1 29,752 84,102 27,440 81,727 61,497 31,721 26,000 29,420 21,2114 71,532 45,397 Htt4 40,187 89.216 80.670 31.496 34.433 30,005 78.173 62.202 30,169 25,345 29,680 21,777 77,640 52,522 1 ~t~5 48,928 31,522 85,536 24.549 35,708 26.449 91,998 62,167 38,030 24,506 32,821 22,515 87,320 56,880 1~:\6 46.838 27,210 87,519 23.113 42,295 23,715 87,844 63,331 37,841 26,562 33,155 25,356 79,719 &3,429 1~:17 44.411 29,260 25,621 24.713 41,019 27,210 84.813 61,274 38,550 25,458 32,831 21,124 79,621 68,H9 )\l:>8 46.847 43.688 84.091 28,623 39,7a 28,512 81,463 66,290 31,983 30,769 28,036 24,127 71,967 59,329 tu:~~ 45.773 45.059 30.894 29.217 88.593 2~.634 89,~85 61,052 30,221 24,319 81,343 21,097 86,314 47,1191 1~40 52,208 36,769 84,761 22.246 38,642 24,800 90,6o7 51,1158 87,436 20,680 31,159 18,196 90,785 48,933 C•·nroa population 1941 1,890,732 1,048,317 1,289,640 3,190,f>47 1,377,729 1,490,304 3,669,490 1941 50.502 36,518 311.014 28.173 36,930 27,042 82.120 54,342 36,450 22,216 29,404 20,6&11 88,790 57,903 H••2 52,845 84.301 87.0!l8 22.840 38.816 25.3~1 ';1,786 50,635 8~.324 21,159 23,528 17,027 80,868 49,170 1!14~ 42.~28 47,467 83.2~1 40.4~9 33,808 40,170 74.319 124,739 82,~40 27,495 25,590 34,67! 63,3a5 oo,sa1 l~H 85.3!i7 48.6!\1 21.691 41.200 • !!4,160 31.484 6a.792 79,124 2S,610 29.385 27,817 39,816 51,7~5 84,65(1 1~~~ 38.797 M,349 24.626 29.947 81,163 2".91~ ~5.249 57,561 2ii.~92 25,{171 26,580 28.813 &3,078 57,077 1~~6 #.~48 85.5111 30,:l05 31,761 3~.4~0 ~:i.'2:l4- ~{12f:\5 &3,2i9 35,0~6 22,199 26,775 24,509 74.574 48,340 l~-li 40,~16 85.614 22.2!17 26.903 29.471 ~•'.&4!! 71,924 1·7,6:34 80,039 2~,904 21.647 21.313 59,138 45,176 l~l.S 87.171 S4.H4 ~6.247 22.997 27.480 :!4.52~ 76.521 6~.273 26,564 22,2~4 20,572 24,4U7 fil,868 49,105 lq4\) 40,1\f; 82,5W 26.51'8 24.G80 29,945 23,156 78.366 59.949 27,8114 211,645 21,6li7 22,076 64,172 47,4i)3 l•:.o 85,548 80,413 20,431 23,410 25,421 21,484 74,404 53,427 26,254 19,237 21,337 20,&;9 60,684 42,172 C<'tl<UI popul&tiotl 11151 2,1111,667 1,066,889 1,819,2~9 3,359,02:! 1,554,320 1,611,373 4,609,80D

N.B.-Rirtb 11,..,.. from )(unldpality and to...., onlv for 1£.73 1874 1878-1S91 Db-irlrl birth flgur<'S are not romplere few the •·ear 1876 Flgureea,. aot available r~ tbe ,..,... 1&71 aa llkl report I& JlJ.iWn&. l!iith ogunj. ue OOt availabie for the year 1B<O and 1872 due to oon-~lon. •

68

APPD"l>lX IV--concld. Births and Deaths since 1871 ID Districts of W~t Bengal--concld.

Calnaua }(adla llllll8hldabad Wee,DiuJpar Jalpalgurl D~lq Maida ,_ ,.............. ,.............. ,.............. ,.._...___._ ~ ~ .----.. • D B D B D B D B D B D B D

l't7CI 1,4127 1,158 1,877 11241- 3:.6 lot71 1.0114

1~71 l,a&i

8,8.i 7,4~i n,o6i %,03i 7:>3 1•71 174 8414 8S

I,!Ml 1.;H 1.r.es 1.ooi fl.ld 283 ;o8 4133

7t17 lJ~ l,O~Q 618

1,7~ 1,1!41 1,0511 1114 ll:Od 1!08 114 231 .... u~i ll40 llll .... )5 l,o:.o

12.8414 1,34S 3,0oJS S,i&G 1,0411 847 1,1111) 1'"77 1,4~7 U,IIIO 30,2ii 81,o27

2.)t 1,2,;5 "'" t.:no l•a

13,704 47,4.•4 3»,000 40.~~ 2,343 s.;95 67:i 1,l.,.ll 1S,~S7 2J,4~8

l~il 41,409 1,4U 44,8,.1 1,103 3~,,;Yl! 56 lltl,at•tl "" !>,I~IQ 48 1,678 2Jtl IG,IU

13,044 1,1t!6 8f>,lt17 1,131 2:l,24tl 641 21!,8711 7tl r..a~ll 8~ 7011 1114 lo.~:ltl I~ 7,6~i 11,6t11 1,1111 611,4:.0 :~t,f>63 33,8~11 i,l'l;jl 1"'•1

61!1 1!211 11,1174 1,144 84,1!441 37,7t'7 211,481 11.266 u 1,0.'>11 16,0<16

18o<S 11,490 1,163 711.458 37,792 2d,U:!O tl.-~4 60 1,0~ 1.4~ll I~ 10,83!1 1,170 611,728 30,267 2~.800 1u,,;t~ 61 1,73S 12,,.41 1,.,.. 1,847 86,6<'0 33,100 26,6\17 11,3111 66 2.000 1..-.6 8114 67,646 211,6Q8 32,234 1:0.1111 72

u,ou

Mu 2,,;ijll 1• ... 11,447 1146 47,~7· 7,31'13 3Q,1~6 2.UU 114 4,047 li,U~1 1 ..... 7 7,1154 10,1178 1,106 44,691

1,5fis 34,172 411,04$ l,H57 73 4,430 120 ~U.776

1""" e.eu II,M5 l,1MI 81!1,3..0 30,321! 173 45,038 19,1411 2tlf> 6,6a7 !!tl:t 2~,6~4 l>'•t 8,7~2 ll,Mll 1,1147 86,12& 1.769 3~.1~3 2Q2 42,ollll 19,3:111 3U2 6,1134 621 1,. ,4J3 1•110 1,825 82,676 1,627 26,438 262 41.~02 168 1\1,,77 8~8 6,2~0 6~3 1ti,Ji7 )M\11

8,123 1,8~7 71,682 1,61111 40,51111 214 68,2~3 20tl 21!,1~8 876 7,0t!7 1>43 ll,UO

1~\lt 1!,674 M,730 68,6~6 4l,M8 40,678 2.0~ 62,2711 17,12Q 23,61-!5 2.1100 11,026 22,1177 llti,l!tl4 1·~· s.4~i 20,113 81,578 80,11U 68,1~2 48,527 67,756 $0,202 2.),09~ 20,630 3,l;l8 1!,11~6 3,,1•ll 32,\IH 1 .... 4 l1,4:ltl 22,441 62,154 65,062 43,9110 4a,l34 1>1,566 611.1163 21,626 2;),2ti3 8,3118 11,646 27,4~6 3~.0i•6 1><~>& 10,\>45 27,031 C.7,l!53 63,8tl3 411.3:J3 87,183 64,678 66,011 23,0!!1 24.611 7,lll\O 8,3115 211,700 2<1,llli> 1•116 U,808 !14,356 6$,022 611,458 54,~6 40,113~ 61,113 68,681 ll3,613 27,l[ll 7,125 11,4<17 84,604 25,7~ft 1•117 U,584 24,1\65 71,480 42,1118 65,847 35,606 62,6'0 61,6<11 24,!!54 23,161' 7,2117 11,416 38,62!1 27,4112 1•\IIJ 11,630 20,343 68,664 36,3114 64,531 30,824 82,562 62,405 24,388 22,743 7,450 8,!!73 33,1!74 li~,U27 1H\18 11,004 ll$,,;23 76,758 60.807 60,1140 63,603 66,ij17 61,533 24,2,;0 23,450 8,VH 11,000 3!1,846 41,368 111110 10,773 811,72!! 80,884 63,1134 61,6011 "'·"0 62,432 67,11!>6 23,734 80,772 8,628 ll,Uij3

~ popalaUoD 11101 820,833 773,!02 1,822,488 '56,601 644,1100 2~11.117 608,41411

' 1001 8,128 82,456 70,497 65,098 54,931 44,675 69,51111 69,841 26,895 26,027 11,021 11,764 llllll 1!1,122 a1,no 86,478 88,&40 67,2~11 60,632 77,s:.;; 65,o5r 29,0~11 26,f>H.I 8,5311 8,11114 11'U3 IS,1Sll 2\l,i65 &11,643 67,11!10 65,242 48,4711 63,358 63,351 U,ll53 26,103 1!,013 11,767 111114 U,2f>O 27,323 72,004 66.370 68,2:16 61,753 67,782 63,578 27,600 27,443 II,Of•d 11,8f>2

42,698 88,704 1111>) 16,1137 82,11!1 62,102 77,818 63,446 66,152 70,1711 62,3116 28,006 26,037 8,9:!1 11,1J8 11106 16.0~3 80,2118 r.:t,6110 65.178 60,21& 49,292 6,047 10,573 11107 1&.224 31,1142 114,055 76,637 52,323 67,684

2o,zi3 18,7o3 22,1168 23,768 7,457 8,11[,6

21,o68 1111111 17,048 27,6!!11 211,6118 29,756 61,017 46,086 8,610 8,950 18,7211 111119 111,423 21!,1148 86,446 21,877 60,938 35,922 22,242 11!,1!89 21,6!<2 23,0111 8,551 ll,aul! 32,11!7 11!,246 UIO 17,106 23,728 86,862 25,1166 63,155 44,074 21,010 11!,723 23,4H 22,7114 9,311 11,661! 80,V112 1w,r.os

c-.. popQ)aUoa 1811 898,012 776,986 1,845,073 6011,657 681,282 26S,660 6118,647

11111 111,616 24,896 82,1114 211,838 611,4n0 47,718 18,572 10,6311 23,464 24,814 0,151 11,831 29,064 26,721 IIIIi 111,426 25,209 81,513 80,065 611,411 60,702 20,042 18,6!!1 2~.388 2~,11U1 0,218 11,860 26,668 30,479 11111 18,3~6 26,188 30,64? 30,212 67,140 62,681 111,706 16,464 2~.117 21,3M II,Ui4 10,741 27,696 24,922 11114 17,3•6 2:.,431 29,563 40,4~2 66,3111 70,224 111,722 17,846 23,1211 21.~48 8,i:Jl 9,7911 27,714 211,764 111U 18,678 25,600 2~.1!16 81,697 44,714 62,0411 20,101 18,731 23,381 21,6110 g,on 11,621 23,721 2l!,u611 lllltl 18,737 22.0118 26,473 26,7\16 61,240 45,742 17,756 17,126 21,356 21,533 8,403 10,661 26,846 22,744

. 11117 18,(;07 21,360 31,162 26,362 511,619 47,373 20,25$ 11!,056 23,6U 21.~05 11,349 10,243 80,227 22,136 l\1111 18,1611 81,371 24,8411 43,149 60,240 711,1160 18,7114 20,1:!56 21,5~9 31,1148 8,~!!3 14.110 24,039 311,428 1"111

~ 18,f•t.l6 87,1'13t 20,718 84,7!<9 39,614 64,8118 16,016 22,129 20,450 26,881! 7,966 12,8i)6 21,418 27,aUII

lt"~O U,S71'> 85,276 28,658 81,623 ,7,868 o1,2l:io 18,200 111,1161 22,441 19,252 8,056 11,600 23,020 21,683

ee.- poJIIli&Uoa 11121 1,0Sl,GII7 711,7041 1,224,181 4110,484 604,056 282,746 6811,174

111~1 17,308 80,3115 23,266 81,055 49,647 40,378 19,236 18,3110 20,176 20,176 8,368 12,102 24,427 20,0611 l\1!:1 17,3411 26,381 25,271 22,150 48,445 36,976 16,318 15,182 111,016 17.044 8,610 10,6116 20,218 14,6114

111~· 18,2111 23.~34 28,226 21,6aO 62,9711 33,846 17,780 17,776 22,537 19,216 9,ol!6 11,426 24,686 17.~10

~~~· 1 ll,6t\6 81,881 2:0,042 21,6><8 62,31:!6 33,1105 17,1132 15,683 20,1106 20,458 0,4113 10,196 20,693 16,174 Ill~ 20,348 8.),193 29,1156 25,7011 69,812 311,076 111,6110 17,043 19,1114 17,751 11,6J9 11,1!!4 27,11411 20,002 111:8 lri,l\111 87,378 20,332 22,7\H 41!,61111 43,627 15,678 16,45$ 17,4~2 11!1,237 9,<&76 t1,4611 20,417 lll,,;o7

111~7 16,740 St\,820 23,046 20,\l:ll 60,6116 62,669 111,617 17,3116 22,~114 17,~117 11,152 7,1128 23,6118 26,044

Ill!" 1!2,001 84,1111 24,6\13 21,6110 63,237 37,041 18,326 17,11211 22,30!1 18,627 10,336 8,1!114 23,01(1 111,037

111~11 ~2.7~11 112,1181 24,857 24,>\0S 65,012 35,406 14,834 U,411tl 22,244 17,7311 10,044 8,765 22,601 Ht,772

IIIJO 2J,1U 81,18:> 2U,234 24,4011 48,1131! 40,481 13,648 14,2711 21,518 17,7411 11,11117 8,837 111,011 2ll,246

c- popa~au... teet l,U0,862 721,807 1,870,677 623,1177 7311,160 8111,1136 720,UO

11>,1 28.477 S0,662 25,608 28,1154 61,663 38,288 15,589 18,018 23,028 17,2118 11,764 8,086 !2,124 21,830

Ul1i U.lltS Sli,Oll 23.~1! 22,410 60,1178 33,121 111,517 14,133 2:1,047 17,M71 11,4tl2 9,728 21,6411 15,11a6

1u~s 26,U43 s:..l73 27,\HO ~4.027 58,0111 38,770 18,601'1 H.~52 24,128 111,tl00 12,4~3 11,47ll 24,7111! 1~,11~4

11>'4 !3.717 84,358 25,733 21,154 48,7113 41,837 1&,&1111 16,1141 24.~tll 21!,721 11,1145 10,2~ 11!,2111 ltl,l!l2

111"' !:S,33!l U,U\13 211,662 11!,11116 04,3112 80,204 16,421 14,120 24,Mflf .... ,1:)8 l2,t11\l 10,3117 24,567 J4,5M7

}1114 30,4~5 37,144 80,623 17,0~4 &1!,463 St1,361 u.~u~ 16,246 25,4t14 21,u:l:g 12,4112 10,378 26,212 16,20111

1<1'17 2tl,t\3ri lli,4UII at,m!& 21,Sl•fl 60,61fl s;.~,;o 15,11211 16,1!40 25,347 21,1164 12,121!1 111,776 211,7311 16,utS3

I''"' 2"'.::.e s:>,5ae 24,3~8 22,lH6 61,4112 87,1:.0 16,611 14,2~· 25,4114 20,0113 1ll,2:J3 10,441 l\1,1211 14,547

i"'' 2".2:.0 34,162 27,1113 17,"'62 411,1:•4 63,0~7 13,7111) 10,!lU~ 26,854 :.!I,. iS 1~.35. 11,152 20,4 ... la.;;e

11HG ~~.73U 11,624 81,1>112 111,436 67,48!1 30,6741 13,1116 11,&1111 24,846 111,11'10 11,4!!11 II,Wil6 U,620 1!<:,404

l-JIOIIOlla\loa I ell . 1,108,8111 840,303 ),1140,~30 r.ea.~4 845,702 Biii,8GII 844,316

1~1 U.290 lfi,17CJ !ft,R~~ 111.318 611,7118 31,431 14,978 10,782 .25,930 !0,4311 11,308 10,717 18,!11 11,221

U•t II>,M37 24,6~4 811.4~6 111,12~ 65,116 3:1,3:13 tt,4~Y 11,111<1 23,i3" U,lllli 10,~'" 10,2i3 Jll,I;IJ4 1,760

1 ... 1 111,,31! &:!,!!f\~ 2~,23>1 37,161 36,741 e.>,o;a 14,~17 12,165 llf,><H ~~ • ..04 9,6,8 ll,~M 1o,2:11 11,641 ..... 21,1'~1 6:!,1"43 17,1>46 2~.1•6 211,1~3 6ft, IIIII 14,11:!8 lY,!'ItifS 16,1111 2o,ala 7,t1U ll,f.28 16,i•:i8 f6,7\•l

•••1. :;,;~ •t.s;l! U,IU 23,1131 44,4~11 4tl,ll17 J;l,~\17 13,3:07 l~.r.;.; 2t,:.!H7 10,2~7 I0,\1:!8 ~~."1ft 2U,!'til

I••• ·~.•11 :\6,137 !6,•:1>1 26,t131 47,634 4tt,i~l 17,6\0~ I6,3oll 2iJ,tul 2J,4211 10,4..0 11,11:16 111,\1~4 lW.~MI

1••7 S.l,-.. ... 16 41.1~6 l!l,l\14 w.•H 34,11><0 93.~74 l3,MI6 14,71\ll 24,:1•1'> 1e,HU 11,4tll t1,5:JI l3,6:t>l 11,~03

l\t&4 •·•.141 ..... 1 ;" ~l.i\t$ 111,ll:li 4!.tl:.!d 2><,1>46 14,8•4 12.~ .. 3 2t'S,,..V7 }.;,1117 11,81>0 8,;1>4 :tu,liV ·~.1~1

1 ... ... ~ .. 41,1'<1! ~w.1~•o 1~,147 43,6"'1 2;,666 17,ilf"' 13,374 27,U\t3 1~.2Hl 11,5~3 11,21\41 21,1>117 U,t1114

1...:.0 ..... :tva U.lll6 17,6v6 16,1>61 ll7,!4:t 21>.~7 13,010 13,606 U,t'ooi le,3\*~ 11,.:.:~11 8,744 h,O:.:II 1!<:,466

c-- ,.,..Uoe 11161 t.648,t71 1,144,11:£4 1,711'>,7611 720,671 1114,638 446,liGO 837,1'»10

11.11.-tll.tll lftfW ,.,_ 'Maalrlp.llh &n•l "'""• oniJ for I,..S, 1~4. 1~7"-1~111. Dl•trl<-t blrlll ~'"'"'" aro n•>t '""'''H"' f.,r tbe T"ar 14711. Fljrur .. .... •• a-a..Ne r.-. \l,. ,.., leil .. .._ ropo01., .,.,.1... lllrllil r 111,...,. ""' &Yaltable f•• U.. ,.- 1<1711 - lsi~ dao"' ...... reo,~..&t&UVIJ.

69

APPENDIX V

Good and bad registratioa areas by districts of West Bengal : Birth rate-Municipalities-1949

(Per mille of population)

District

Burdwan

Birbhum

Bank ora

Midnapur

Hooghly

Holli'T&h

24-Pargana.s ,

Calcutta

Nadia

llurshidabad.

Jalpaiguri

Darjeeling

~da. •

1 CENStil

•

•

•

Below 10 p.m.

• Asa.nsol

Suri

Bankura Biahnupur

, Kharar.

• Rishra • Bansberia

• Howrah Bally

• Tollyganj Kh&rdah Panihati Barrackpur Naihati Haliaahar Kanohra para Barasat • Gobardanga •

• Ra.naghat

• Jiaganj-A.&imganj • K.andi •

Between 10 and 20 p.m.

Burdwan Katwa • Raniganj

• Sonamukhi

• Midnapur Ghatal • Tamluk

Konnagar Baidyabati Uttarpara Kotrung Bh&dreshwar Champdani

, · Garden Reach , Baruipur

Budge Budge Raj pur North Dum Dum

• South Dum Dum , Garul.ia • North Barrackpur

Taki South Suburbs Ill

Jaynagar-Majilpur Bhatpara) Kamarhati Basirhat Titagarh Bad uri&

• Birnagar Chakdah·

• llurshidabad •

.· Above 20 p.m.

, Kalna D&inhat

, Chandrakona Ramjibanpur Khirpai

Hooghly-Chinsurah Arambag Serampur

• DumDum • Baranagar

Calontta

Krishna gar • Nabadwip

Santi pur

Berhampur Jangipur Dhulian

Jalp&iguri

Darjoeling Klllll80ng Kalimpong

Englishbu&r Old MaYa

10

70

APPDDIX V-contd.

Good u4 bad re~~stratloa areas b7 districts of West Beapl: Birtb rale-PoUee S&atlou-1949

. . .

Blrbham

Bankara •

KJdoa~ •

Below 10 p.m.

Kald • SalanplU' • K..hADdaghoeJa llanteswar .Jamuria

• Indal • Barjora

• l>uplll' •. Panakura Egra • Bankrt.il

Beb·een 10 ADd 20 p.m.

Bard wan llemari

• Galsi • Ausgram 0 Kalna

Katwa Ketogram Faridplll' Kanba Aaanaol Raniganj Ondal Raina Jamal pur Bhatar PurbasthaU llangalkot Barabani

Sainthia Dobrajplll' lllambazar Bolplll' Nanoor Ramporhat Mayureswar Burl Rajnagar Khayraaol Lab pur Morarai ·

• Bankora • Saltora o

Mejhia Onda Jaypor Patrasair Gangajalghati lndpor Khatra Chhatna Simla pal Vishnupor Sonamukhi Kotulpur ~ipor

o Khargpur o Dantan o Moh&Dpur

Debra o

Keahpor Pingla 0

Ghatal Tamluk Butahata Pataaplll' Ramnagar Midnapur Sal bani Jhargram &bang GopiballaYpnr Nayagram Ch&Ddrakona ll•hieadal NADdigram Contai Bbagwanplll' Jthedgrae

Abon20p.m.

• Moham.madbaaar o Nalhati

• Taldangra , Ranibandh

Jam bani o Binpur • Garhbeta

Moyna Keehiari

• Narayangarh

'11

APPENDIX V-contd.

Good and bad registration areas by districts of West Bengal: Birth rate-Police Statio.u-1949-contd.

District

Hooghly

Ilowrah

24-Pargana.s ,

Nadia •

Murshidabad • • •

Below 10 p.m.

• Magra • Polba • Haripal Khanakul Jangipara •. Uttarpara. Bhadreswa.r • Chinsurah

, Bally Domjur Sa.nkrail Jaga.cha J agatballavpur Panchla Uluberia Amta Bauria.

, Tollyganj Metiabruz Budge Budge Baruipur Sonarpur Bhangar Jaynagar Noapara Titagarh Naihati Bijpur • Habra • Behala • Mahesh tala Bishnupur Canning Khardah • Jagaddal Barasat Gaighata Bangaon Swarupnagar Kakdwip Magrahat Mathurapur

• Chakdah

o Berhampur Town •

Between 10 and 20 p.m.

• Pandua , Dhania.khali

Balagarh Tarakeswar

, Arambag , Goghat • Pursura • Serampur

Singur

, Bagnan • Shyampur

• DumDum Amdanga Raja.rha.t

• Basirhat Ha.snabad

, Sandeshkhali Baduria Ha.roa Diamond Harbour

• Kulpi • Falta , Sagar • Deganga

Krishnagar Nabadwip Naka.sipara Tehatta Ranaghat Santipm Kaliganj Karim pur Krishnaganj Haringhata Hanskhali

o Nawada Raninagar , Murshidabad • Bharatpur Kandi • Khargram Hariharpara Nabagram Jiaganj Bhagwangula L&lgola Bunr1.11 Sat;i :Beldanga

Above ~0 p.m.

• Chandita1a

• Chapra ·

Domkal • Sagardighi • Raghunathganj

Jalangi • Samaerganj

lOA

'12

API"I:NDIX V --c:ontd.

Good ud bacl recbtraUoa areaa by districts of West Beapl: Birth nte-PoUce SI&Uou-1949-c:oncld.

llalda •

w.-Dinaipar

.Jalpaiguri • •

Dvjeeling • • •

Below 10 p.m.

• Kharba Kaliacbak

• llainaguri

•

•

Be$,_ 10 and 20 p.m.

• Hari.ihchandrapur • Rataa • • • Gajol •

Kushmandi • Tapan • Gangarampur Balurgha' • ltahar • Banahihari

• Jalpaiguri • Alipur DuB.ra •

Siliguri • Pulbazar Jore-Bunglow Kalimpong •

AboYe 2Q p.m •

• Englishba~a~ • Mani.kcbak • Bamangola

Maida Babibpur

• Kumarganj Raiganj

• Hili • Kaliagaoj • Hemtabad

• Rajgaoj Mal Falakata Kalchini Nagrakata Madarihat Matiali Kumarganj Dhupguri

• Klll'IIOOng • Phansidewa • Sukhiapokri • Rangli Rangliot

Mirik Darjeeling Kharibari Garubathan

Goocl and bad registration areas by districts of West Bengal : J)eatb rate-MunicipaUties-19C9

Bard wan

BirbhllDl Bankura

Kidnapur

• Burdwan Dainhat Ranigaoj Aaanaol

• Suri • Bankura

Vishnu pur • Kharar

• Rishra : Kotrung Champdani • Konnagar

• Bally • • Tollyganj •

Garden Reach Baruipur • • Jaynagar M.ajilpur • DumDum • North Dum Dum South Dum Dum Garulia North Barrackpur Barrackpur Baliaahar Kanohrapara Kamarhati Barua' Khardah Paoiha&i Buirba' Gollardanp Taki :&dllria

• Sonamukhi

• Ghatal Tamluk Ramjibanpur Chaodrakona

• Banaberia • Arambag • Baidyabati • Bhadreewar

Uttarpara

• Budge Budge • Rajpur. • Naihati • South Suburb1 • Titagarh

, Kalna Katwa

• Midnapur • Khirpai

• Hooghly Serampur

Howrah • Bhatpara • Baranagar

73

APPENDIX V---contd.

Good and bad registration areas by districts of West Bengal : Death rate-MUDicipalities-1949-Concld.

District

Calcutta Nadia •

Murshidabad.

Jalpaiguri Darjeeling

Below 10 p.m.

Ranaghat

• Kandi Jiaganj Jangipur Dhulian

• EngliBhbazar

Between 10 and 20 p.m.

• ~bnagar • Bimagar Santi pur Chakdah :

• Murshidabad •

Jalpaiguri Darjeeling Kurseong Kalimpong

• Old:Malda

Above 20 p.m.

• Calcutta • Nabadwip

• Berhampur

Good and bad registration areas by districts of West Bengal : Death rate-Police Stations-1949

District

Burdwan

Birbhum

Bank ora

Midnapur • •

Below 15 p.m.

• .Asansol Raniganj Ondal • Jamuria Barabani Salanpur Kulti • • Khandaghosh

• Saltora • Simla pal lndas •

Tamlukt Nandigram • Sutabata Contai ~ Ramnagar· Khedgree

·.

Between 15 and 25 p.m.

Burdwan Jamalpur

• ... Raina Memari

• Galsi • Kalna • :Manteswar

Bhatar Ausgram Purbasthali Katwa · Mangalkot Faridpur Murarai. Sainthia Bolpur • Nalhati Rampurhat • Muhammadbazar • Khayra.sol Mayureswar

• Chhatna • Mejhia • • Onda •

Taldangra lndpur Khatra Raipur Ranibandh. Jaypur Patrasair Kotulpur Ban.kura ViBbnupur Khargpur

• Garhbeta Salbani.

• Jbargram • Binpur • • • Gopiballavpur

Nayagram Daspur Mabisadal Panskura Bhagwanpur Midnapur Dan tan Mohan pur Debra Keshput Jam.b&m

•

• •

Above 25 p.m.

• Ketugram • Kanksa

• Suri • Rajnagar • Dubrajpur • Dlambazar • Labpur • Nanoor

• GangajalghaU • Barjora • Sonamukhl

Narayangarh Keshiari Pingla

• Pataspur • Sabang

74

APPENDIX V-contd.

DWriat :Below15p.m. Between 15 &o 25 p.m. Abo.e25p.m.

lDdoapar--eoa&d. • Ghatal Chandrakona Moyna Egra

Hoogh!J • . ChiDnrah . Serampur • • . Chanditala Magra • . Tarakeewar Balagarh . Jangipara Uttarpara . Arambag :Bhadrenrar . . Punmra Singur . Khanakul Haripal . Polba Goghat. Pan dna

Dhaniakhali

Bowrab . Bally . Amta Domjur . :Bagnan Sankrail . Shyampur Jagacha Jagatballavpur Panchla Uluberia :Bauria

2'-Parganal • • Tollyganj . Amdanga :Behala. • . Deganga Mahesh tala . .. Habra . Baruipur . Gaighata :Bhangar . Bangaon Jaynagar . Nul pi Noa.para • Magrahat DumDum . Mathurapur Titagarh Metiabrua Budge Budge Sonarpur Biahnupur Canning Khardah Naihati Jagaddal Bijpur Barasa~ Raj arhat Baairha& Haanabad Sandeehkhali Swarupnagar Baduria Haroa Diamond Harbour Kaltdwip &J:r F ta

Nadia • ...~ Chapra. • . Ranagbat Nakaaipara • • Haringh"ata Kaliganj • .. • • Hanskhali Tehatta ~ ~ • • Kriahna"&DJ Karim pur Santi pur Chakdah Kotwali Nabadwip

Manlaidabacl. • Berhampur . • • • Domkal • • • • Banran Raninagar • • . Jalangi J\hagwangola • . Beldanga ~Ia. • . Hariharpara I' uti . . • • • Nawda Bashunal.hganJ • • NabacraJD

Kunlaidabad

15

APPENDIX V-concld.

Good and bad registration areas by districts of West Bengal : Death rate-Police Stations-1949-eoncld.

District

Murshidabad--contd,

West 'Pinajpur

Ja.lpaiguri

Darjeeling

Maida •

Below 15 p.m.

, Gangarampur

• Mada.riha.t

• Kalimpong

• Kharba • Harishcha.ndrapur Kalia.cha.k Ratua. Gajol

Between 15 to 25 p.m.

Jiaganj Sagardighi Samserganj Bha.ratpur Kandi Khargram

• Hili Tapan • Kushmandi Balurghat ltahar ,

• Kotwali Mainaguri Alipur Duars Nagrakata Dhupguri Ma.tiali Ktalchini Fala.kata. Kuma.rgra.Di

Jore Bunga.low Pulba.za.r Mirik • Sukhiapokri Ra.ngli Ra.ngliot Ga.ruba.tha.n Kurseong Siliguri

• Englishba.za.r • Ma.nikcha.k

Above 25 p.m.

• Kuma.rga.nj • Ra.iga.nj

Ka.lia.ga.nj • Hemta.ba.d

Ba.nsiha.ri

• Ra.jga.nj Ma.l

Sa.da.r • Pha.nsidewa • Khariba.ri

• Ba.ma.ngola. Ha.bibpur Maida

N.B.-Municipalities having less than 10 p.m. birth rate and 15 p.m. death rate are bad registration a.reas, Police Stations ha.ving less than 20 p.m. birth rate a.nd 15 p.m. death rate are bad registration areas. Pla.ces with more than 20 a.nd 30 p.m. birth rate for Municipalities and Police Stations and more than 20 and 25 p.m. tleath ll&te for Municipalities and Police Sta.tiona respectively are good registration areas.

List of Agents-contd. [Continued from inner side of the front cove,.,]

Jl:LLUNDUR CITY-Excelsior Book Depot, Baz Baharv~·ala.

KANPUR-Advani & Co., The Ivtall. Sahitya Niketan. Universal Book Stall, The Mall.

KOLHAPUR-Maharashtra Grantha Bhandar.

LUCKNOW-J. Ray & Sons (India), Ltd., Haza~at Ganj. Law Book Agency, 29-A, Kachery Road. New Oxford Book Co., Jehangirabad Palace. Universal Publisher Ltd., Plaza Building, Hazarat Ganj. Upper India Publishing House, Ltd., Literature Place,

Aminuddaula Park.

LUDHIANA-Lyall Book Dep6t. !vir. Dharam Prakash, B.Sc., Banjiman Road.

MADRAs-Divine Trading Co., 22, Namashivaya Mudali Street,

Triplicane. Higginbothams. K. Krishnamurthi, Mount Road. Presidency Book Supplies, 8-C, Pycrofts Road, Oppo~ite

Victoria Hostel, Triplicane. · Supdt., Government Press, Mount Road. Varadachary & Co., Messrs. P.

MANGALORE-U. R .. Shenoy & Sons, Car Street.

MEERUT CANTT.-Mr. Dharam Prakash, B.Sc.

MEERUT CITY-Prakash Educations Stores, Near Tehsil. University Book Dep6t, Near Tehsil.

MYSORE-J. Nanumal & Sons, Lansdowne Building.

NAGPUR-Supdt., Government Printing, Central Provinces.

NEW DELHI-Amrit Book Co., Connaught Circus. Bhavnani & Sons, Connaught Place. Bodh Raj 1\Iarv~•ah, Shop No. 65, Pussa Road Market,

Karol Bagh. C_hift~:m & Co., Original Road, Karol Bagh. I:m~~re Book Depot, 278, Aliganj, Lodi Road. l·:ng_nsh Book Store, G-Block, Connaught Circus. l·aqtr Chand 1\~arwah & Sons, No. 1-A, Regal Building,

Connaught C1rcus. Ilarikishan Das Bedi~ R.S. 22, Annexe Feroze Shah Road. J .. Ray & Sons (Indta), Ltd., 2, Regal Building. Jam Book Agency, Connaught Place. Jayna Book Dep6t, Chapparwala Kuan, Karol Bagh.

NEW DELHI-contd. Oxford Book & Stationery Coy., Scindia House: Ram Krishna & Sons (of Lahore), 13{13, Connaught Place, Saraswati Book Dep6t, 15, Lady Hardinge Road. Sikh Publishing House, Ltd., 7-C, Connaught Place.

PATIALA-Jainco, Booksellers, etc., Bazar Shaha Nashin.

PATNA-Sohan Singh & Sons, Pirmohani, P. 0. Kadam Kuan. Supdt., Government Printing, Bihar, P. 0. Guizar Bagh.

PATNA CITY-*Hindi Pustak Agency. Lakshmi Trading Co., Padri-ki-Haveli. Raghunath Parshad & Sons.

POONA- . c Deccan Book Stall, Fergusson College Road. Express Book Service, East Street. International Book Service, Deccan Gymkhana.

PUDUKKOTTAI-P. N. Swaminathan Sivam & Co., Perumal Vilas, .Bazar

Street. 1

RAJKOT-Mohan Lal Dosabhai Shah.

RAN CHI-Ideal Book Store, Near Paristhan Theatre, Main Road.

ROORKEE-Camblidge Book DepOt.

SHILLONG-Supdt., Assam Secretariat Press.

SIMLA-J. Ray & Sons {India), Ltd. Azad Kitab Mahal, Stall No. 13. Minerva Book Shop, Regal Cinema Building. Sunder Das & Sons, 14_1, Lower Bazar.

SlROHI-National Trading Co.

SURAT-. Sree Gajan Pustakalaya, Tower Road.

TRICHINOPOLY FORT-· Krishna Swami & Co., Messrs. S., Teppakulam.

TRIV ANDRUM-International Book House, 33, Valia Chalai.

UDAIPUR-Mewar Book Dep6t.

UJJAIN-*l\Ianakchand Book DepOt, Patni Bazar.

\"ELLORE-Venkatasubban, Mr. S., Law Bookseller.

*For ~ndi ~blications only.