The Centenary of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1914-2014

Alistair G McKenzie

Consultant Anaesthetist, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, UK

CONTENTS

Foreword 3

Acknowledgements 5

The Beginning 6

The Second Phase 1919-1949 9

The Third Phase 1950-2014 14

Conclusion 43

References 44

Appendices

1. SSA Presidents & Presidential Addresses 1914-2014 57 2. SSA Hon Secretary-Treasurers 1914-1963 60 3. SSA Hon Secretaries 1963-2014 61 4. SSA Hon Treasurers 1963-2014 62 5. SSA Editors of News Letters and Annals 1960-2014 63 6. Guest Speakers at AGM 1951-2014 64 7. Winners of Registrar’s Prize 1951-2014 (from 2006 Donald Campbell Prize) 67 8. ‘Gillies Lectures’ 1978-2014 71 9. Centenary Programme 2014 73

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FOREWORD

100 years ago a small select group of 11 far-sighted anaesthetists from across Scotland met in Edinburgh to form the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists. They had realised the crucial importance of sharing experience, promoting best practice and establishing Anaesthesia as a distinct medical specialty in its own right. Their early hopes and aspirations have been entirely vindicated over the intervening 100 years as eloquently described in Alistair McKenzie's comprehensive history of the Society.

Anaesthesia has grown and flourished, incorporating countless new advances, rising to the challenges of two World Wars and embracing enthusiastically the inception of the National Health Service. It has now become the largest hospital specialty and overseen the emergence of Intensive Care and Pain Medicine as separate disciplines, albeit retaining close links to their parent body. The U.K. wide Royal College and Association of Anaesthetists have grown similarly into strong representative organisations The Scottish Society has been intimately involved and exerted an influential role in all of these developments and continues to do so, despite radical changes to anaesthetic practice, holding true to the founders' original objectives:

" to further the study of the science and practice of Anaesthesia and the proper teaching thereof and to conserve and advance the interest of Anaesthetists".

Scotland occupies a proud place in the history of Anaesthesia and has made major contributions to the development of the Specialty right back to its roots with J.Y. Simpson and chloroform and William Scott and ether. Coming more up to date, propofol, the world's most widely used induction agent, was invented by Iain Glen from Arran and the modern muscle relaxants and reversal agents were developed by researchers from Strathclyde University and Newhouse in Lanarkshire. The Scottish Society too retains a distinguished place as the oldest extant National Society of Anaesthesia in the world.

The Society celebrated its centenary on 20th February 2015 with a two day meeting in Edinburgh at the National Museum of Scotland, along with a splendid dinner at the Balmoral Hotel attended by invited dignitaries from Government, Royal Colleges and Associations and the G.M.C. Subsequently Council decided to commission a formal history of the Society and asked Alistair McKenzie from Edinburgh to undertake this important task. Alistair was the ideal candidate, with his long-standing interest in anaesthetic history, reflected by his Editorship of the History of Anaesthesia Society Proceedings and role as Honorary Archivist of the AAGBI.

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True to form, Alistair has done a remarkable job in chronicling the 100 years of the Society. He has painstakingly carried out a huge amount of research in producing a comprehensive account, extensively illustrated and referenced. He has even managed to assemble a virtually complete photographic record of all Past-Presidents in what is undoubtedly the definitive history of the oldest National Society of Anaesthesia in the world. It comprises three main sections, conveniently divided by the two World Wars, and is loosely based around the Presidents of each decade with fascinating vignettes on their individual contributions, all set in the wider aspects of contemporaneous medical practice and society as a whole.

It makes compulsive reading and I am sure all members will join with me in expressing our gratitude to Alistair for his prodigious efforts on our behalf.

Neil Mackenzie Centenary President, Scottish Society of Anaesthetists

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Acknowledgements

Grateful thanks are extended to Carol Parry, the Library Manager of the Royal College of Physicians & Surgeons of Glasgow (RCPSG) for helpful access to the archived minutes and correspondence of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists (SSA). The author is very grateful to the staff of the Lothian Health Services Archive (LHSA) for help with photographs, especially the Archivist, Laura Gould, who provided further information leading to the image of the first SSA President, DCA McAllum. Thanks are also due to numerous SSA members and others, who helped with more photographs. Three drafts of the manuscript were read by Dr Neil Mackenzie, Dr Charlie Allison and Prof Tony Wildsmith, who must be commended for their helpful advice.

Alistair McKenzie February 2015

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The Centenary of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1914-2014

THE BEGINNING

On the 20th February 1914 a dinner was held at the Balmoral Hotel, Edinburgh. This was arranged as a meeting for gentlemen practising the specialty of anaesthetics in Scotland 1. No women were invited despite the fact that there were a few women administering anaesthetics in Scotland at that time, e.g. at the Bruntsfield Hospital in Edinburgh.

The site of the Balmoral Hotel of 1914 should not be confused with that of the current Balmoral Hotel at no. 1 Princes Street, which was initially the North British Hotel that opened in 1902. The Balmoral Hotel (BH) of 1914 was at 91-93, 95 and 98 Princes Street, Edinburgh – see Figure 1. This site underwent many architectural changes over the years 2:

• 1917 BH reduced to 91-92 • 1950

– 91 Princes Street: The Balmoral Restaurant & Café (Figure 2) – 92 Princes Street: R&T Gibson, Grocers

• 1967 demolition • 1970 Littlewood’s Department Store • 1990s Marks & Spencer • 2010 frontage rebuilt • December 2011 Primark (Figure 3).

The dinner on 20/2/1914 was attended by eleven doctors – five from Edinburgh, four from Glasgow and one each from Dundee and Aberdeen – see Table 1.

Table 1 The eleven doctors at the inaugural dinner of the SSA EDINBURGH GLASGOW DUNDEE ABERDEEN DCA McAllum JP Boyd A Mills J Johnston HT Thomson D Lamb JH Gibbs F Napier JS Ross HP Fairlie MH Jones

After the dinner, a ‘business meeting’ was held and the doctors unanimously resolved to form a society, The Scottish Society of Anaesthetists (SSA).1 A draft Constitution was formulated with the most notable points being:

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Objects: to promote the study of the science and practice of anaesthetics, the proper teaching thereof, and to conserve and advance the interests of anaesthetists; 3

Ordinary membership: to be restricted to members of the medical profession practising the specialty of anaesthetics; 3

Ordinary meetings: two to be held each year, upon the third Saturday of April and October at a time and place to be appointed by the executive; 4

Annual subscription: half a guinea. 4The following office bearers were appointed: 4

• President: Dr Donald CA McAllum (age 50) • Vice President: Dr JP Boyd (age about 46) • Secretary/Treasurer: Dr JS Ross (age 39) • Executive: Drs Thomson, Lamb, Johnston, Mills.

Until recently it was thought that there was no photograph of Donald McAllum in existence. However, the Lothian Health Service Archive provided a photograph of the resident doctors at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in the summer of 1887 – see Figure 4. There are 11 doctors in the picture and 10 names signed below. Investigation revealed that there were two other resident doctors: Pirie and Lewis. Dr Pirie had later gone to Dundee Royal Infirmary where he pioneered the clinical application of X-rays 5: the University of Dundee website yielded his photograph, which matched one of the doctors in the group, to whit the one at the very front – probably his signature had been erased by the sticky tape. Furthermore Dr Lewis graduated a year before the others 6 – explaining his absence from the group photograph. Hence one can conclude that Dr McAllum is the one seated on the right hand side – see cropped image (Figure 5).

In those days most Doctors giving anaesthetics did so PART TIME within their GENERAL PRACTICE. Donald McAllum was an exception to this. He was one of the first two full-time anaesthetists in Scotland, having been appointed in 1900 to the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Edinburgh. His further appoint-ments were 7:

• 1904 (1st) anaesthetist at Chalmers Hospital • 1905 Instructor in Anaesthesia at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh • 1909 Lecturer in Anaesthesia.

The other, of the first two full-time anaesthetists in Scotland, was Thomas Davey Luke, who in 1901 was appointed tutor of anaesthetics at the Deaconess Hospital (Edinburgh). During 1902-3 he produced two textbooks on anaesthesia and in 1905 became University of Edinburgh Lecturer in Anaesthetics. So Luke

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was academically ahead of McAllum, but in 1908 due to ill health he took a post of Medical Officer at the Peebles Hydropathic Institute 7 8. Had Luke not with-drawn from being the leading anaesthetist, he would almost certainly have been a founder-member of the SSA.

The other Anaesthetic Societies existing in 1914 are shown in Table 2. 9Table 2 NAME YEAR

FOUNDED NAME CHANGE

The Society of Anaesthetists (London)

1892 1908: Section of Anaesthetics, Royal Society of Medicine

New York Society of Anesthetists

1911 (originally Long Island Society of Anesthetists f. 1905)

1936: American Society of Anesthetists; 1945: American Society of Anesthesiologists

American Association of Anesthetists

1912 1926: Associated Anesthetists of U.S. and Canada; 1941: absorbed into IARS.

The earliest, the Society of Anaesthetists founded in London in 1892 was actually international, although two thirds of its members always came from London. 10 In 1908 it became the Section of Anaesthetics of the Royal Society of Medicine.

The SSA was the first National Society of Anaesthetists in the Old World. Also, as only the SSA never changed its name, it is the oldest surviving national society of anaesthetists.

On 18th April 1914 the first regular meeting of the SSA was held in the Guild Hall, Edinburgh. It was attended by the 11 original members and three others (who had sent apologies in February) also admitted as “original members” 4- from GLASGOW: Dr RH Henderson (the only founder member who had also been a member of The Society of Anaesthetists, London) 7- from ABERDEEN: Dr A Ogston and Dr J Robertson. The first minutes are shown in Figure 6.

There arose an American connection. Francis Hoeffer McMechan of Cincinnati devoted himself to organising anaesthetic societies. A founder member of the

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New York Society of Anesthetists in 1911, he had international ambitions and embraced the SSA 11. Through the enthusiasm of McMechan, the meeting of the SSA was reported in the quarterly Anaesthesia Supplement of the American Journal of Surgery – see Figure 7.

The First World War effectively suspended meetings of the SSA. Events during the War especially relevant to the SSA were:

(1) in civilian circumstances, the death of the SSA President, Dr McAllum on 26th February 1915 – from a perforated gastric ulcer 7 12;(2) the death in action (Highland Field Ambulance in France) of Dr James

Robertson of Aberdeen 3.An obituary for Dr McAllum was written by Dr Torrance Thomson and sub-mitted to McMechan, who soon published it in the Anaesthesia Supplement of the American Journal of Surgery. 13 This was an edited version.

On the SOCIAL SIDE, during WW1 civilian entertainment was mainly provided by Music Halls with performers like Harry Lauder, and the cinema – the most popular actor being Charlie Chaplin. 14

Also during WW1 the Scottish Women’s Hospitals led by Elsie Inglis in defiance of the War Office, provided nursing, surgery and anaesthesia in Europe. 15 They demonstrated that women could well perform these tasks.

THE SECOND PHASE 1919-1949

On 29th November 1919 the second regular meeting of the SSA was held in the Hall of the Faculty of Physicians, Glasgow with Dr J Paton Boyd (Figure 8) as President. Dr Thomson reported dissatisfaction with the Quarterly Supplement American Journal of Surgery, because the obituary he wrote on McAllum had been altered without his approval by F H McMechan. So the Secretary was instructed to terminate the “special connection”. 16 Paton Boyd was Assistant Physician at the Royal Infirmary, Glasgow. Back in 1900 he had published on the value of inducing anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and oxygen. Later in 1922 when the British Medical Association (BMA) met in Glasgow, he was one of the vice-presidents of the Section of Anaesthetics, BMA. 17

The President for 1920-21 was Torrance Thomson (Figure 9). He had served as a doctor for the Red Cross, then the RAMC in France through WW1. Post-war he worked at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, anaesthetising for many surgeons, including the famous neurosurgeon Norman Dott. 18

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John Johnston of Aberdeen, who had been President for a few months in1920, resumed for 1921-22. In 1914 he had anaesthetised a young midshipman, landed at Aberdeen with acute appendicitis – this was Prince Albert, later King George VI 19. His presidential address was “Some pre-anaesthetic intoxication” 20.

David Lamb became President in 1922. He had graduated in medicine (Glasgow) in 1891 and after resident medical posts, went into general practice. He possibly had the first appointment of ‘anaesthetist’ in Scotland – in 1898 to the Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow. During WW1 he served in France with the RAMC (TA). 21 When the BMA met in Glasgow in 1922, Lamb and HP Fairlie voiced that the teaching of anaesthesia in that city was still much influenced by the surgeons! 22 Under Dr Lamb’s leadership of the SSA Executive Council, the problem of poor remuneration of Special Anaesthetists in Scotland was discussed. 23

In 1923 John Herbert Gibbs (Figure 10) of Edinburgh became President. He had qualified in dentistry, then medicine and finally FRCS, but continued anaesthetic practice and was one of the first to condemn chloroform for extraction of teeth – promoting instead nitrous oxide with ether and ethyl chloride 24. After the British Journal of Anaesthesia was founded in 1923, it became the vehicle for SSA reports.

The 1924-25 President was Harry Prescott Fairlie, a well known Glasgow anaesthetist. He had graduated in medicine (Glasgow) in 1905 and proceeded to MD in 1912. At the BMA meeting in Glasgow in 1922 he was honorary secretary of the Section of Anaesthetics. 25 He promoted eligibility of women members 26: indeed the first (Dr Effie Swan) was admitted the following year 3.

Arthur Mills of Dundee became President in 1925. After working in banking he had changed course (aged 28) to begin the medical degree course at St Andrews, graduating in 1909. He became a GP giving anaesthetics when required, and in 1914 took a post of Visiting Anaesthetist at Dundee Royal Infirmary (DRI). He served as Captain in the RAMC 1914-18. Mills wrote a Manual of Anaesthetics,though this was not formally published.27

J Stuart Ross (Figure 11) of Edinburgh was President in 1926-27. He had served in WW1, having joined the Red Cross in 1914, later going to RAMC – at Salonika he was anaesthetist for the 42nd General Hospital 28. For the SSA he served as Secretary-Treasurer until 1924. In 1919 he produced Handbook of Anaesthetics, which had a second edition in 1922. His name was also attached to a piece of anaesthetic equipment: the Guy-Ross bag for dental anaesthesia. 29

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The contribution of the Edinburgh Dental School deserves a mention. JH Gibbs, DS Middleton and FG Gibbs, who all achieved Presidency of the SSA, were qualified dentists as well as being practising anaesthetists. They encouraged the Dental School’s own training programme. 30

Alexander Ogston (Figure 12) of Aberdeen became President in 1927 and continued the campaign for better training. A general practitioner-anaesthetist, during WW1 he had developed the Ogston Inhaler (wire frame mask) for open drop ether. He published this in the British Journal of Anaesthesia in 1924, The Ogston Inhaler has sometimes been erroneously attributed to the contemporary Aberdeen Professor of Surgery with the same name. 31

The next President in 1928 was William Barras – the first non-founder member to be so appointed. After being severely wounded in WW1, he had successfully resumed medical studies and later was appointed Anaesthetist and Lecturer in Anaesthetics in Glasgow. His Presidential Address was on Stovaine. Sadly he died when his car collided with a telegraph pole in July of that year, after just 2 months as President 32. The Vice President J Ross Mackenzie (Figure 13) of Aberdeen took over.

J Ross Mackenzie continued as President through 1929-30. He had graduated in medicine (Aberdeen) in 1906 and proceeded to MD in 1912. 33 His Presidential address was “Post-anaesthetic sickness” 34.

The 1930s

From 1930 J Ross Mackenzie was a full time anaesthetist and was on the inaugural Council of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI) 1932-33. 35 He called for teaching of anaesthetics to medical students, envisaging that a prerequisite was enhanced academic status of anaesthetists themselves, needing the establishment of a qualification in anaesthesia – a Diploma in Anaesthetics (DA). 36 He obtained the DA in 1937 and was one of the pioneers of the nitrous oxide-oxygen-ether technique in Scotland. 33 He was Lecturer in Anaesthetics at the University of Aberdeen and went on to produce a popular textbook Practical Anaesthetics in 1944, with a second edition in 1946. 37

The 1930s saw increased use of anaesthetic machines, promotion of closed circuit anaesthesia and the introduction of intravenous anaesthesia. On the SOCIAL SIDE, during the inter-war years, films were burgeoning with adverts popularising smoking. Gambling was popular – especially greyhound racing and football pools. Recreational hill-walking increased (especially around

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Glasgow) and many Scots took holidays in Blackpool. Dance Halls remained popular. Newspapers were the main form of mass communication. Regular radio broadcasting began in 1932 and by 1939 millions of ‘Brits’ tuned in to the BBC – Scots no exception. 38

H Torrance Thomson of Edinburgh had a second term as SSA President in 1930-31. He had been appointed Supervisor of Anaesthesia in the Professorial Unit at the Royal Infirmary. 39 His Presidential Address was “Random Reflections”.40 He also was on the inaugural Council of the AAGBI 1932-33. 35

In 1931-32 the SSA had its first Lady President, Winifred Wood. She had attended St George’s School for Girls (Edinburgh) until 1917 and in 1918 worked as a VAD (Voluntary Aid Detachment) at Victoria Hospital 41. In 1923 she graduated MB ChB, University of Edinburgh and then began training in anaesthesia at Deaconess Hospital under FG Gibbs; later she was appointed to the Bruntsfield Hospital. Enterprisingly she went to the USA and met James T Gwathmey (NY) who interested her in the rectal ether technique. Thus she adopted rectal ether-oil anaesthesia, which she used in anaesthetising cases for neurosurgeon, Norman Dott 42. She published this in the British Medical Journal in 1929 43; her 1931 Presidential Address was on the same topic. She was one of the earliest female Presidents of a professional society – a remarkable achievement. Shortly after, she married (Glover) and went to live in Hull 30; eventually she retired to the Isle of Coll.42

The President in 1932-33 was David Skene Middleton (Figure 14). He had in 1924 attained medical and dental qualifications of the Scottish Colleges and in 1925 was appointed anaesthetist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. In 1927 he was appointed Hon Dental Surgeon and in 1930 obtained FRCS 30. His Presidential Address was “Anaesthesia for Intra-oral Surgery” 44. He led the 155 Field Ambulance Unit of the RAMC in France at the outbreak of WW2; in 1941 he volunteered to serve in Malaya and shortly after arriving in Singapore was captured, suffering much as a POW. 45

The 1933-34 President was Harry Fairlie (Figure 15) serving a second term. He had reissued a third edition of JS Ross’ Handbook of Anaesthetics in 1929 (this went on to a 4th edition in 1935) 29. His Presidential Address was “General Anaesthesia for dental extractions” 46. Harry was also President of the Section of Anaesthetics, Royal Society of Medicine (RSM) 1933-34. Sadly he died in 1937. 47

In 1934-35 the President was Dundonian Arthur Mills (Figure 16), again serving a second term. He had passed the MRCP in 1927. 27 His Presidential Address

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was on Chloroform. 46 Mills was awarded the DA in 1935 and was Head of the Department of Anaesthetics at Dundee Royal Infirmary for 30 years, resigning in 1944 27.

The President in 1935-36 was William Burns Primrose (Figure 17) of Glasgow. He had worked on carbon dioxide absorption using caustic soda and in 1934 demonstrated to the SSA his Anaesthetor M7 ‘closed-circuit’ anaesthetic machine 48. His Presidential address was “Closed anaesthesia – some remarks on cyclopropane” 49. In 1935 he published on the intra-abdominal cardiac massage method of resuscitation from cardiac arrest under general anaesthesia. Later he published a controversial treatise on investigation and theory rationalising the Crucifixion and Resurrection. 50

The 1936-37 President was again John Johnston (Figure 18) of Aberdeen, the founder-member who had the UNIQUE honour of serving a THIRD term. At the annual meeting held at the Med Chi Hall in Aberdeen his Presidential address was “Evipan Sodium”. 51

D Keir Fisher (Figure 19) of Glasgow became President in 1937. He had left second-year Medical School to join the Royal Scots Fusiliers in 1914 – returning to qualify in 1923 in Dentistry, then Medicine. After a period in general practice he became an anaesthetist at the Dental Hospital, Glasgow in 1930. 52. His Presidential address was “Successes and Failures with Spinal Anaesthetics” 53. At this time the SSA Presidential Badge of Office was proposed 53. Later (1959) Keir took a course in hypnosis, set up a hypnotherapy clinic at the Dental Hospital and founded the Scottish branch of the British Society of Medical and Dental Hypnosis. 52

In October 1938 John Duke Stewart (Figure 20) became President. He had graduated in medicine (St Andrews) in 1921 and after years in general practice became a full time anaesthetist, being awarded the DA in 1935. He introduced cyclopropane to Dundee and used thiopentone for caesarean sections. Notably he devised a ‘tent’ at the top of the operating table for difficult children 27

– towel, sprayed with ethyl chloride – placed over chest – gradually pulled up over child’s mouth and nose.

Later (1944) he succeeded Arthur Mills as senior anaesthetist at DRI, but tragically died from acute food poisoning in 1946, aged 51. 27 There is a JD Stewart Prize for 4th year medical students at the University of Dundee.

At the AGM held in Dundee on 8th October 1938 the design of the Presidential Chain was approved for purchase at £30.00: 4 a hallmarked silver gilt chain of

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office with a centre piece of enamelled lion rampant, from which suspended a hand painted pendant of caduceus surrounded by insignia – “Scottish Society of Anaesthetists” with “President” above – see Figure 21.

Fred L Napier of Glasgow, a founder member, faithfully served the SSA as Hon Secretary-Treasurer 1924-39, a period of 15 years! He also had served as an RAMC anaesthetist in WW1, publishing on blood transfusion and resuscitation 54. According to David Lamb, he was a “genial, cynical, highly efficient Secretary, who took notes, and with a grin, confronted you with them, when you were least expecting them”. 55

There was no AGM in October 1939; on 28th September a short notice was issued cancelling all meetings for the duration of the War. 4

The 1940s

The Second World War effectively suspended SSA meetings 55. After the War regional societies for anaesthesia in Scotland were formed. In 1945 The Association of Anaesthetists of Edinburgh was founded, its first President being FG Gibbs. The name of the Society changed to Edinburgh and East of Scotland Society of Anaesthetists (EESSA) in 1966 56. In 1946, at a meeting instigated by Dr Tony Pinkerton, the Glasgow and West of Scotland Society of Anaesthetists (GWSSA) was founded – its first President was Keir Fisher. 57

The main advance in anaesthesia at this time was that by the late 1940s IV induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone became the preferred method for adults. In 1948 the NHS started. On the SOCIAL SIDE, the 1940s saw a build-up of a large and appreciative audience for the arts, with increasing broadcasts and newspaper sales 58. In 1947 the Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama was instituted. 59

THE THIRD PHASE: 1950-2014

The 1950s

Largely through the efforts of John Gillies in Edinburgh and HH (Tony) Pinkerton in Glasgow 3 the SSA was reborn with a meeting at Dunblane Hydro on 29th April 1950. Dr John Gillies had been President Elect since 1939 – after a wait of 11 years, he was installed as President by Dr Keir Fisher. 60

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John Gillies (Figure 22) was well known by 1950. He had founded the Department of Anaesthetics at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE) in 1940, and was President of AAGBI 1947-50. Also his anaesthetic machine had gone into production about 1942, and in 1944 he had co-authored with Minnitt a 6th

edition of Textbook of Anaesthetics, a successor to Ross & Fairlie’s Handbook of Anaesthetics; a 7th edition came out in 1948. 61 This was the year that Griffiths and Gillies published their landmark paper on high spinal for the thoraco-lumbar sympathectomy operation 62. In 1949 the RIE team of Surgeon, Anaesthetist and theatre staff was summoned to Buckingham Palace for King George VI to undergo lumbar sympathectomy. Gillies was the anaesthetist and probably used his own machine. In 1950 Gillies delivered the Clover Lecture to the RCSE: “Anaesthetic factors in causation of excessive bleeding during surgical operations”; in this he coined the phrase ‘physiological trespass’. 61

Gillies’ Presidential address to the SSA was “Anaesthetics as a Specialty – Past, Present and Future”; he expressed the view that “those in responsible positions in anaesthesia should encourage the supercession of the technician by the broadly educated physician-anaesthetist with high qualifications, whose fitness to practise in the consultant ranks will be unquestionable”. 60

At the 1950 meeting 72 new members were admitted, reflecting the lapse, increase in interest, introduction of the NHS and advances in anaesthesia, including muscle relaxants. The SSA encompassed the regional societies: the Association of Anaesthetists of Edinburgh, and the Glasgow & West of Scotland Society of Anaesthetists. Dr Gillies emphasised that the SSA would not be a rival to the rapidly developing local societies in Glasgow and Edinburgh. 60

At a meeting of the Executive Council in Edinburgh on 1st July 1950 it was agreed that there would be Annual scientific meetings, including a Registrars’ meeting with a prize for the best paper 63 – indeed the first was held in Glasgow on 6th October 1950.4Gillies was also President of the Section of Anaesthetics, RSM 1951-52. 61

In April 1951 Herbert (better known as Tony) Pinkerton (Figure 23) became SSA President. He was a Consultant Anaesthetist at the Western Infirmary, Glasgow. His Presidential address was “General anaesthesia in collapse treat-ment for pulmonary tuberculosis” 64. Later in the year the Secretary wrote to Dr Marston, Dean of the Faculty of Anaesthesia RCS requesting that Scottish candidates for the DA exam might sit papers at a centre in Scotland – this was refused 65. Pinkerton went on to establish the Glasgow academic Department of Anaesthesia in 1954; he also published articles on cyclopropane and thiopent-one 66 , and in 1957 devised a Cuirass belt for negative pressure ventilation in

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general anaesthesia for bronchoscopy 67. He was President of the AAGBI from 1964 to 1967. 68

Thomas JC MacDonald, Consultant Anaesthetist to the North-eastern Regional Hospital Board, was President in 1952-53. After graduating in medicine at Aberdeen University in 1924, he had done postgraduate research on anaesthetic agents at Marischal College, achieving MD in 1928. His further qualifications were DA (1938) PhD (1945) and FFARCS (1950). 69 He published a preliminary report on the anaesthetic properties of isopropyl chloride in 1950. 70

His Presidential Address was on the nature of a pharmacological excursion with the aliphatic halogens having anaesthetic possibilities. 71

The 1953-54 President was William M Shearer (Figure 24). After qualifying MPS 1928, then MB ChB 1938, he served in the RAMC in the Second World War. In 1943 he took a course in anaesthetics run by Prof R Macintosh in Oxford and then obtained the DA early in 1944; in 1946 he became the first whole-time anaesthetist at Dundee Royal Infirmary27 72. His publications included calibration of a Boyle’s apparatus, 73 and the effects of atropine and hyoscine on pulse rate. 74 In 1952 he visited Copenhagen to learn about IPPV for poliomyelitis27. His Presidential address was “A Pipeline Problem”. 75 He is remembered as a much loved administrator, teacher and demonstrator of explosions.

In 1954-55 the President was I M Campbell Dewar (Figure 25), the Consultant Anaesthetist in charge at the Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow 76. There in the mid-1930s it was decided that every anaesthetic would be administered by a specialist anaesthetist (rather than an untrained houseman) – Dr Dewar showed from a detailed study that this produced a dramatic fall in the number of deaths under anaesthesia. His Presidential address was “Wells, Morton et al” – he discussed the problems of anaesthesia in the NHS, especially in dental anaesthesia; he had used nitrous oxide/oxygen/trilene in 25000 cases in the past ten years. 77

The 1955-56 President was Freddie G Gibbs (Figure 26) of Edinburgh. He had qualified in medicine and dentistry in 1913, served in the RAMC through WW1 and obtained the FRCSEd in 1925, being appointed in 1927 Surgeon to the Dental Department RIE and also Anaesthetist 78. His Presidential address was on the approach to science of anaesthesia – mechanistic and technical compared with philosophical 79. Under his guidance and on the proposal of the outgoing

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President Dr Dewar, the SSA approached the newly created World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WFSA) with a view to membership. The response was that as only one organisation per country could be admitted (and AAGBI already registered) the SSA was not eligible. 80

The next President (1956) was Howard Bruce Wilson (Figure 27), Consultant Anaesthetist and Lecturer at Aberdeen. He had taken the DA in 1940 and served in the Medical Branch of the RAF 1941-44, when he was invalided. He also served on the Councils of both the RSM and the AAGBI. 81 He did research on muscle relaxants and anaesthesia for chest surgery. His Presidential address was on “Widening Horizons” for anaesthetists – bronchial obstruction, cerebral catastrophies, assessment of peripheral vascular lesions, cases of paralytic poliomyelitis and severe tetanus, treatment of drug overdose, association with the physicist in evolving equipment, hypnosis 82. Sadly he died suddenly in 1958.

Robert Lawrie, Consultant Anaesthetist for the Perthshire Hospitals, was President in 1957-58. Doubly qualified in dentistry and medicine (Edinburgh), he had served in the Royal Navy through WW2. 83 His Presidential Address was “Seen from the Periphery” – on death under anaesthetic and fiscal investigation. 84 In this he suggested forming a Sub-Committee for the procedure of reporting anaesthetic deaths – and later in 1957 this came to fruition. At a meeting of the Executive Council in April 1958 Dr Lawrie gave a preliminary report on the prepared and circulated questionnaire for anaesthetic deaths reporting 85 – having published on this in the British Journal of Anaesthesia. 86

Advances in anaesthesia by the late 1950s included: • improved safety of Boyle’s machines • common use of muscle relaxants (d-tubocurarine, gallamine,

suxamethonium) and endotracheal intubation • Halothane: superior inhalation anaesthetic • common use of Lignocaine for local anaesthesia.

1957 saw the inauguration of a representative of the SSA (Dr A Forrester, Glasgow) attending a combined meeting of representatives of provincial societies (England & Wales) – at the time and place of the BMA Annual Meeting. 87

Robert (Roy) N Sinclair (Figure 28) became President in 1958. He was a Consultant Anaesthetist at the Victoria Infirmary Glasgow, and had served as SSA Hon Secretary-Treasurer 1950-53. He had graduated MB ChB back in

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1938 (Glasgow) and proceeded to MD, pioneering the intensive care of the severely injured. 88 His papers included brachial plexus injuries during general anaesthesia,89 and a report of a case of spinal paralysis following hysterectomy under general anaesthesia – pointing out that blame would likely have been attributed to anaesthetist or local anaesthetic if spinal anaesthesia had been used. 90 His Presidential address was “The oesophageal cardia and regurgitation” 91

which was published the following year. 92

Later in 1958 a group of 33 SSA members visited ICI Laboratories in Manchester. 93

In 1959-60 the SSA had its second female President, Alison Ritchie (Figure 29), who was a Consultant Anaesthetist at the Western General Hospital and the Southern Group of Hospitals in Edinburgh. A photograph of the RIE spring session 1926 includes her, apparently as one of the resident doctors. She was a Foundation FFARCS 1948. Also she was President of The Association of Anaesthetists of Edinburgh for 1954-55. 56 Her SAA Presidential Address was “Lest we forget” – recreation of the atmosphere surrounding the early story of inhalation anaesthesia. 94

In October 1959 a second group of SSA members visited ICI Laboratories in Manchester. 87

All the AGMs from 1950 to 1958 were held at the Dunblane Hydro Hotel. Customary events were: a film show by Dr Keir Fisher on the Friday evening after dinner; on the Saturday the Presidential Address, Registrar’s Prize presentation and Guest Speaker followed by an evening reception with a concert by the Orpheus Club. The AGM of 1959 took place at the Gleneagles Hotel, Perthshire.

The 1960s

On the afternoon of 20th February 1960 the SSA’s first ever Scientific Session was held – at the Western General Hospital (WGH), Edinburgh 95. Also that year the Society’s News Letter began (Figure 30), and a third regional society was founded: the North East Scotland Society of Anaesthetists (NESSA), which of course also fed into the SSA 96. In November 1960 a party of SSA members visited the pharmaceutical factory of May & Baker Ltd. 97

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At the AGM in 1961 the formation of a Scottish Travel Club was suggested 98.So a letter was circulated to the SSA members asking about interest in a club for either a particular specialty or one devoted to “general” interest. There were 70 replies: 36 for a general club, and 34 devoted to all the specialties – most popular being Paediatric-Obstetric followed by Cardio-Thoracic. Dr Allan S Brown of the Department of Surgical Neurology, WGH, Edinburgh offered to organise and run a Neurosurgical Anaesthetists’ Travel Group. 99 This was the only Travel Club to be realised: the group visited the high pressure oxygen chamber at the WI, Glasgow in 1963, 100 Newcastle GH in 1964, Killearn Hospital and Manchester RI in 1965,101 the WGH (Edinburgh) in 1966,102

Killearn Hospital again in 1967,103 Aberdeen RI in 1968 104 and Dundee RI in 1969. 105

By 1961 the four years of SSA correspondence on ‘Anaesthetic Death’ (borne by Secretary-Treasurer Malcolm Shaw) with the Crown Agent in Edinburgh, resulted in the reporting form being re-entitled ‘Death Associated with Surgery and/or Anaesthesia’.106 107 The February 1962 issue of the British Journal of Anaesthesia featured an account of the activities of the SSA in negotiating a revised procedure for reporting of deaths associated with anaesthesia in Scotland. 108

Through the decade the Society’s AGMs were held at various venues, including St Andrews, Dunblane, Edinburgh, Inverness and Pitlochry.

On the SOCIAL SIDE, ‘rock & roll’ had hit Britain in the mid-fifties and soared in Scotland in the sixties. By 1961 commercial TV was competing with the BBC and reached 75% of homes – with a decline in cinema-going. 109

The SSA President in 1960-61 was larger than life character S Andrew Tindal (Figure 31), Consultant Anaesthetist at the Western Infirmary, Glasgow. While at University he had held the Scottish National 100 yards record. He became very interested in nitrous oxide: back in 1937 the Tindal-Barr nitrous oxide obstetric analgesia apparatus was introduced. Tindal distinguished himself in 1941 by clinical application of his work on hyperbaric nitrous oxide in dental anaesthesia.110 His Presidential Address was “Anaesthesia – things that may happen”. 111 Tindal went on to receive the AAGBI’s Pask Certificate of Honour for pioneering work in hyperbaric medicine. 112

John W L Bain, Consultant Anaesthetist in Aberdeen, was President in 1961-62. He saw active service as an anaesthetist through WW2 in North Africa and Europe. 113 After demobilisation in 1946 he took the DA and became staff anaesthetist to the Aberdeen Hospitals, progressing to Consultant in 1950 and

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obtaining FFARCS in 1954. His Presidential Address was “An Exciting Twenty Years”. 114 In May 1961 a second party of SSA members visited the pharma-ceutical factory of May & Baker Ltd. 97 Through Dr JD Robertson, a renewed attempt was made to have the written part of Faculty exams held in Scotland. 115

The third lady President arrived in 1962: Margaret Muir (Figure 32) of Dundee. She was able to announce at the AGM that the Board of Faculty & Council RCS agreed to a renewed request from SSA for written papers of the final FFARCS exam to be held simultaneously in London and Edinburgh. 116 Her Presidential Address was “A Different Viewpoint” – on patients’ impressions following surgery. 117 An enthusiastic soroptomist, she bequeathed a substantial sum for the building in Dundee of flats for retired single ladies: the ‘Muirlands’ complex. 27

Also in 1962 Dr A Masson (Edinburgh) crusaded against First Aid Instructors who did not conform to modern views, and he succeeded in getting the Automobile Association to amend their Handbook. 118

Those who remember the Forrester laryngeal spray (a modification of the Macintosh spray) will perhaps know that this eponym belongs to the 1963-64 President, Alexander C Forrester (Figure 33) of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary (GRI). Back in 1946 he had published in the Glasgow Medical Journal a report on the use of curare in 100 patients. After visiting Copenhagen to study IPPV in 1952, he set up a special unit for treatment of polio at the Belvidere Hospital. By 1960 he developed improved hypothermia for cardiac surgery – minimising ‘after drop’ of core temperature, and in 1962 he established a respiratory ICU at the GRI. He was an early promoter of patient safety, designing a light-weight tracheal tube conector to avoid disconnections. Later in 1967 ‘Alex’ was appointed to the first Chair of Anaesthesia in Scotland and was also President of the Section of Anaesthetics, RSM 1967-68. 119

In 1964 the Golden Jubilee of the SSA was celebrated 4 with James D Robertson as President (Figure 34). He had served in the RAMC in World War 2, obtained the DA in 1947 and in 1960 become head of the Department of Anaesthetics, RIE where he established an assisted ventilation unit. Later (in 1968) he was awarded a Personal Chair in Anaesthetics. 120 He published on a wide range of anaesthetic topics, including controlled hypotension and intravenous anaesthesia; ‘Jimmy’ was an authority on gamma hydroxybutyric acid. 121 He was instrumental in establishing the Scottish Standing Committee of the Faculty of Anaesthetists. 120

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In 1965 Alexander G Miller, Consultant Anaesthetist at the Western Infirmary Glasgow, became President. He had been SSA Honorary Secretary-Treasurer for 1953-57. Also he was assistant editor for the British Journal of Anaesthesia.In his Presidential year a trip for SSA members to centres of anaesthesia in Scandinavia was organised by Dr AHB Masson, the Hon Secretary. In the October 1965 SSA News Letter Dr Miller described the itinerary: 122

13 June: Copenhagen 14 June: visit to Testa Laboratory of Ambu International 16 June: Stockholm – visit Danderyd’s Hospital and then Astra Laboratories at Södertalje; travel to Uppsala 17 June: Academic Hospital in Uppsala and then Pharmacia Laboratories 18 June: Academic Hospital in Uppsala 19 June: return home.

Instead of the customary Presidential Address, Dr Miller gave a film show of his Mediterranean Cruise! 123

The Registrars’ Meeting in October 1965 (Edinburgh) featured some interesting demonstrations including: the Jorgensen technique, epidural anaesthesia and the use of methoxyflurane. 124

John Arthur Bolster (Figure 35) senior anaesthetist in Inverness was President in 1966-67. For many years he was the only Consultant Anaesthetist in the Highland Region! He was appointed full time anaesthetist at Raigmore Hospital in 1945, assisted by one resident – lists seven days a week and on-call for emergencies alternate nights. Initially there were no laryngoscopes and ETTs were passed “blind”. Once the NHS was established after 1948 things improved. 125 His Presidential Address was “Twenty-one years as an anaesthetist in the Highlands”. 126 He retired in 1973. 127 Dr Alan MacDonald (President 1995) wrote of him: “He was a friendly man with an ebullient personality …. he was very nice to residents, and was always happy to have us do his premeds for him.” 128

The 1967-68 President was Alfred W Raffan (Figure 36), who had become a Consultant in Aberdeen after service in the RAMC through WW2 129. Back in 1950 he had drawn attention to post-operative paralysis of the brachial plexus following general anaesthesia. 130 His Presidential address was “Sleep – the Golden Chain” 131. Later in 1971 he was a founder member of the Scottish Standing Committee of the Faculty of Anaesthetists. 129 Notably in 1989 he presented a comprehensive history of the SSA at a joint meeting with the History of Anaesthesia Society (HAS) in Edinburgh 3. He is remembered affectionately for his ready wit.

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The 8th Scientific Meeting held in May 1967 (Glasgow) featured the famous Dr JB West of the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, speaking on “Pulmonary Causes of Hypoxaemia”. 132

Jimmy R Kyles (Figure 37), Consultant Anaesthetist in Kirkcaldy, was President in 1968-69. He had qualified in dentistry as well as medicine and served in the RAMC in Normandy and Palestine 1942-6. Later Jimmy was the first Consultant Anaesthetist to be appointed in Fife. He brought the first electronic patient ventilator in Scotland to the Victoria Hospital in Kirkcaldy. His clinical interests included epidural anaesthesia – developed the Kyles modification of the Wagner needle; also he did early work on diazepam in anaesthesia and alcuronium. 133 He was President of the Edinburgh Association of Anaesthetists for 1965-66. 56

The November 1968 Registrars’ Meeting (Dundee) had a varied programme, including cardioversion, chairside dental anaesthesia and the Feature Card Indexing System. 134

In 1969 Malcolm (‘Calum’) Shaw (Figure 38), a Consultant at the Victoria Infirmary (VI), Glasgow became President. He had served the SSA as Hon Secretary-Treasurer through 1957-63 (handling the reporting of ‘deaths under anaesthesia’ negotiations; in 1960 he created the News Letter, which he edited until 1967. 3Having obtained his medical degree in Glasgow in 1938 he served as a doctor in WW2 in India and the Middle East. After the war he trained in anaesthesia in Glasgow, proceeding to a Consultant post at the VI in 1956. ‘Calum’ was Secretary & Treasurer of the Glasgow & West of Scotland Society of Anaesthetists 1950-52 and its President in 1966. 135

A suitable neck-tie for members was proposed by Dr J Stirling in 1967. 136 He collaborated with Drs W MacRae and Janet Brash to provide the Executive Council in December 1968 with a choice of colours and different crests for consideration. It was decided to proceed with a dark blue tie with a silver stripe and two silver crests alternating. One crest was the crossed thistle and opium poppy and the other a crossed thistle with a deadly nightshade flower (belladonna).137 The commissioned tie (Figure 39) was available for members priced 25/- at the AGM in April 1969 (as well as orders for a scarf at £2). 138

The Editor of the Newsletter for 1967-70 was Walter Norris (Figure 40), a Con-sultant at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. He published numerous papers on sed-ation and premedication and a popular textbook (with Campbell): Anaesthetics, Resuscitation and Intensive Care which had its 4th edition in 1974 139. Sadly he

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died after surgery for an acoustic neuroma in 1975 140 before reaching the age of 50, the SSA losing a potential future President.

The 1970s

In the 1970s the society grew from strength to strength. The venues for the AGMs were: 1970 Elie, 1971 Dunblane Hydro, and 1972-79 the Post House, Aviemore. The Neurosurgical Anaesthetists’ Travel Group continued: meeting at the WGH (Edinburgh) in 1970, 141 and the Institute of Neurological Sciences at the Southern General Hospital Glasgow in 1971. 142 Further meetings were proposed, but the group apparently lapsed after 1973.

The Gillies Memorial Lecture began in 1978, after successful negotiations with Deidre Gillies conducted by Alastair Masson (President), Douglas Arthur (Hon Secretary) and Donald Miller (Hon Treasurer) – who became the initial trustees. To facilitate an engraved glass bowl for each Gillies Lecturer, the SSA crest (originally drawn for the neck-tie) was redrawn with botanical accuracy by a graphic artist (friend of Dr Arthur). This improved crest (Figure 41) also appeared on the cover of the News Letter from 1979.

POLITICALLY, in 1971 the SSA convinced the Faculty of Anaesthetists RCS of the necessity of establishing a Standing Committee to handle the different Health Service arrangements in Scotland. 143 The inaugural Standing Commmittee was chaired by Prof JD Robertson with three members elected by ballot: Drs Campbell, MacRae and Raffan. 144 By 1977 Chairmanship had passed to Prof Campbell, and Dr Masson was Hon Secretary;145 the following year Dr AA Spence took over as Secretary. 146

On the SOCIAL SIDE, there was a change in leisure activities, including: going out for a meal or drink, listening to records or tapes, reading – DIY-gardening, countryside activities. There was a resurgence of cinema-going with multi-screen complexes; the most popular outdoor sport was football. 147

The SSA President in 1970-71 was Kenneth Clark Grigor (Figure 42). He had qualified MB ChB in 1937 and been appointed anaesthetist to the Glasgow Corporation Hospitals in 1940; he served in RAMC 1947-9 and in 1950 became a Consultant Cardiothoracic Anaesthetist, developing techniques in hypothermia (1953), bypass pump (1957) – with 30 years in cardio-thoracic anaesthesia. He was one of the seven founder members of the Glasgow & West of Scotland Society of Anaesthetists (1946). A highlight of his SSA Presidency was a

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unique visit of SSA members to Poland (behind the Iron Curtain) to join the Polish Society at scientific meetings – a great success thanks to his charismatic leadership. 148

The October 1970 Registrars’ Meeting (Glasgow) had demonstrations of caudal analgesia, defibrillators and internal jugular vein catheterisation, and lectures on CVP measurement and Ketalar. 142

Douglas W Shannon (Figure 43), a Consultant at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh became President in 1971. He had obtained the FFARCS in 1953. From 1955 to 1964 he had published on resuscitation of the burned child 149 and safety in paediatric anaesthesia. 150 His Presidential Address was “Suffer the little children”. 151 In 1973 he (and D France) proposed setting up an international paediatric anaesthesia organisation – resulting in the formation within a few months of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (APA) 152.

The October 1971 Registrars’ Meeting (Aberdeen) again had a varied programme of demonstrations including measurement of cardiovascular function during laparoscopy, neonatal ventilation and IV Regional Anaesthesia; there were also several lectures including cardiac output determination and the nephrotoxic effect of methoxyflurane. 153

In 1972-73 the President was James Crawford (Figure 44), a Consultant at the Western Infirmary (WI), Glasgow. He had qualified in medicine in Glasgow and passed the DA in 1939, then serving in the RAF through WW2. At the WI in the 1960s he investigated the outcome of chloroform anaesthesia using a Chlorotec vaporizer, concluding that used in this way chloroform was safer than most practitioners believed. Jim became chief of the academic department when Pinkerton retired (1966) and later first Chairman of the restructured Division. 154

His Presidential address was “Anaesthesia for thymectomy in myasthenia gravis” 155, a topic on which he had published in 1971. 156

The 1973-74 President was W Norman Rollason (Figure 45), who in 1959 had become the Director of Anaesthesia in Aberdeen, following the sudden death of HB Wilson; before that he was a Consultant Anaesthetist in Hull. He was Founder President of NESSA in 1960 and a member of the AAGBI Council 1961-65 96. Between 1969 and 1984 he published at least 44 papers on a variety of anaesthetic topics, especially dental anaesthesia and cardiac dysrhythmias. In 1964 he produced a book Electrocardiography for the Anaesthetist which ran to four editions. 157 His Presidential address to SSA was “Should a Doctor tell?”, which dealt with management of pain in terminal cancer. 158

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Frank Holmes (Figure 46) was President in 1974-75 – the first non-Scot to achieve this. He had come to Edinburgh in 1933 to study medicine, having left Germany for political reasons. After qualifying in Medicine (1938) he obtained the DA (1941) and served in RAMC 1942-48, then being appointed a Consultant at the RIE 159. Notably he produced in 1960 a classic paper on the supine hypotensive syndrome of pregnancy 160, which partly instigated its further investigation and elucidation. He produced many other papers on several topics, including induced hypotension for orthopaedic and middle ear surgery. A lover of the countryside, he produced a book Following the Roe in 1974. 159

In 1975-76 the President was Henry Fairlie (Figure 47), a Consultant at the WI, Glasgow. He had graduated in medicine (Glasgow) in 1939, served in the RAMC 1941-46 and obtained the DA. In 1954 he published on the anaesthetic problems posed by congenital atresia of the oesophagus. 161 His Presidential address was “Cardiovascular reactions following application of acrylic cement to bone and joint surfaces in orthopaedic surgery” 162. Henry is the son of HP Fairlie, who was a founder member and past President of two terms. So far, this is the only father-son President continuum. Now retired in Glasgow, he was the most senior surviving President to attend the Centenary celebrations in February 2014.

The October 1975 Registrars’ Meeting (Edinburgh) featured demonstrations including blind nasal intubation, measurement of cardiac output using transthoracic impedance, use of the ventilating bronchoscope and peripheral nerve blocks; the lectures included postoperative oxygen therapy, use of the fibreoptic bronchoscope for difficult intubation and sodium nitroprusside. 163

The 1976-77 President was Donald Beaton (Figure 48) a Consultant in Stirling. As a member of Council of the British Medical Association he was appointed to the Anaesthetists’ Sub-Committee of the Central Committee for Hospital Medical Services (CCHMS), which had its first meeting in London in January 1973. Through him, anaesthetists practising in Scotland could address the Government on medico-political issues. Topics discussed were: dental anaesthetics and fees,164 part-time training 165 and employment of women doctors,166 Consultant Anaesthetists’ work load and contract. 167 His Presidential address was “With head and heart and head” (motto of the BMA) 168.

In 1977 J Ian Murray Lawson (Figure 49) became President. He had qualified in Edinburgh back in 1947, proceeding to resident jobs and two years compulsory army medical duties in Hong Kong. 169 He returned to a resident anaesthetic post in Liverpool and in 1951 moved to be Senior Registrar at Dundee Royal Infirmary (DRI), where he introduced paralysing doses of muscle relaxants and IPPV. In1956 he was appointed Consultant at DRI 27, and in the early 1960s was

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involved in pioneering cardiac surgery with Dr Sandy Forrest. In 1969 he established an obstetric epidural service169. Ian also promoted local anaesthesia and sedation in dentistry, insisting on high standards of safety in practice. He spent a year as Associate Professor in San Diego in the late ‘60s – hence his Presidential address: “From San Diego to Ninewells”. 170

The President in 1978-79 was Alastair Masson (Figure 50), who had won the SSA Registrar’s Prize in 1955 and been SSA Hon Secretary 1963-7. After medical degree in Edinburgh and RAF service in Iraq and Pakistan,171 he had entered John Gillies’ anaesthesia training program and been appointed a Consultant at RIE in 1956. 172 There he led anaesthesia for the first open heart surgery on bypass with postoperative ventilation171 His Presidency saw the start of the John Gillies Memorial Lecture to conclude the annual scientific meeting. Each lecturer has been given a Caithness glass bowl bearing the crest of the SSA 173. Alastair Masson was a notable historian and archivist – 1981 Hon Archivist RCSE 171; he was also President of both the Scottish and British Societies for the History of Medicine. 172

The 1979-80 President was Lawson D Davidson (Figure 51), a Consultant in Aberdeen. He had graduated MB ChB (Aberdeen) in 1945 and served in the RAF 1946-48. He was a founder member of NESSA. In 1963 he was appointed Consultant Anaesthetist in Aberdeen with a clinical lectureship at the University. He pioneered treatment of tetanus in Aberdeen using artificial ventilation provided by an old fashioned ‘iron lung’. 174 His Presidential address was “The origin and history of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists” 4. This comprehensive account was considered so good that it was later uploaded to the SSA website.

The 1980s

With effect from 1978 the Annual Scientific Meeting was expanded from an afternoon in May to a full day in November175 – this continued throughout the 1980s. The SSA Constitution was revised on 26th April 1980’ 176 which facilitated the Society being accepted as a charity by the Inland Revenue from that date. The Treasurer at that time, Dr LVH Martin, was warmly thanked for his considerable efforts in achieving this status. 177 Venues for the AGMs were: 1980-82 and 1984 Aviemore; 1983 and 1985-89 the Peebles Hydro Hotel. Enquiries by the Hon Secretary (Dr KB Slawson) in 1980 revealed that of 97 replying, 65 members were in favour of moving the event (from Aviemore), possibly to Peebles – but there was no vacancy at Peebles before 1983.177 It was

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initially decided to alternate the AGM between Peebles and Aviemore; however once the Society experienced the Peebles Hydro’s facilities, the decision was made to go there every year – but ‘Aviemore 1984’ had been booked in advance.

Notable advances in anaesthesia in the decade were: – Isoflurane – Propofol – Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) – LA: bupivacaine – Atracurium.

POLITICALLY, the (Scottish) Standing Committee of the Faculty of Anaesthe-tists RCS continued its important work. In 1982 Prof D Campbell became Dean, so relinquishing the Chairmanship, which was taken over by Prof AA Spence (called Convenor) with Dr Lawson honorary secretary. Committee members included W MacRae, DD Moir and DB Scott;178 by 1984 Drs MacRae and Moir had demitted, being replaced respectively by Drs Slawson and Baird. 179 180 In 1988 the College of Anaesthetists was created within the Royal College of Surgeons, so that the Scottish Standing Committee became under that umbrella.

On the SOCIAL SIDE, this decade saw the uptake of video recorders and deep freezers and home computers. Eating and drinking out remained popular, with football still the top sport. ‘Drinking & driving’ was becoming frowned upon, with smoking becoming socially less acceptable. 181

The SSA President in 1980-81 was Prof Donald Campbell (Figure 52), who had been SSA Hon Secretary 1967-71 and had an illustrious career. He had graduated in medicine (Glasgow) in 1952 and after completing resident posts, he went to Canada to begin training in anaesthesia. He returned to Glasgow in 1956, proceeding to the FFARCS and becoming a Consultant at GRI in 1961. There he developed a new respiratory ICU in 1966, and in 1976 was appointed to the Chair of Anaesthesia, University of Glasgow. He had over 100 public-ations in peer reviewed journals and was author of two textbooks. After his SSA Presidency he became Dean of the Faculty of Anaesthetists, RCS in 1982 and received a Knighthood in 1994. 182 He was also Dean of the Medical Faculty, Glasgow University from 1987 to 1992 and President of the Royal College of Physicians & Surgeons of Glasgow 1992-94.

The November 1980 Scientific Meeting (Glasgow) featured a mini-symposium on IV anaesthetics, discussing how close to “ideal” came three recent agents: Etomidate, Minaxolone and Diprivan. 183

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In 1981 Dr Archibald C Milne – better known as ‘Archie’ (Figure 53) became SSA President. He was appointed Consultant at RIE in 1957 184, the same year in which he published on laryngeal stenosis, 185 and he had sessions at the City Hospital (Edinburgh). He contributed to several papers about thoracic surgery, in which he acquired much experience with the use of hypothermia. He was SSA Hon Treasurer 1963-7 and President of EESSA 1970-71. His Presidential address was “Myasthenia gravis”.186 ‘Archie’ was very caring with his patients and a most encouraging teacher.

The 1981 Registrars’ Meeting was held at Bangour General Hospital, Broxburn and the programme included CO2-monitoring, induced hypotension, naso-gastric and parenteral nutrition in burns patients, and a symposium on spinal anaesthesia. 187

The President in 1982-83 was Alan J Booth (Figure 54), a Consultant in Inverness. Born in Canada he had qualified in medicine at Aberdeen in 1948. He did national service as an anaesthetist in Egypt and completed his training in Aberdeen, Newcastle and Liverpool, where he became a Consultant. 188 In 1959 while at Alder Hey Childrens Hospital he published a paper on anaesthesia for Fredet-Rammstedt’s operation. 189 In 1962 he moved to Inverness – the second full time Consultant Anaesthetist there, joining Dr J A Bolster 125 – and was involved in developing the intensive care services. 188 In 1974 he was the AAGBI linkman for Highland. His Presidential address was “The Flying Death – a catalyst”. 190 He retired in 1987 after more than 25 years in the Inverness department. 191

The next President (1983-84) was the charismatic D Bruce Scott (Figure 55), who had won the SSA Registrar’s Prize in 1957 84 and been appointed a Consultant at RIE in 1959. He was well known for his clinical achievements, including being in the team (1960s) that elucidated the supine hypotensive syndrome of pregnancy, developing knowledge on the circulatory effects of epidural anaesthesia, and studies on local anaesthetic toxicity. Inspiring a large cohort of anaesthetic trainees to get involved in research, his journal articles were prolific and he also co-authored two textbooks. Besides his Presidency of SSA, he was the second President of the OAA in 1976-79 and the first President of ESRA in 1980. 192 He was also Gaston Labat Lecturer in 1988 and received the Carl Koller gold medal award from ESRA in 1990. 193

Hugh Y Wishart (Figure 56), a Consultant at the WI, Glasgow became President in 1984. He had graduated in medicine (Glasgow) in 1944 and after National Service in the Navy (RNVR) and training posts in Glasgow, became a Consultant at the WI in 1954. He worked closely with Jim Crawford (SSA

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President 1972-3). Hugh contributed to several papers about spinal anaesthesia for a variety of surgeries; his GWSSA Presidential address was on spinal block for control of haemorrhage in gynaecology and its effect on arterial oxygenation. 154 His SSA Presidential address was on low flow inhalation anaesthesia. 194

The President in 1985-86 was Prof Sir J Gordon Robson (Figure 57), another man with an illustrious career. After qualifying in Medicine at Glasgow University (1944) he was in the Army 1945-48 195, and in 1951 won the SSA Registrar’s Prize 64. In 1956 he went to McGill University, Montreal as Wellcome Research Chair in anaesthetics. Then in 1964 he was appointed to the Chair in Anaesthesia at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith, London, and was Dean Faculty of Anaesthetists RCS 1973-6. Through 1976-9 he developed criteria for diagnosing brain death, and he received a Knighthood in 1982. 195 He contributed to over 30 peer-reviewed papers and is remembered as a good teacher and indefatigable worker for anaesthesia. He was also President of the RSM 1986-88.

In 1986, Alastair I Mackenzie (Figure 58), a Consultant at Law Hospital became President. He had begun his appointment at Law Hospital in 1949 when he was the only anaesthetist; by 1986 the staff anaesthetists numbered 23. 196 He drove the development of the Intensive Care Unit in Law. 197 His Presidential Address was “Experimentum mirabile” – on hypnosis. 196 This was possibly the most memorable Presidential address ever197 – it included a live demonstration of hypnosis of a snake and a hen! 198 Dr Mackenzie gave the Society its ‘Scott Golf Trophy’. 197

The President in 1987-88 was WR (‘Willie’) MacRae (Figure 59), who had been appointed Consultant at RIE in 1964. 184 He had begun his anaesthetic training at Leith Hospital where there was a large component of ENT surgery for which anaesthesia was administered with the Guy-Ross bag. 199 He proceeded to become an expert in this field, producing numerous papers on induced hypotension in anaesthesia for ENT surgery (1974-92). Also he was an expert at blind nasal intubation. The SSA enjoyed his services as Hon Secretary 1971-75. After his SSA Presidency he was elected President of AAGBI 1992-4, in which role he orchestrated the response to the Calman Report 200. He was a founder member of Council of the Royal College of Anaesthetists, serving as Senior Vice President in 1999.

The 1988-89 President, Alick M Reid (Figure 60), was a Consultant at the RI, Glasgow. After qualifying in medicine at the University of Glasgow in 1949 he had proceeded to obtain DObstRCOG and FFARCS. He had a strong research

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interest in the pharmacology of new neuromuscular blocking drugs and their antagonists in animals and in clinical practice. 201 In 1967 he was co-author with W Leslie Baird of a pilot study of pancuronium. 202 Later he had a term as President of the GWSSA. 201 His SSA Presidential address was “Efficiency of operating theatre utilisation”. 203

The Registrars’ Meeting in June 1988 (Glasgow) included presentations on scoring severity of illness (APACHE II), techniques in relief of chronic pain, and patient controlled analgesia (PCA). 204

In 1989 J MacGregor ‘Greg’ Imray (Figure 61) of Aberdeen became President. After graduating in medicine, University of Aberdeen in 1957, he proceeded to the DA and in 1964 as an SHO published a paper showing that short anaesthesia with chloroform not exceeding 2.25% did NOT cause liver damage. 205 In 1971 he was appointed Consultant Anaesthetist at Aberdeen RI, where he soon developed an interest in pain relief and major vascular surgery and then influenced the set-up of open cardiac surgery and a definitive ITU. He was one of the ‘major incidents’ team and on 6th July 1988 was flown offshore to the scene of the Piper Alpha drilling platform disaster. In his Presidential address to NESSA he sang a Doric ‘cornkister’. 206

The 1990s

In every spring of the 1990s the AGM continued to be held over 3 days at the Peebles Hydro Hotel. As the only real forum for Scottish Anaesthesia, this Annual Spring Residential Meeting attracted huge numbers of delegates – often taking over the entire hotel and spilling over into other hotels in the town. Its unique blend of education, politics and social entertainments also encouraged family and trade attendance with keen competition for the golfing and fishing prizes.

From December 1989 the annual SSA News Letter was superseded by a glossy Annals, marking the 75th anniversary of the Society: the first copies were distributed early in 1990 – see Figure 62.

The SSA began encouraging help for anaesthetists in less developed countries. Firstly this was by sending out Scottish anaesthetists to venues in Third World countries to assist local departments. In August 1991 the SSA funded (jointly with AAGBI) Dr ID Levack to attend the 5th Annual Refresher Course of the East African Society of Anaesthetists in Moshi, Tanzania. 207 The 6th (1992) and 8th (1994) Refresher courses at the same venue were attended by Dr MF

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Thomson 208 and Dr AJW Naismith 209 respectively. Also in 1994 Dr RJ Glavin represented the SSA (and AAGBI) lecturing in the anaesthetic continuing education programmes of Mauritius and Botswana. 210 Grant Hutchison attended the Zambian Refresher Course in 1996,211 Ines Boyne spent time in Malawi in 1998 212 and Peter Curry went to the Zambian Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Congress in 1999. 213

Secondly the SSA began funding young anaesthetists in Eastern Europe to visit Scottish centres. The first of these was Dr Krystyna Zdiechowska from Warsaw in 1993. 214 She was followed by Dr Eriks Sliders who came from Tiga, Latvia in 1995,215 Dr Pavel Polovinkine from St Petersburg, Russia in 1996 216 , Drs Eline and Viatcheslav Bouline from the Botkin Hospital, Moscow in 1997 217,and Dr Malgorzata Was from Katowice, Poland in 1998. 218

In the 1990s improved standards of monitoring became routine in anaesthesia, and new inhalation anaesthetic agents more suitable for day-stay surgery were introduced: Sevoflurane and Desflurane.

POLITICALLY, by 1991 the Scottish Standing Committee of the College of Anaesthetists included: Convenor Dr IA Davidson, Committee members Drs DS Arthur, JL Jenkinson, JP Vance, PGM Wallace and WR MacRae, and President (ex officio) Prof AA Spence. 219 By 1994/5 the Convenor was Dr JP Vance. 220

In 1997, following the Scottish devolution referendum, the SSA Council recognised that the coming of the Scottish Parliament was likely to have significant implications for the medical profession in Scotland. So it set up four working groups with remits to review: 221

1. the implications of devolution for the SSA and the links with RCoA 2. the SSA’s finances and educational activities 3. the responsibilities of Regional Representatives 4. trainee representation on Council. 221

In 1998 the considered decisions of the Society based on the reports of the working groups were as follows. 221

Working group 1: important to maintain a unified body of Anaesthetists within Scotland strengthen links with RCoA, BMA and SCHMS.

Working group 2: ensure a sound financial basis recognise that a significant part of income came from the ‘trade’ recognise need to explore other sources of income recognise that SSA becoming pro-active must incur additional expenditure.

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Working groups 3 and 4: need to review the structure of Council including representation of trainees and co-option from other specialist Societies, including the Scottish Standing Committee ensure that election of Council and Office Bearers is patently democratic, while retaining regional representation need to review how having all Office Bearers in one Region may disadvantage other Regions need to review the term of Office of the President.

These decisions on the implications of devolution were acted upon. In December 1998 the Hon Secretary, Dr CJ Sinclair, wrote to various bodies including AAGBI 222 and the Scottish Intensive Care Society (SICS) 223 inviting them to observer status at future Council meetings of the SSA. In 1999 the President, Dr Iain Gray, wrote to the President of RCoA, Prof Leo Strunin, suggesting that the Scottish Standing Committee be expanded by co-option of the Consultant Adviser in Anaesthetics to the Scottish Office as well as observers from SICS, the North British Pain Association (NBPA) and AAGBI; he also suggested that the name “Scottish Standing Committee” might be changed to something with somewhat higher profile. 224 Dr Gray also wrote to the President of the AAGBI suggesting that the AAGBI might establish a Standing Committee in Scotland with representation from the Scottish Standing Committee of the College and the SSA on such Committee. 225

At the end of the decade the Convenor of the Scottish Standing Committee was Prof JAW Wildsmith. The Scottish Parliament met for the first time on 12th May 1999.

On the SOCIAL SIDE, filming in Scotland produced “Shallow Grave” in 1994 and “Trainspotting” in 1996. AIDS frightened people off casual sex. CDs replaced tapes. A poll found that Scots had the highest sense of NATIONAL IDENTITY. 226

The first SSA President of the decade (1990-91) was Isobel Kirkwood (Figure 63), a Consultant at the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital (RMH), Rottenrow. As Isobel Speirs she qualified in medicine in 1953 and proceeded to a career in obstetric anaesthesia. Her publications included the use of tacrine and suxamethonium in anaesthesia for caesarean section (1966),227 and the placental transfer of pancuronium (1972).228 She also completed a paper for the Central Midwives Board advising the immediate change from “gas and air” via the Minnitt machine to the use of Entonox for inhalational analgesia in labour. She

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was a Member of Council in the St Andrew’s Ambulance Association 229 and held the rank of Deputy Commandant-in-Chief. Also she was President of the GWSSA 1977-78. Her SSA Presidential address was on the history of caesarean section and data on spinal anaesthesia at the RMH. 230

A Consultant at Dundee Royal Infirmary became President in 1991 – Stuart W McGowan (Figure 64), who had been Secretary of NESSA starting in 1965. 231

In 1968 he helped demonstrate Feature Card Indexing for Anaesthetic Literature at the 4th World Congress of Anaesthesiologists in London. 232 Then in 1969 he and two other colleagues (a surgeon and a renal physician) designed and built (with Physics Department help) a series of cardiac arrest trolleys and set up the DRI cardiac arrest service – involving the duty resident anaesthetist. 233 In the same year he and W Shearer hosted the Neurosurgical Anaesthetists’ Travel Group. 234 He had a major commitment to anaesthesia for neurosurgery as well as busy lists in urology and gynaecology. He was a great historian – publishing on early medicine and anaesthesia in Dundee. 27

The President in 1992-93 was James Wilson (Figure 65). As a Lecturer in 1968 he had introduced obstetric epidurals at the RIE (with help from Bruce Scott) and also drew attention to ventilating neonates at the Simpson Memorial Maternity Pavilion (SMMP) 235. In 1969 he published a seminal paper on awareness during caesarean section under general anaesthesia 236. He took a consultant post in Leeds in 1970 237, returning to RIE at the end of 1971184, after which an obstetric epidural service was established at the SMMP. Jimmy went on to show in 1978 that opioids are the main cause of delayed gastric emptying in labour 238. He was a great mentor and teacher, contributing to about 30 papers – seven on the history of anaesthesia and surgery. Also he was President of EESSA 1985-87. 56

In November 1992 the Annual Scientific Meeting was a combined meeting with the Society of Anaesthetists of the South West Region and took place in Bath over two days. 239

In 1993 ABM (Mike) Telfer (Figure 66) became President. He had graduated in medicine in 1957 (Glasgow) and the following year commenced training in anaesthesia at GRI, interrupted by National Service in Germany. After being appointed Consultant at GRI (1963) he worked under Dr (later Sir) Donald Campbell and set up the ICU. He also designed the first mobile ICU – “the Telfer truck” (a trolley for in-hospital transfer of critically ill patients). In 1982 he was Chairman of the UK Intensive Care Society and in 1991 was elected first President of the Scottish Intensive Care Society. Mike also served a term as President of the GWSSA. He retired in 1992 240

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Under Telfer’s Presidency the SSA Council agreed that a ‘travelling badge of office’, based on the insignia pendant of the Presidential chain, should be commissioned and purchased. During discussions it became apparent that this presented an ideal opportunity for the Society to honour its Presidents by instituting the presentation of a commemorative medallion on retiral fom office. So, in 1993 as well as procuring a ‘travelling badge’ the Council purchased a die for manufacture of future medallions.241

Alexander (‘Sandy’) L Forrest (Figure 67), a Consultant in Dundee, was President in 1994-95. He was a highly regarded clinical anaesthetist who undertook cardiovascular bypass anaesthesia for heart surgery by Sir Donald Douglas; he also anaesthetised for major endocrine procedures. For many years he provided general anaesthesia in a Community Dental Clinic with recovery ‘in the chair’ – this experience and the Poswillo Report drove him and colleagues to change this to an out-patient facility at Ninewells Hospital by 1994. 242 He was an Honorary Senior Lecturer in charge of the University Department of Anaesthesia and helped to promote the foundation Chair of Anaesthesia in Dundee. His Presidential address was “Anaesthesia Matters” – on the place of anaesthesia in medical education. 242

The 1995-96 President was Alan G Macdonald (Figure 68), a Consultant at the VI, Glasgow. He had qualified in medicine in Aberdeen, followed by resident jobs there, in Inverness and Bridge of Earn. Next he spent a year as Demonstrator in Physiology at St Andrews and then moved to anaesthesia training at DRI and GRI. After this he was Lecturer in Anaesthesia at Glasgow University 1967-69, attached to the Western Infirmary, working under Gordon McDowell – where he produced a number of research papers on some effects of halothane and beta blockers. He was an elected member of Council of AAGBI 1981-85, and Final FFA examiner 1980-1992 243 as well as Primary FRCS (Glasgow) examiner 1992-96. Interested in history, he later published on early days in Glasgow: JHH Lewellin first etherist 244 and on fires and explosions in anaesthesia 245-6.

The annual Registrars’ Meeting was renamed “Trainees Meeting” in June 1995 when it took place in Aberdeen: the programme included management of septic shock, tracheal & bronchial stenting, and use of the fibrescope with double lumen tubes. 247 In November 1995 the Annual Scientific Meeting was held in Edinburgh and featured the new inhalation anaesthetic agents Desflurane and Sevoflurane, cerebral blood flow in liver disease, cranio-spinal trauma and anaesthetic audit. Appropriately the Gillies Memorial Lecture by Prof G Kenny was on technology, including PCA, IV infusion systems, awareness in anaesthesia and electronic medical records. 248

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The charismatic Alastair A Spence (Figure 69) became President in 1996. After being Research Fellow in Leeds (1965-6) he was appointed Head of Anaesthesia at the WI Glasgow in 1969, and served as Professor in Glasgow 1978-84.249 He was Editor of the British Journal of Anaesthesia 1973-83. 250 In 1984 he moved east to be Professor of Anaesthesia in Edinburgh. His publications were prolific, focussing mainly on post-operative hypoxaemia, theatre pollution and teaching & training. 249 In 1990 he chaired the Working Party on pain after surgery – which instigated the first Acute Pain Teams in UK 251. Then in 1992 he became the first President of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCoA) and was awarded a CBE. 249

The November 1996 Annual Scientific Meeting was for the second time a combined meeting with the Society of Anaesthetists of the South West Region, and was held in Glasgow over two days. 252

The President in 1997-98 was Iain A Davidson (Figure 70). He graduated in 1958 and after house posts in the RIE he spent two years of National Service in Aden and Malta returning to RIE in 1961 to start training in anaesthesia. After obtaining the FFARCS he spent 1964 in Philadelphia.253 Returning to the RIE he was appointed Consultant Anaesthetist to the Cardiac Surgical Unit, a post he held until retirement. With colleagues he studied the outcomes of patients who had suffered crush injury of the chest. When the format of the Primary FFARCS changed he was asked to run a course for trainees which was very successful. He chaired several committees including the Scottish CHMS, the Scottish Office Working Group on Adult Intensive Care, and the Medical Staff of the RIE – being later appointed Medical Director. He edited the SSA News Letter1971-74 changing the printer and introducing a new format.

John Thorburn (Figure 71) became President in 1998. After early medical years as a ship’s doctor, he had taken an obstetric house job in Greenock, then a period in general practice before moving to training in anaesthetics at GRI and a sojourn in Canada. He returned to a job at the WI, Glasgow. Finally he settled into obstetric anaesthesia at the Queen Mother’s Hospital in Glasgow 254. He co- authored about 60 papers in peer reviewed journals. Notably in 1981 he demon-strated the advantage of dilute bupivacaine for epidural analgesia in labour 255;in 1986 he co-authored (with Moir, 3rd edition) Obstetric Anaesthesia & Analgesia. 256

For 1999-2000 the President was Iain G Gray (Figure 72), a Consultant at Ninewells Hospital, Dundee. Born in Nairobi, Kenya he trained in medicine at St Andrews, graduating in 1964, and proceeded to training posts in Dundee Teaching Hospitals, and was appointed SR in anaesthetics in 1968. He was a

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Clinical Research Fellow (1970-71) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, where he published research leading to an MD. 257 On his returned to Dundee as a Consultant in 1972, he maintained his interest in paediatrics, but his major contributions were in setting up the ICU in Ninewells Hospital – and in management, first as Clinical Director in Dundee and later as Director of Critical Care Services for Tayside. He served as SSA Hon Treasurer 1983-7.

The New Millennium 2000-09

The first decade of the new millennium saw the arrival of more sophisticated anaesthetic machines, the SSA website, and the inauguration (2006) of the ‘Donald Campbell Quaich’ for the annual Registrar’s Prize 258. Throughout the decade the Annual Spring Residential Meeting (AGM) continued to be held over 3 days at Peebles Hydro Hotel. In 2001 the format was radically altered to have more educational emphasis – with 20% increase in members attending. 259

It gradually became even more educational and less political, although still retaining the unique family component.

The SSA continued to send out Scottish anaesthetists to venues in Third World countries to assist local departments. In 2004 Alan Thomson went to Dili in East Timor, Ion Grove-White visited Kumasi in Ghana, and Kate Janossy helped at the KCMC in Moshi, Tanzania. 260 A more protracted period of help was provided by Catriona Connolly going to Blantyre, Malawi in 2006-7. 261 262 Also in 2007 Grant Rodney went to Ecuador and Vietnam,263 while Jo Thorp visited Lusaka, Zambia. 264

POLITICALLY, following Dr Iain Gray’s proposals, the SSA had further involvement in the metamorphosis of the Scottish Standing Committee of the Royal College of Anaesthetists into the RCoA Board in Scotland – set up to give it a more substantial presence in Scotland. 265 This was driven by the decision of the SSA to not expand its political activities in response to devolution. 266 The new Board came into being on 1 September 2000 267 and was launched on 26 September 2000 at a reception in Old College, University of Edinburgh. The President of SSA, Dr DS Arthur, presented the Board with a splendid wooden Gavel, carved by Dr Hamish Findlay of Stirling. 268 The Board was expanded in size from the elected members of the previous Standing Committee to include the College’s four Regional Advisors (in Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine) in Scotland, a lay member and co-opted members as required; the first Chairman was Prof JAW Wildsmith. 267 269 The Board dealt with clinical standards for anaesthesia, provision of anaesthetic services in rural areas, and training: new courses leading to the FRCA examination, implementation of

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Foundation programmes and attention to the European Working Time Directive. In 2003 Prof Gavin Kenny became Chairman270, serving until 2007 when the name changed to RCoA Advisory Board for Scotland. Dr John McClure was Chairman from 2007 to 2008, being succeeded by Dr John Colvin.

In 2000 the AAGBI began the establishment of a Scottish Standing Committee,to be elected by and from its members living and working in Scotland – with SSA representation 265, transferring its seat on the Scottish Committee for Hospital Medical Services (SCHMS). This came to fruition in 2001, comprising six elected members + those elected members of AAGBI Council resident in Scotland + a representative of the Group of Anaesthetists in Training (GAT). Dr Jim Dougall was the first Convenor of the AAGBI Scottish Standing Committee;it dealt with establishing links & representation with other bodies, assistance for anaesthetists, the Consultant Contract and the future role of the Consultant. 271

In April 2001 the Hon Secretary of SSA (Dr N Mackenzie) wrote to the Chairman of the RCoA Board in Scotland to request formal observer status of the SSA on the Board.272 Within a few months the RCoA Council ratified continued observer status of the SSA on the Board. 273

As both the RCoA Scottish Board and the AAGBI Scottish Standing Committee became firmly established, the SSA clarified its role in Scottish Anaesthesia by linking together all the main bodies representing this (including the SICS and the NBPA) – ensuring good communication, support for professional activities and the provision of united representation to Government.

SOCIALLY there were huge advances in technology: DVDs (replacing VCRs), common use of mobile phones, universal uptake of the Internet.

The first new SSA President in the New Millennium (2000-01) was Douglas S Arthur (Figure 73), a Consultant at RHSC, Glasgow. In his training he had spent a year at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto,274 and he produced some important papers on paediatric anaesthesia. He served as SSA Hon Secretary 1975-79, a time when the Secretary was involved with the Health Secretary and politicians via the Scottish Committee for Hospital Medical Services. 275 He steered the negotiations with Deidre Gillies for endowment of the Gillies Memorial Lecture and was responsible for the SSA crest on the bowl given to Gillies lecturers. 172 His Presidential Address was on day stay surgery in paediatrics.274 He was also President of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland (1999-2001). 276

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The next President (2001-02) was W Farquhar D Hamilton (Figure 74), a Consultant at Ninewells Hospital, Dundee. He had done his anaesthetics training in Aberdeen, obtaining the FFARCS in 1973 and co-authored several papers on mucolytic agents, bronchodilator drugs and methoxyflurane. At Ninewells in 1984 he produced a review paper on beta-blockade and anaesthesia for thyroidectomy.277 He was one of the early intensive care consultants and also had regular commitments to endocrine, ophthalmic and vascular lists. He served as SSA Hon Secretary 1983-87. His Presidential Address was “A Sense of Direction” – highlighting his early pharmaceutical connections, his various drug research interests and the organisation & delivery of critical care. 278 In his Presidency the format of the Annual Meeting was revised to have more educational emphasis: a keynote speaker, trainee presentations and a shortened AGM. 259

In 2002 Peter G M Wallace (Figure 75), became President. A Consultant at the WI, Glasgow since 1976, he served as SSA Hon Secretary 1987-91. He was Director of Anaesthesia, Theatres and ITU at the WI in the early 90’s 279,President of the Intensive Care Society in London in 1997 280 and President of the Scottish Intensive Care Society in 2000. 281 In the run up to devolution, Wallace supported a more active political role for the SSA, but the consensusamong SSA members was to concentrate on educational and social activities.282

At this time, however, he was Hon Secretary of AAGBI and had a crucial role in establishing the AAGBI Scottish Standing Committee on which SSA is represented. His Presidential Address was “Confessions of an Unjustified Sinner”. 283 After his SSA Presidency he was President of AAGBI 2002-4.

Prof J A W (Tony) Wildsmith (Figure 76) was President for 2003-4, having won the Registrar’s Prize in 1973, edited the News Letter from 1979 to 1982 and given the Gillies Lecture in 1994. Trained in Edinburgh he was a Consultant at the Infirmary with an interest in vascular anaesthesia from 1977 184 to 1995 when he took up the inaugural Chair of Anaesthesia in Dundee. He has published on a range of topics with regional anaesthesia his major interest:Principles & Practice of Regional Anaesthesia (edited with EN Armitage) 284

first appeared in 1987, and he has received both the Gaston Labat Award from ASRA 193 and the Carl Koller Award from ESRA. He has served on many specialty organisations, implementing the change from Scottish Standing Committee to Scottish Board while on the College Council. The history of anaesthesia has been another interest; he was President of the History of Anaesthesia Society for 2008-10 and Honorary Archivist of the College from 2012 to 2015.

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The President in 2004 was John D Mackenzie (Figure 77), of Aberdeen, where he had qualified in medicine back in 1976 and in 1986 been appointed a Consultant Anaesthetist with special interest in cardio-thoracic anaesthesia. He published on measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution. 285 He was Regional Education Advisor for the College of Anaesthetists 1986-92. In 1987 he organised the SSA Scientific Meeting at Aberdeen RI 286 and he served as SSA Hon Secretary 1991-95. After his SSA Presidency, when the Medical Training Application Service (MTAS) was set up under the auspices of Modernising Medical Careers in 2007, he was offended by the summary disapproval of many trainees’ overseas experience, and a letter expressing these sentiments was published in the Glasgow Herald.

In 2004 the Annual Scientific Meeting was the first day of a combined two-day meeting, the second day being the Scottish Board of the RCoA’s study day. The venue was Dundee’s Westpark Conference Centre and the combination was a great success.287

In 2005 A Douglas McLaren (Figure 78) became President. He had begun anaesthetic training at the Glasgow RI in 1972 proceeding to the FFARCS in 1975. Developing a sub-specialty interest in cardio-thoracic anaesthesia he had a spell at the Brompton Hospital as SR before being appointed Consultant at the Glasgow VI (Mearnskirk unit) in 1979, moving to the WI. He experienced the major advances in cardio-thoracic anaesthesia: improved monitoring, new vasoactive drugs and cardioplegia.288 He had served as SSA Hon Treasurer 1987-91. His Presidential address was “The Old Order Changeth Yielding Place to New”. 288

The fifth Lady President in the history of the SSA arrived in 2006: Margaret Stockwell (Figure 79), a Consultant at the Glasgow RI. A talented singer from Paisley, she seriously considered a full time career as a singer in 1970-71 while a house officer in obstetrics & gynaecology at Chase Farm Hospital, Enfield. However in 1971 she changed to anaesthetics at Hillingdon Hospital, Uxbridge. She progressed to SR at the Glasgow RI in 1974 and took a Consultant post at the Southern General Hospital in 1978. Then in 1983 she moved back to the GRI as a Consultant cardio-thoracic anaesthetist. 289 Her Presidential address was “Music, Medicine and Me”. 290

In November 2006 the Annual Scientific Meeting was (for the second time) the first day of a two-day combined meeting with the RCoA Scottish Board – new venue Hampden Park, Glasgow – another success. 291

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Alf J Shearer (Figure 80), a Consultant at Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, was President in 2007-08. He had trained in anaesthesia in Aberdeen under Tunstall, before taking a Consultant post in Dundee with sessions in intensive care. He co-authored papers and taught widely on airway management and intensive care. In January 1988 he organised the first Scottish Intensive Care Meeting at the Station Hotel, Perth – with the theme of infection in the ICU; 292 he was President of the Scottish Intensive Care Society for 2002-4. 281 His SSA Presidential address was “Are mistakes a fact of life?”, which discussed issues arising from a road accident he attended en route to the previous SSA Meeting at Peebles. 293

In October 2007 the Annual Scientific Meeting was again a two-day combined meeting, but this time with the South of Ireland Society of Anaesthetists – held in Killarney. 294

Next to be President (2008-09) was John McClure (Figure 81). He won the SSA Registrar’s Prize in 1980 and was appointed Consultant at the Elsie Inglis, Royal Infirmary and Deaconess Hospitals in Edinburgh in 1983. He produced many peer reviewed papers on regional and obstetric anaesthesia and was co-author of four textbooks – joining Wildsmith & Armitage to edit the 3rd edition of Principles & Practice of Regional Anaesthesia in 2002. He was RCoA Regional Advisor 1995- 2001 and Chairman of the RCoA Advisory Board for Scotland 2007-8. He served as one of two Assessors for Anaesthesia to the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Death for the whole UK 2003-10, writing the Anaesthesia Chapter and Recommendations in the publication "WhyMothers Die".295 The RCoA awarded him the Frederick Hewitt Medal in 2009.

In November 2008 the Annual Scientific Meeting was (for a third time) combined with the RCoA Scottish winter meeting over two days – venue Aberdeen – a splendid event. 296

In 2009 John May (Figure 82), a Consultant in Inverness, became President. He had qualified in medicine in London where he did house jobs, then begun GP training in Wales, but changed to anaesthetics training in 1979. After jobs in Sheffield and London he obtained a registrar post in Edinburgh in 1981 – under Prof J Robertson and Bruce Scott. Passing the FFARCS in 1982 he was SR on the Nottingham rotation and was appointed Consultant in Lincoln in 1985. Eight years later he moved to a Consultant post in Inverness, in which he remained until his retirement. 297 His Presidential address was “MMC and a Heilan’ Cow”. 297 Accomplished in playing the bagpipes, he assumed the role of Piper for the Society.

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The November 2009 Annual Scientific Meeting was organised by John May in Inverness as the first two-day SSA event not combined with another body. Two days were chosen because of the “far North” location.

2010-14

In 2010 a trophy was inaugurated for the best Trainees’ Poster – named the James McGregor Imray Salver. 298 The 2010 Spring AGM was again held in Peebles, but this was the last time, bringing to an end the Society’s 25-year link with Peebles Hydro Hotel. This venue continues to be remembered fondly by older members of the Society and their children. In 2011 the Annual Spring Meeting moved to Crieff Hydro, this venue being retained for the rest of the SSA Centenary. From 2012 the event was shortened to 2 days – the first day being the Annual Trainees Meeting and the second day the Annual Spring Meeting.

Notable events (not specific to the SSA) in the last four years of the 1st century of the SSA have been:

• iPhone and APPs • preparation for revalidation of medical doctors, commencing 3

December 2012.

The President in 2010 was Jim Dougall (Figure 83), a Consultant in Glasgow. He had been President of the Scottish Intensive Care Society (SICS) 2004-6. 281

By this time the SSA had moved from political role to a greater educational role – offering a greater forum for encouragement of audit and research by trainees. However by engaging through the AAGBI, RCoA and SICS the SSA still attempted to both inform and represent the interests of Scottish anaesthesia. In keeping with its traditions the SSA remained socially and sportingly (golf) buoyant and Jim took particular personal pleasure in his appointment as apprentice to the Society’s long term Piper Dr John May. His Presidential address was “Of Tibias, Fistulas and Utricles”. 299

The November 2010 Winter Scientific Meeting was again combined with RCoA over two days – this time in Edinburgh. 300

Paul A Wilson (Figure 84), a Consultant in Crosshouse, was President in 2011-12. He had qualified in medicine (Glasgow) in 1976 and after junior doctor jobs begun training in anaesthesia at the GRI in 1979. Having passed the FFARCS he took a post of Chef du Clinic in the Department of Resuscitation and Intensive Care in A-Z St Jan Hospital in Bruges, Belgium, returning to a post of

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SR at the WI, Glasgow. He was appointed a Consultant in South Ayrshire in 1986. 301 His Presidential address was “Past History to Present Solutions”. In this he opined that while anaesthetists in Scotland had co-opted membership on the Councils of the RCoA and AAGBI from the Chairs of the Scottish Advisory Board and the Scottish Standing Committee, it was important to also have elected representation. 301

The November 2011 Winter Scientific Meeting was held in Seamill, Ayr and was not a combined meeting, but owing to the distant location had a later start time and spread over two days.

The penultimate President (2012-13) in the first century of the SSA was Charlie W Allison (Figure 85), a Consultant in Stracathro, who also had sessions at Ninewells Hospital. In March 1982 as SR at Ninewells he published a paper on pre-operative starvation in children: the role of alanine in blood glucose homeostasis. 302 Then he spent a year as Clinical Research Fellow at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto in 1982. He served as Editor of the SSA Annals 1995-99, bringing it more “magazine” content. His Presidential address was “The Gasman Cometh”, the caption of a cartoon drawn by Ninewells artist Maureen Sneddon in the 1970s, 303 and the basis of a talk given to various community organisations, continuing in his retirement.

The 2012 Winter Scientific Meeting was held in Dundee – again a two-day combined meeting with RCoA.

The final President (2013-14), taking the SSA to its Centenary, was Neil Mackenzie (Figure 86), a Consultant in Dundee with a major interest in paediatric and regional anaesthesia. Back in 1985 he had been one of the first to publish on clinical use of the new emulsion formulation of propofol for induction 304 ; he further published on propofol infusion for sedation (1987) 305

and IV anaesthesia (1989) 306 as well as propofol target-controlled infusion (1993). 307 For the Faculty/College of Anaesthetists Neil was Regional Advisor for 8 years and an examiner for 12 years. He served as SSA Hon Secretary 1999-2003, the time of Scottish devolution, and was heavily involved in Specialty discussions about anaesthetic representation in Scotland. He also was first Secretary (2001) and later Convenor of the AAGBI Scottish Standing Committee. His Presidential Address in 2013 was “The Walk of Life”. 308

The 2013 Winter Scientific Meeting was deferred to allow preparation for the Centenary Meeting in February 2014.

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Neil Mackenzie presided over the two-day Centenary Meeting held in Edinburgh over 20-21 February 2014 – see Appendix 9. The two-day meeting was held in the National Museum of Scotland on a theme of “Scottish Anaesthesia – the past, present and future” with an accompanying splendid dinner in the Balmoral Hotel for 180 guests including invited dignitaries from Government, Royal Colleges, Association and GMC. A record 18 SSA Past Presidents also attended. Trainees were invited to compete for a unique Centenary Essay Prize (£500) by submitting an essay within 2000 words on “Anaesthesia – the future”. This was won by Dr Michael Stallard, whose essay was subsequently published in the Bulletin of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. 309 At the Centenary Dinner, gifts to the SSA were presented: a Commemorative Salver jointly from the RCoA and the AAGBI, as well as a Certificate of Appreciation from the WFSA.

Conclusion

The Scottish Society of Anaesthetists has proudly attained its Centenary. It has survived, indeed flourished, in the midst of other National and International Societies of Anaesthesia – perhaps most importantly due to the Scottish strong sense of identity. The SSA has provided a means of social integration of the regional societies, a convenient means of continuing education and a platform for stance on the needs of anaesthetists practising in Scotland.

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FFARCS. British Medical Journal 1986; I: 275-6. 53. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 9 October 1937. 54. Milligan ETC, Napier FL. Blood transfusion and resuscitation

(Memoranda). British Medical Journal 1918; II: 603. 55. Wright D. Some notes on the history of the Scottish Society of

Anaesthetists. SSA Newsletter 1984; 25: 24-25. 56. EESSA Minute Book 1. 57. GWSSA Archive Collection:

http://www.rcpsg.ac.uk/en/Library/Archive-Services/Archive-Collections/ (accessed 9/6/2013)

58. Stevenson J op. cit. 404, 443. 59. Marwick A. British Society since 1945 (2nd ed.). London: Penguin,

1990; 60 60. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 29 & 30 April, 1950. 61. McKenzie AG. The Gillies anaesthetic machine. Anaesthesia 2008; 63:

771-7. 62. Griffiths HWC, Gillies J. Thoraco-lumbar splanchnicectomy and

sympathect-omy. Anaesthesia 1948; 3: 134-46. 63. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 1 July 1950. 64. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 27-29 April 1951. 65. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 25 April 1952. 66. Spence AA. Herbert Harvey Pinkerton. The History of Anaesthesia

Society Proceedings 1995; 17: 17-21. 67. Pinkerton HH. The use of an inflatable cuirass in endoscopy. British

Journal of Anaesthesia 1957; 29: 421. 68. Obituary: Herbert Harvey Pinkerton. Anaesthesia 1982; 37: 1143-4. 69. Obituary: T.J.C. MacDonald, Ph.D., M.D., F.F.A.R.C.S. British

Medical Journal 1966; II: 1333. 70. MacDonald TJ. A preliminary report on the anaesthetic properties of

isopropyl chloride. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1950; 22: 92-101. 46

71. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 25-27 April, 1952. 72. Obituary: William M Shearer, M.D., F.F.A.R.C.S. SSA Newsletter

1976; 17: 25. 73. Shearer WM. The calibration of a Boyle’s apparatus. Anaesthesia

1949; 4: 194-7. 74. Shearer WM. The effect of atropine and hyoscine on the pulse rate in

human subjects. Anaesthesia 1951; 6: 76-82 75. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 24-26 April, 1953. 76. Obituary: I M C Dewar MB, ChB, FCANAES. British Medical Journal

1989; 299: 677. 77. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 2-4 April, 1954. 78. Obituary: F.G. Gibbs, F.R.C.S.Ed., F.R.C.P.Ed., F.D.S.R.C.S.Ed.,

F.F.A.R.C.S.Eng. British Medical Journal 1960; II: 153. 79. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 29 April – 1 May, 1955. 80. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 6 November, 1955. 81. Obituary: Dr Howard Bruce Wilson. Anaesthesia1958; 13: 470-1. 82. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 27-29 April, 1956. 83. Obituary: R Lawrie LRCP, LRCS, LRFPS, FFARCS, DA. British

Medical Journal 1981; 282: 237. 84. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 26-28 April, 1957. 85. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 25 April 1958. 86. Lawrie R. Deaths under an anaesthetic; a critical review of the

procedure and consequences of reporting such incidents. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1958; 30: 85-94.

87. SSA News Letter 1960; 1: 4.88. Obituary: Dr Robert (Roy) Neilson Sinclair MD, FCANAES. British

Medical Journal 1990; 301: 40. 89. Sinclair RN. Injury to the brachial plexus during general anaesthesia; a

report of four cases. Glasgow Medical Journal 1948; 29: 378-82. 90. Sinclair RN. Ascending spinal paralysis following hysterectomy under

general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1954; 9: 286-7. 91. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 25-27 April, 1958. 92. Sinclair RN. The oesophageal cardia and regurgitation. British Journal

of Anaesthesia 1959; 31: 15-21. 93. Minutes. SSA Executive Council Meeting, 23 November 1958. 94. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 24-26 April, 1959. 95. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 6 May, 1960. 96. Levack I. 50 years of NESSA. The Annals of the Scottish Society of

Anaesthetists 2011; 56-62. 97. SSA News Letter 1961; 2: 7. 98. SSA News Letter 1961; 2: 5. 99. SSA News Letter 1962; 3: 10.

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100. SSA Newsletter 1963; 4: 7. 101. SSA News Letter 1965; 6: 5. 102. SSA News Letter 1966; 7: 5. 103. SSA News Letter 1967; 8:4. 104. SSA News Letter 1968; 9: 4. 105. SSA News Letter 1969; 10: 4. 106. SSA News Letter1961; 2: 8. 107. Obituary: Dr Malcolm Shaw. Glasgow Herald 29 August 2007. 108. Lawrie R. The reporting of deaths associated with anaesthesia in Scotland. An account of the activities of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists in negotiating revised procedure. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1962; 34: 124-32.

109. Marwick A op.cit.; 104-106. 110. Obituary: Dr Andrew Tindal. SSA Newsletter 1983; 24: 24. 111. SSA News Letter 1960; 1: 9-10. 112. Boulton TB. The AAGBI 1932-1992 and the Development of the Specialty of Anaesthesia. London: AAGBI, 1999; 737. 113. Obituary: J W L Bain MB, ChB, FFARCS, DA. British Medical Journal 1979; II: 1432-3. 114. Bain JWL. Presidential Address. SSA News Letter 1961; 2: 3. 115. Minutes. SSA Executive Council Meeting, 5 November 1961. 116. Minutes. Scottish Society of Anaesthetists, 27-29 April, 1962. 117. Muir MC. A Different Viewpoint. SSA News Letter 1962; 3: 3. 118. SSA News Letter 1962; 3: 5. 119. Baird WLM. Professor Alex C Forrester. The History of Anaesthesia Society Proceedings 1995; 17: 22-24. 120. Obituary: JD Robertson MD, FRCPED, FRCSED, FCANAES, DA. British Medical Journal 1989; 299: 971. 121. Robertson JD. Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid. In: Hewer CL (Ed.) Recent Advances in Anaesthesia & Analgesia (10th Ed.). London: J & A Churchill Ltd., 1967; 55-57. 122. SSA News Letter 1965; 6: 3-4. 123. SSA News Letter 1965; 6: 7. 124. SSA News Letter 1966; 7: 5. 125. Bolster JA. Inverness and the Highland Region. SSA News Letter 1984; 25: 27-28 126. Bolster JA. Presidential Address. SSA News Letter 1966; 7: 3-4. 127. SSA News Letter 1973; 14: 19. 128. Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1996; 36: 7. 129. Obituary: Alfred William Raffan. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2006-7; 37. 130. Raffan AW. Post-operative paralysis of the brachial plexus. British Medical Journal 1950; II: 149.

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131. Raffan AW. Sleep – The Golden Chain. SSA News Letter 1967; 8: 6-9. 132. SSA News Letter 1967; 8: 4. 133. Obituary: J R Kyles FFARCS. British Medical Journal 1993; 306: 1193. 134. SSA News Letter 1969; 10: 4. 135. Obituary: Malcolm Shaw. Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2008; 48: 14-16. 136. Minutes. SSA Executive Council Meeting 20 May 1967. 137. Minutes. SSA Executive Council Meeting 8 December 1968. 138. Minutes. SSA Executive Council Meeting 25 April 1969. 139. Norris W, Campbell D. Anaesthetics, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1974. 140. Macdonald A. President’s Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1996; 36: 10. 141. SSA News Letter 1970; 11: 4. 142. SSA News Letter 1971; 12: 4. 143. Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2002; 42: 13. 144. SSA News Letter 1971; 12: 17. 145. SSA News Letter 1977; 18: 18. 146. SSA News Letter 1978; 19: 17-18. 147. Marwick A op.cit; 206-8. 148. Obituary: Kenneth Clark Grigor. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2011; 52-54. 149. Shannon DW. An anaesthetist looks at a burnt child. Lancet 1955; I: 111-5. 150. Shannon DW. Paediatric Anaesthesia 2. Factors affecting the safety of the child. Nursing Times 1964; 60: 366-8. 151. Shannon DW. Suffer the Little Children. SSA News Letter 1971; 12: 7- 10. 152. http://www.apagbi.org.uk/about-us/history-apa (accessed 15/5/2014). 153. SSA News Letter 1972; 13: 4. 154. Spence AA. James Crawford (1914-98), Hugh Wishart (1921-99) – An Appreciation. Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2001; 41: 16-18. 155. Crawford J. Anaesthesia for thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. SSA News Letter 1972; 13: 6-8. 156. Crawford J. A review of 41 cases of myasthenia gravis subjected to thymectomy. Anaesthesia 1971; 26: 513. 157. Rollason WN. Electrocardiography for the Anaesthetist. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., 1964. 158. Rollason WN. Should a doctor tell? SSA News Letter 1973; 14: 4-6. 159. Obituary: Frank Holmes. The Scotsman 9 February 2004.

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160. Holmes F. The supine hypotensive syndrome. Its importance to the anaesthetist. Anaesthesia 1960; 15: 298-306. 161. Fairlie H. Congenital atresia of the oesophagus: the anaesthetic problems. Glasgow Medical Journal 1954; 35: 145-60. 162. SSA News Letter 1975; 16: 5-9. 163. SSA News Letter 1975; 16: 3.164. SSA News Letter 1973; 14: 16. 165. SSA News Letter 1974; 15: 24-25. 166. SSA News Letter 1975; 16: 26-27. 167. SSA News Letter 1976; 17: 20-21. 168. Beaton D. With head and heart and head. SSA News Letter 1976; 17: 4-9. 169. Obituary: Ian Murray Lawson. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2010; 65-66. 170. Lawson JIM. From San Diego to Ninewells. SSA News Letter 1977; 18: 5-11. 171. Appreciation: Alastair Masson anaesthetist and archivist. The Scotsman 2 December 2009. 172. Obituary: Alastair H B Masson. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2011; 54-55. 173. SSA News Letter 1978; 19: 31. 174. Obituary: L D Davidson FCANAES. British Medical Journal 1989; 299: 1397. 175. SSA News Letter 1978; 19: 3. 176. SSA News Letter 1980; 21: 26. 177. Minutes. SSA Executive Council 2 November 1980. 178. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1982; 23: 26. 179. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1983; 24: 23-24. 180. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1984; 25: 22. 181. Marwick A op.cit.; 311-14 182. Obituary: Professor Sir Donald Campbell, CBE. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2005; 10-11. 183. SSA News Letter 1980; 21: 15. 184. Catford EF. The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, Scottish Academic Press, 1984; 275-6. 185. Milne AC. Laryngeal stenosis. Anaesthesia 1957; 12: 154-6. 186. Milne AC. Myasthenia gravis. SSA News Letter 1981; 22: 3-6. 187. SSA News Letter 1981; 22: 11. 188. Obituary: Alan James Booth. British Medical Journal 1997; 314: 1766. 189. Booth AJ, Nisbet HIA, Wilson F. Anaesthesia for Fredet-Rammstedt’s operation. Anaesthesia 1959; 14: 355-65.

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190. Booth A. The flying death – a catalyst. SSA News Letter 1982; 23: 3-7. 191. SSA News Letter 1987; 28: 27. 192. Obituary: Donald Bruce Scott MD FRCA FRCPEd (1925-1998). The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1999; 6-7. 193. Maltby JR (Ed.). Notable Names in Anaesthesia. London: RSM Press, 2002; 107, 110. 194. Wishart HY. Presidential Address. SSA News Letter 1984; 25: 4-7. 195. Obituary: Professor Sir Gordon Robson. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2008; 17-18. 196. Mackenzie A. Experimentum mirabile. SSA News Letter 1986; 27: 4-8. 197. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1995; 35: 1. 198. SSA News Letter 1986; 27: 1. 199. MacRae WR. Mix ‘n Match. SSA News Letter 1987; 28: 3-6. 200. Boulton TB op.cit.; 609. 201. Obituary: Alick Mitchell Reid. British Medical Journal 2014; 348: 28. 202. Naird WLM, Reid AM. The neuromuscular blocking properties of a new steroid compound, pancuronium bromide – a pilot study in man. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1967; 39; 775-80. 203. Reid AM. Efficiency of operating theatre utilisation. SSA News Letter 1988; 29: 3-10. 204. SSA News Letter 1988; 29: 20. 205. Imray J McG, Kennedy BR, Kilpatrick SJ. The effect of brief chloro- form administration on liver function. Anaesthesia 1964; 19: 33-39. 206. Obituary: Greg McGregor Imray. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2005; 12. 207. Levack ID. Anaesthesia in East Africa. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1992; 32; 20. 208. Thomson MF. Report on the 6th Refresher Course East African Society of Anaesthetists. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1993; 33: 22. 209. Naismith AJW. WFSA Refresher Course and SAEA Annual Conference Moshi, Tanzania. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1995; 35: 44-45. 210. Glavin RJ. Medical education in Mauritius & Botswana. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1995; 35: 40-4. 211. Hutchison G. Zambian Refresher Course. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1997; 37: 29-30. 212. Boyne I. A report on one year spent in the Dept of Anaesthesia at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2000; 40: 21-2. 213. Curry P. A report on the Zambian Society of Anaesthesiology Annual Congress 4th - 5th November 1999. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2000; 40: 22-3.

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214. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1994; 34: 50. 215. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1996; 36: 29-30. 216. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1997; 37: 12-13. 217. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1998; 38: 11-12. 218. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1999; 39: 16. 219. Report of the Scottish Standing Committee of the College of Anaesthetists. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1992; 32: 31. 220. Royal College of Anaesthetists Report and Accounts 1994/5; 16. 221. Davidson IA. The Scottish Society of Anaesthetists and The Scottish Parliament. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1999; 39: 15. 222. Archives of SSA: Implication of devolution on anaesthesia; letter from SSA to AAGBI dated 11th December 1998. 223. Archives of SSA: Implication of devolution on anaesthesia; letter to Hon Secretary SSA from President of SICS dated 5th January 1999. 224. Archives of SSA: Implication of devolution on anaesthesia; letter from SSA President to President of RCoA dated 6th July 1999. 225. Archives of SSA: Implication of devolution on anaesthesia; letter from SSA President to AAGBI dated 9th August 1999. 226. Marwick A op.cit.; 407, 412. 227. Speirs I. The use of tacrine and suxamethonium in anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1966; 38: 394-400. 228. Speirs I. The placental transfer of pancuronium bromide. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1972; 44: 370-3. 229. Scott R, Burns N, McIlwraith G et al. St. Andrew’s Ambulance Associaion experience at Ibrox and Hampden Parks. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1991; 25: 134-7. 230. Kirkwood I. With a gossamer touch. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1990; 31: 3-7. 231. SSA News Letter 1965; 6: 12. 232. SSA News Letter 1968; 9: 17. 233. Stewart WK, Mackenzie LA, Walker WF et al. Cardiac arrest trolley. Scottish Medical Journal 1969; 14: 180-3. 234. SSA News Letter 1969; 10: 4.235. The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Associated Hospitals Report 1967-68. Edinburgh: Bishop & Sons Ltd, 1968; 41. 236. Wilson J, Turner DJ. Awareness during caesarean section under general anaesthesia. British Medical Journal 1969; I: 280-3. 237. The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Associated Hospitals Report 1969-70. Edinburgh: Bishop & Sons Ltd, 1970; 107.

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238. Wilson J. Gastric emptying in labour: some recent findings and their clinical significance. Journal of International Medical Research 1978; Suppl 1: 54-62. 239. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1993; 33: 23. 240. Obituary: Mike Telfer. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2008; 16-17. 241. Archives of SSA: purchase of President’s chain, 1993. 242. Forrest AL. Anaesthesia matters. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1995; 35: 3-8. 243. Macdonald AG . President’s Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1996; 36: 3-11. 244. Macdonald AG. John Henry Hill Lewellin: the first etherist in Glasgow. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1993; 70: 228-34. 245. Macdonald AG. A short history of fires and explosions caused by anaesthetic agents. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994; 72: 710-22. 246. Macdonald AG. A brief historical review of non-anaesthetic causes of fires and explosions in the operating room. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994; 73: 847-56. 247. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1996; 36: 31-35. 248. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1996; 36: 18-23, 36-38. 249. Harrison MJ. British Academic Anaesthetists 1950-2000 (Volume 1). Wellington: Harrison, 2011; 219. 250. Smith G. Recollections of an editor. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1998; 38: 8-10. 251. McKenzie AG. The development of acute pain teams. The History of Anaesthesia Society Proceedings 2006; 36: 55-62. 252. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1997; 37: 26. 253. Davidson IA. Presidential Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1998; 38: 4-7. 254. Thorburn J. President’s Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1999; 39: 1-4. 255. Thorburn J, Moir DD. Extradural analgesia: the influence of volume and concentration of bupivacaine on the mode of delivery, analgesic efficacy and motor block. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1981; 53: 933-9. 256. Moir DD, Thorburn J. Obstetric Anaesthesia and Analgesia (3rd ed.). London: Bailliere Tindall, 1986. 257. Gray IG, Mitra SK, Nisbet HI et al. Cerebral blood flow in hypoxic anesthetized dogs. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1971; 50: 594-608. 258. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2007; 47: 2, 11. 259. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2002; 42: 4.

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260. SAGA tours – Sun and Guns for Anaesthetists. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2005; 45: 26-35. 261. Connolly C. Anaesthesia update, I presume? The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2007; 47: 34-36. 262. Connolly C. The Scotland/ Malawi Anaesthesia Project Episode 2 – Building an Infrastructure. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2008; 48: 27-28. 263. Rodney G. Working with Interplast. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2008; 48: 21-24. 264. Thorp J. Report on Conference of Society of Anaesthesiologists of Zambia, October 10-12th 2007. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2008; 48: 24-26. 265. Arthur D. Presidential year. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2001; 41: 9. 266. Gray IG. The President’s Year. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2000; 40: 5. 267. Wildsmith JAW. Scottish devolution and The Royal College of Anaesthetists. RCoA Bulletin 2000; 4 (November): 147. 268. Meek J. Launch of The Royal College of Anaesthetists’ Board in Scotland. RCoA Bulletin 2000; 4 (November): 148. 269. Wildsmith JAW. RCoA Board in Scotland. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2002; 42: 5. 270. Kenny GNC. Report from the RCoA Board in Scotland. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2004; 44: 45. 271. Dougall JR. AAGBI Scottish Standing Committee. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2002; 42: 5. 272. Archives of SSA: Implication of devolution on anaesthesia; letter from SSA to Chairman, RCoA Board in Scotland, dated 16 April 2001. 273. Archives of SSA: Implication of devolution on anaesthesia; letter of thanks from SSA to Chairman, RCoA Board in Scotland, dated 12th

November 2001. 274. Arthur D. Presidential Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2001; 41: 3-6. 275. Arthur D. Scottish Committee for Hospital Medical Services. SSA News Letter 1976; 17: 20. 276. http://www.apagbi.org.uk/about-us/history-apa/presidents-apa (accessed 01/10/2014) 277. Hamilton WF, Forrest AL, Gunn A et al. Beta-adrenoceptor blockade and anaesthesia for thyroidectomy. Anaesthesia 1984; 39: 335-42. 278. Hamilton WFD. Presidential Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2002; 42: 6-13.

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279. Wallace PG. Elective ventilation of potential organ donors. Elective ventilation and diagnosis of death are mutually exclusive. British Medical Journal 1995; 311: 121. 280. Wallace PG, Lawler PG. Bed shortages. Regional intensive care unit transfer teams are needed. British Medical Journal 1997; 314: 369. 281. http://www.scottishintensivecare.org.uk/about-sics/history/previous- office- bearers/ (accessed 05/10/2014) 282. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2003; 43: 5. 283. Wallace P. Presidential Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2003; 43: 6-10. 284. Wildsmith JAW, Armitage EN (Eds). Principles and Practice of Regional Anaesthesia. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1987. 285. Mackenzie JD, Haites NE, Rawles JM. Method of assessing the reproduceability of blood flow measurement: factors influencing the performance of thermodilution cardiac output computers. British Heart Journal 1986; 55: 14-24. 286. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1987; 28: 15. 287. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2005; 45: 36. 288. McLaren AD. Presidential Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2006; 46: 3-10. 289. Obituary: Margaret Caldwell Gray Stockwell. The Scotsman 18th

September 2013. 290. Stockwell M. Presidential Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2007; 47: 3-11. 291. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2007; 47: 50. 292. http://www.scottishintensivecare.org.uk/about-sics/history/ (accessed 05/10/2014) 293. Shearer A. Presidential Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2008; 48: 3-13.

294. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2008; 48: 40. 295. Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health. Why Mothers Die 2000-2002: The Sixth Report of the CEMD in the UK. London: RCOG Press, 2004. 296. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2009; 49: 55. 297. May J. Presidential Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2010; 50: 4-11. 298. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2011; 51: 2, 66. 299.. Dougall J. Presidential Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2011; 51: 4-11. 300. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2011; 51: 63. 301. Wilson PA. Presidential Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2012; 52: 5-14.

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302. Allison CW, Cater JI, Gray IG et al. Pre-operative starvation in children. The role of alanine in blood glucose homeostasis. Anaesthesia 1982; 37: 274-7. 303. Allison CW. Presidential Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2013; 53: 4-15. 304. Mackenzie N, Grant IS. Comparison of the new emulsion formulation of propofol with methohexitone and thiopentone for induction of anaesthesia in day cases. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1985; 57: 725-31. 305. Mackenzie N, Grant IS. Propofol for intravenous sedation. Anaesthesia 1987; 42: 3-6. 306. Mackenzie N, Grant IS. Relative potencies of propofol and methohexitone infusions. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1989; 63: 637 307. Skipsey IG, Colvin JR, Mackenzie N, Kenny GN. Sedation with propofol during surgery under local blockade. Assessment of a target- controlled infusion system. Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 210-3. 308. Mackenzie N. Presidential Address. The Annals of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 2014; 54: 5-16. 309. Bulletin of the Royal College of Anaesthetists 2014; 86: 6-9.

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Appendix 1 SSA Presidents & Presidential Addresses 1914-2014

YEAR PRESIDENT PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS1914-15 DCA McAllum False Anaesthesia 1919-20 JP Boyd 1920 J Johnston 1920-21 HT Thomson 1921-22 J Johnston Some pre-anaesthetic intoxication 1922-23 D Lamb 1923-24 JH Gibbs 1924-25 HP Fairlie 1925-26 A Mills The present position of chloroform 1926-27 JS Ross The provision of an anaesthetic service 1927-28 A Ogston Every Day Anaesthesia 1928 W Barras Some Remarks on Stovaine 1928-30 JR Mackenzie Post-anaesthetic Sickness 1930-31 HT Thomson Random Reflections 1931-32 Winifred Wood Pre-medication in Anaesthesia with Special Reference to Rectal Ether 1932-33 DB Middleton Anaesthesia for Intra-oral Surgery 1933-34 HP Fairlie General Anaesthesia for Dental Extractions 1934-35 A Mills Chloroform 1935-36 WB Primrose Closed Anaesthesia – some remarks on Cyclopropane 1936-37 J Johnston Evipan Sodium 1937-38 DK Fisher Successes and Failures with Spinal Anaesthetics 1938-39 JD Stewart Pre-medication: physiological and other considerations 1950-51 J Gillies Anaesthetics as a Specialty – Past, Present and Future 1951-52 HH Pinkerton General Anaesthesia in Collapse Therapy for Pulmonary Tuberculosis 1952-53 TJC MacDonald On nature of a pharmacological excursion with the aliphatic halogens having anaesthetic possibilities 1953-54 WM Shearer A Pipeline Problem 1954-55 IMC Dewar Wells, Morton et al

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YEAR PRESIDENT PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS1955-56 FG Gibbs On the tendency to approach the science of anaesthesia in a purely mechanistic and technical sense, compared with philosophical 1956-57 HB Wilson Widening Horizons for Anaesthetists 1957-58 R Lawrie Seen from the Periphery 1958-59 RN Sinclair The Oesophageal Cardia and Regurgitation 1959-60 Alison Ritchie Lest We Forget 1960-61 A Tindal Anaesthesia – things that may happen 1961-62 JWL Bain An Exciting Twenty Years 1962-63 Margaret Muir A Different Viewpoint 1963-64 AC Forrester Applied Science and the Anaesthetist 1964-65 JD Robertson To Educate or to Instruct 1965-66 AG Miller Mediterranean Cruise 1966-67 JA Bolster Twenty-one years as a Highland anaesthetist 1967-68 AW Raffan Sleep – “The Golden Chain” 1968-69 JR Kyles Let’s be honest 1969-70 M Shaw The next milestone – what can it be? 1970-71 K Grigor Along my way 1971-72 DW Shannon Suffer the little children 1972-73 J Crawford Anaesthesia for thymectomy in myasthenia gravis 1973-74 WN Rollason Should a doctor tell? 1974-75 F Holmes On personal reflections and anaesthesia as a specialty in the future 1975-76 H Fairlie Cardiovascular reactions following the application of acrylic cement to bone and joint surfaces in orthopaedic surgery 1976-77 D Beaton With head and heart and head 1977-78 JIM Lawson From San Diego to Ninewells 1978-79 AHB Masson Alternative uses for anaesthetic drugs 1979-80 L Davidson The origin and history of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists 1980-81 D Campbell Pulmonary injury in the burned patient 1981-82 A Milne Myasthenia Gravis 1982-83 A Booth The Flying Death – a catalyst 1983-84 DB Scott On a balanced view of evidence in anaesthesia in defence of thiopentone 1984-85 HY Wishart On low flow inhalation anaesthesia 1985-86 G Robson The challenge of anaesthesia 1986-87 AI Mackenzie Experimentum mirabile

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YEAR PRESIDENT PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS1987-88 W R Macrae Mix ‘n match 1988-89 AM Reid Efficiency of operating theatre utilisation 1989-90 J McG Imray Medicine and the North Sea 1990-91 I Kirkwood With a gossamer touch 1991-92 S McGowan Let us now praise famous men – on Dr Alexander Macklin 1992-93 J Wilson Development of anaesthesia in terms of organisation 1993-94 ABM Telfer Communication in anaesthesia 1994-95 AL Forrest Anaesthesia Matters – on the place of anaesthesia in medical education 1995-96 AG Macdonald Smelling the flowers along the way…. but

tending the buds as you go 1996-97 AA Spence From John Snow to specialist registrar 1997-98 I Davidson Looking backwards – looking forwards 1998-99 J Thorburn Aspirations in Anaesthesia 1999-2000 IG Gray Back to the Future – comparing the history

of ancient trades in Dundee with threats facing the anaesthetic profession in the next century

2000-01 D Arthur East West, Homes Best – day surgery in paediatrics 2001-02 F Hamilton A Sense of Direction – drugs in anaesthesia and intensive care 2002-03 PGM Wallace Confessions of an unjustified sinner 2003-04 JAW Wildsmith An Englishman abroad 2004-05 JD Mackenzie A Great Ducal Family – the Dukes of Gordon 2005-06 AD McLaren The old order changeth yielding place to new 2006-07 Margaret

Stockwell Music, Medicine and Me 2007-08 A Shearer Are mistakes a fact of life? 2008-09 JH McClure From his mother’s womb untimely ripped 2009-10 J May MMC and a Heilan Cow 2010-11 J Dougall Of Tibias, Fistulas and Utricles 2011-12 P Wilson Past History to Present Solutions 2012-13 CW Allison The Gasman Cometh 2013-14 N Mackenzie The Walk of Life

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Appendix 2 SSA Hon Secretary-Treasurers 1914-1963

1914 Dr J Stuart Ross (Edinburgh)

Lapse WW1

1919-24 Dr J Stuart Ross (Edinburgh) 1924-39 Dr Fred L Napier (Glasgow)

Lapse WW2

1950-53 Dr Roy N Sinclair (Glasgow) 1953-57 Dr Alexander G Miller (Glasgow) 1957-63 Dr Malcolm Shaw (Glasgow)

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Appendix 3 SSA Hon Secretaries 1963-2014

1963-67 Dr Alastair H.B. Masson (Edinburgh) 1967-71 Dr Donald Campbell (Glasgow) 1971-75 Dr Willie R MacRae (Edinburgh) 1975-79 Dr Douglas S Arthur (Glasgow) 1979-83 Dr K Brian Slawson (Edinburgh) 1983-87 Dr W Farquhar D Hamilton (Dundee) 1987-91 Dr Peter GM Wallace (Glasgow) 1991-95 Dr John D Mackenzie (Aberdeen) 1995-99 Dr Colin J Sinclair (Edinburgh) 1999-2003 Dr Neil Mackenzie (Dundee) 2003-07 Dr Alistair Michie (Crosshouse) 2007-11 Dr Elizabeth McGrady (Glasgow) 2011-14 Dr Gordon Byers (Aberdeen)

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Appendix 4 SSA Hon Treasurers 1963-2014

1963-67 Dr Archibald C Milne (Edinburgh) 1967-71 Dr W Leslie M Baird (Glasgow) 1971-75 Dr Donald J Grubb (Edinburgh) 1975-79 Dr Donald C Miller (Glasgow) 1979-83 Dr L Vaughan H Martin (Edinburgh) 1983-87 Dr Iain G Gray (Dundee) 1987-91 Dr A Douglas McLaren (Glasgow) 1991-95 Dr Iain D Levack (Aberdeen) 1995- 99 Dr David HT Scott (Edinburgh) 1999-2003 Dr John Bannister (Dundee) 2003-07 Dr Jane Chestnut (Crosshouse) 2007-11 Dr Kerry Litchfield (Glasgow) 2011-14 Dr Andrea Harvey (Aberdeen)

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Appendix 5 SSA Editors of News Letters and Annals 1960-2014

NEWSLETTERS

1960-67 Dr Malcolm Shaw (Glasgow) 1967-70 Dr Walter Norris (Glasgow) 1971-74 Dr Iain A Davidson (Edinburgh) 1975-78 Dr David F Steel (Paisley) 1979-82 Dr J Anthony W Wildsmith (Edinburgh) 1983-86 Dr W (Bill) Macrae (Dundee) 1987-88 Dr John C Murray (Falkirk)

ANNALS

1989-90 Dr John C Murray (Falkirk) 1991-95 Dr W Alastair Chambers (Aberdeen) 1995-99 Dr Ian R Armstrong (Edinburgh) 2000-03 Dr Charles Allison (Stracathro) 2004-07 Dr Steven Lawrie (Crosshouse) 2007-11 Dr Colin Runcie (Glasgow) 2011-14 Dr Brian Stickle (Aberdeen)

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Appendix 6 Guest Speakers & their lectures at AGM 1951-2014

1951 Dr WW Mushin, Cardiff The Null Hypothesis 1952 Dr A Davison, Newcastle Historical background and superstitions surrounding the Mandrake 1953 Dr I Magill, London Impressions of anaesthetic centres in USA 1954 Prof RR Macintosh Experiences Abroad 1955 Dr TC Gray, Liverpool Clinical and experimental work at Liverpool Department of Anaesthesia 1956 Dr MD Nosworthy, Dangers associated with reflex London stimuli, both anaesthetic and surgical 1957 Dr JA Lee, Southend My Favourite Anaesthetic Techniques –

epidural analgesia 1958 Dr LB Wevill, Edinburgh Problems in the development of new drugs 1959 Dr M Hawksley, London The anaesthetic management of infants 1960 Prof D Baird, Aberdeen Obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia 1961 Dr GSW Organe, London Atlantic Curtain – anaesthetic centres in USA 1962 Prof WDM Paton, The development of new anaesthetics –

Oxford MRC exploring new fluorinated compounds

1963 Prof EA Pask, Newcastle Design and Testing of Life Jackets 1964 Dr M Holmdahl, Uppsala Experiences of an Intensive Care Unit 1965 Dr JG Robson, ?London The resistance to gas flow in the lungs of anaesthetised patients 1966 Prof AC Smith, Oxford Recent advances in artificial respiration 1967 Dr S Kenny, Dublin The Petals Unfold 1968 Dr RB Goudie, Glasgow Immunological problems of tissue transplantation 1969 Dr RPW Shackleton,

Southampton Earning and Learning 1970 Dr JW Dundee, Belfast Pitfalls in clinical trials 1971 Dr AR Hunter, Idle thoughts of an idle fellow – anaesthesia

Manchester for intracranial surgery 1972 Prof JP Payne, London The exploitation of research 1973 Dr H Simpson, Edinburgh Aspects of respiratory failure in infants and children 1974 Dr DDC Howat, London Anaesthesia and the E.E.C. – some aspects 1975 Sir Donald Douglas, Anaesthetics and Surgery – the evolution of

Dundee a therapeutic team

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1976 Prof JS Robinson, The psychological effects of Birmingham of intensive care 1977 Prof JA Thornton, Sheffield A new era in tooth pulling 1978 Dr WS Wren, Dublin Mortality in a children’s hospital 1979 Prof EA Cooper, Newcastle Seeing and perceiving – some thoughts on numbers in clinical

care1980 Prof MD Vickers, Cardiff The Role of the Royal Colleges 1981 Dr PW Thompson, Cardiff The first 30000 – dental anaesthesia in Cardiff 1982 Prof J Norman, Southampton The business of learning 1983 Prof JW Sandison, Montreal Anaesthesia in Canada – Manpower, Postgraduate Training and Continuing Education 1984 Dr M Rosen, Cardiff Postoperative pain relief – the time is now 1985 Prof B Wolfson, Pittsburgh Acute and chronic alcohol abuse 1986 Prof PR Bromage, Durham,

North Carolina Teaching and practice of regional anaesthesia

1987 Dr JF Nunn, London We still don’t know how anaesthetics work 1988 Prof D Campbell, Glasgow Quality Sleep 1989 Prof CJ Hull, Newcastle Some errors in anaesthesia 1990 Dr DC White, London Growth points in anaesthesia 1991 Prof Sir M McNaughton,

Glasgow Ethics and Reproduction 1992 Dr P Baskett, Bristol Resuscitation 1993 Dr D Zideman, London HIV – its role in modern anaesthetic practice 1994 Prof Sir MK Sykes, Oxford Macintosh: from Timaru to Timbuktu 1995 Prof Sir D Carter, Edinburgh Surgery Approaching the Millennium 1996 Dr H McQuay, Oxford Systematic Reviews 1997 Prof G Smith, Leicester Recollections of an Editor 1998 Prof P Foex, Oxford The coronary circulation. What is new and relevant? 1999 Prof L Strunin, London Greyhounds & Whippets: revalidation & self regulation 2000 Dr M Morgan, London Sacred Cows 2001 Dr W Nimmo, Inveresk Lessons from Drug Development

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2002 Prof M Harmer, Cardiff Anaesthesia at the Crossroads 2003 Prof P Hutton, Birmingham Is there a future for the Medical Royal Colleges? 2004 Prof M Mythen, London The role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in the Evaluation of the Surgical Patient 2005 Dr P Simpson, Bristol Training the Anaesthetists of the Future 2006 Dr H Montgomery, London Survival 2007 Dr H Burns, CMO Scotland The biology of poverty 2008 Prof JPH Fee, Belfast Something Ventured, Something Gained 2009 Prof A McGowan, Glasgow The future shape of the workforce 2010 Prof J Kinsella, Glasgow Trials and Tribulations – anyone can do useful research 2011 Prof T Hales, Dundee Mechanisms of anaesthetics: lessons learned from creatures great and small 2012 Prof P Hanlon, Glasgow The Afternow Project 2013 Dr JP van Besouw, London College Affairs

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Appendix 7 Winners of Registrar’s Prize 1951-2014 – named from 2006

‘the Donald Campbell Prize’

1951 Dr JG Robson Pethidine supplementation of nitrous oxide anaesthesia 1952 Dr JP Payne Observations on hypotensive anaesthesia for intra- cranial surgery 1953 Dr FS Preston On anaesthetic technique for mitral valvotomy 1954 Dr JB Stirling Hypotensive techniques with ganglion blocking agents in anaesthesia cases for the fenestration operation 1955 Dr AHB Masson Trial of a new analgesic agent 1956 Dr DB Murray Investigation into action of ultra short-acting IV barbiturate Buthabitone and comparison with Thiopentone sodium 1957 Dr DB Scott Anaesthesia for radical hysterectomy 1958 Dr DCC Stark Anaesthesia for cerebral angiography 1959 Dr B Kay Postoperative pulmonary complications 1960 Dr GR Dow Indications for steroid anaesthesia 1961 Drs DD Moir & JS Reid Managing eight cases of acute respiratory failure

following abdominal surgery in patients with severe pre-existing pulmonary disease

1962 Dr DJF MacDonald Cardiac syncope during anaesthesia for minor

surgery in young males 1963 Nil entries 1964 Dr DP Braid Investigation of plasma concentrations of lignocaine

and Citanest during epidural and intercostals block 1965 Dr GS A study of serum cholinesterase with particular Robertson reference to changes in pregnancy 1966 Dr BC Hovell Dr D.C.A. McAllum and the Scottish Society of

Anaesthetists 1967 Dr LVH Martin Observations on the Halox Vapoiser 1968 Dr J Smart Review of 100 chest injuries treated in the ICU of Glasgow Royal Infirmary 1969 Dr J Newman Hypothermia during vascular surgery 1970 Dr GJB Thiopentone blood levels immediately after injection Robinson 1971 Dr JB Forrest The effect of hyperventilation on pulmonary surface

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1972 Dr E Bradshaw Diazepam as a relaxant – a peripheral misconception 1973 Dr JAW Postoperative hypoxaemia and the effects of Wildsmith maintaining pulmonary nitrogenation 1974 Dr WS Nimmo Narcotic analgesics and delayed gastric emptying

during labour 1975 Dr GB Liver function during anaesthesia and induced

Drummond hypotension 1976 Dr NW Lees The influence of Doxapram on postoperative

hypoxaemia 1977 Dr BH Maule The Swan Ganz catheter in a Respiratory Intensive Care Unit 1978 Dr PJ McKenzie Comparison of spinal and general anaesthesia for

patients with fractured neck of femur 1979 Dr D Brown The effect of baricity on spinal anaesthesia with

tetracaine1980 Dr JH McClure Carbonated bupivacaine in interscalene brachial plexus block 1981 Dr A Chambers Spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine 1982 Dr I Armstrong A summary of the effects of added vasoconstrictors on spinal anaesthesia with amethocaine 1983 Dr D McKeown Bupivacaine and prilocaine in IV regional anaesthesia 1984 Dr C Clark Epigastric impedance – a new method to measure

gastric emptying rate in man? 1985 Dr G Bowler Effect of postoperative analgesia with epidural blockade or IV diamorphine on calf blood flow 1986 Dr RE Webster A new method of blood glucose control 1987 Dr A Lee Postoperative analgesia by continuous epidural

infusion of bupivacaine and diamorphine 1988 Dr D Maclean Maximum expiratory airflow during chest physio- therapy on ventilated patients before and after the application of an abdominal binder 1989 Dr AM Murray Cardiorespiratory changes during upper GI endoscopy 1990 Dr J Oates Predicting difficult intubation – a review of published work and a report of a prospective study comparing two methods of predicting difficult intubation 1991 Dr AJ McLinten Electrocardiographic changes during caesarean section under regional anaesthesia 1992 Dr P Martin Airway care for all

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1993 Dr C McFarlane Percutaneous tracheostomy 1994 Dr C Barthram The oesophageal and precordial stethoscope transducer as a monitoring and teaching aid 1995 Dr K James Continuous chronic epidural analgesia versus combined spinal/thoracic epidural anaesthesia on pain, pulmonary function and the neuroendocrine responses following colonic surgery 1996 Dr T Walsh Oxygen consumption during orthotopic liver transplantation 1997 Dr L Colvin Release of immunoreactive-galanin in the spinal cord of the neuropathic rat 1998 Dr C McCartney Pain and disability following lower limb amputation 1999 Dr J Hunter The neuro-endocrine & immunomodulatory effects of low dose dopamine in surgical patients 2000 Dr S McLellan Comparison of continuous cardiac output estimations by pulse contour analysis with pulmonary artery thermo-dilution in critically ill patients 2001 Dr L Strachan Chronic pain following sternotomy in the Grampian region 2002 Dr C Moore Thigh rotation & the anterior approach to the sciatic nerve: an MRI study 2003 Dr T Moores Airway management skills – an audit of new-start anaesthetic SHOs 2004 Dr PR Desai Introduction of fasting guidelines (for fluid): closing the loop 2005 Dr K Litchfield Effects of normobaric hyperoxia on haemodynamics of healthy full-term parturients 2006 Dr E Jack Cardiovascular parameters continue to change after

achieving constant effect site drug concentration 2007 Dr M An audit of maternal nausea and vomiting following McCormick a change from phenylephrine boluses to an infusion 2008 Dr A Kumar Declining use of nitrous oxide in general anaesthesia in a Scottish university hospital 2009 Dr H du Plessis Interscalene blocks for daycase shoulder surgery:

introducing a new technique to suit our patient population

2010 Dr A May Performance of rapid sequence induction (RSI) on simulated patients by novice anaesthetic trainees

2011 Dr P O’Brien Gentamicin dosing in surgical antibiotic prophylaxis: improving the accuracy of dosing

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2012 Dr A-M The effect on allogenic blood transfusion Docherty requirements for total hip replacement, following the

introduction of an Enhanced Recovery Programme (ERP) in a District General Hospital

2013 Dr C McDonald A novel method of airway assessment

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Appendix 8 ‘Gillies Lecturers and their Lectures’ 1978-2014

1978 Dr G Robson, Glasgow Physiological Trespass 1979 Dr G Jackson Rees, On the scientific basis for the development

Liverpool of paediatric anaesthesia 1980 Dr OP Dinnick, In Somno Securitas – a sermon in safety 1981 Prof JD Robertson, Edinburgh Anaesthesia for Royalty 1982 Prof TC Gray, Liverpool Safety – a mirage? 1983 Prof JP Payne, London The quality of care 1984 Dr HWC Griffiths,

Edinburgh Clinical anaesthesia, retrospective and prospective

1985 Prof MK Sykes, Oxford Safety in anaesthesia – simplicity versus surveillance 1986 Dr AHB Masson, Inter Pares Edinburgh 1987 Dr JIM Lawson, Relaxation – a historical perspective 1988 Dr DB Scott, Edinburgh A little knowledge …….. 1989 Dr WR Macrae, Forty years on Edinburgh 1990 Prof AA Spence, Whither breathing Edinburgh 1991 Dr IA Davidson, Trespass with care Edinburgh 1992 Dr WDA Smith, Leeds An open mind 1993 Dr ME Tunstall,

Aberdeen Isonox 1994 Dr JAW Wildsmith, Edinburgh Neurological Trespass 1995 Dr G Kenny, Glasgow Technology – friend or foe 1996 Prof WC Bowman, Pharmacological manipulation of neuro-

Strathclyde muscular transmission 1997 Dr J Thorburn, Glasgow From here to here 1998 Prof A Aitkenhead, Nottingham Safety in anaesthesia 1999 Dr D Arthur, Glasgow Thou Grim Mischief Making Chiel 2000 Dr JE Charlton, Safe practice Newcastle 2001 Dr S Ingram, London Quality and anaesthesia – how do we judge?

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2002 Dr I Calder, London Low, High, Low 2003 Dr C Howie, Glasgow Making it better 2004 Dr DHT Scott, Safety in anaesthesia – the introduction of Edinburgh new technology 2005 Dr JH McClure, Standards of care in obstetric Edinburgh anaesthesia 2006 Dr WA Chambers, Do you want to get better? Aberdeen 2007 NIL 2008 Dr B Cowan, Glasgow Things that go bump ….. the mistakes are out there just waiting to be made 2009 Dr R Glavin, Glasgow I wish I hadn’t done that 2010 Prof B Toft, Coventry Nobody’s perfect 2011 Dr M Daniel, Glasgow Crossing the chasm 2012 Prof R Sneyd, Plymouth What kind of doctor, what kind of health service? 2014 Dr N Morton, Glasgow Developmental harm and anaesthesia

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Appendix 9: Centenary Programme 2014

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