Central Processing Unit LECTURE #2 Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca Prepared For: Bulacan Polytechnic College Students

Central Processing Unit

LECTURE #2

Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca Prepared For: Bulacan Polytechnic College Students

Introduction

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the processor is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer’s functions.


The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the processor is is the brains of the computer. It is the most important component in determining how fast or 'snappy' the system will operate across applications both now and in the near future. Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca

Prepared For: Bulacan Polytechnic College Students

The processor can be considered as an analogue to what an engine is to an automobile, for -- like the engine -- the processor can be fast, slow, power hungry or power efficient subject to the kind of work the computer is being considered for. It is important to round out what kind of things you will be doing on the system to best select a computer with a CPU most suitable to your needs. Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca


Unlike other components of a notebook computer, the CPU is -- with rare exception -- a fixed component. This is in contrast to RAM and hard disk storage which can typically be upgraded. Therefore, another consideration is the fact that (important as the CPU is) the CPU you choose will be the same throughout the life of the system. Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca


This implies that as programs become more sophisticated, the computer's ability to handle such programs will be directly affected by the decision made at purchase all that time ago. This choice may mean the difference between a system that is useful for another year or two versus one that isn't -- much sooner.


As a final consideration in choosing a CPU is the suggested or minimum requirements of either the programs that is planning on being run, or academic department recommendations as a guide as to the relative kind of performance required for a particular field of study. Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca


MICROPROCESSORA microprocessor is an integrated circuit on a tiny silicon chip that contains thousands or millions of tiny on/off switches, known as transistors. The transistors are laid out along microscopic lines made of superfine traces of aluminum that store or manipulate data. These circuits manipulate data in certain patterns, patterns that can be programmed by software to make machines do many useful tasks.


Pin Grid Array, Land Grid Array and Ball Grid Array

PIN GRID ARRAY

A pin grid array, often abbreviated PGA, is a type of integrated circuit packaging. In a PGA, the package is square or roughly square and the pins are arranged in a regular array on the underside of the package. The pins are commonly spaced 2.54 mm (0.1") apart, and may or may not cover the entire underside of the package.


PIN GRID ARRAY



Land grid array

The land grid array (LGA) is a type of surface-mount packaging for integrated circuits (ICs) that is notable for having the pins on the socket rather than the integrated circuit. An LGA can be electrically connected to a printed circuit board (PCB) either by the use of a socket or by soldering directly to the board.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket


Land Grid Array is a packaging technology with a square grid of contacts on the underside of a package. The contacts are to be connected to a grid of contacts on the PCB. Not all rows and columns of the grid need to be used. The contacts can either be made by using an LGA socket, or by using solder-paste.


LAND GRID ARRAY



Ball Grid Array (BGA)

The BGA is descended from the Pin Grid Array (PGA), which is as package with one face covered (or partly covered) with pins in a grid pattern. These pins conduct electrical signals from the IC to the PCB on which it is placed. The pins are replaced by balls of solder stuck to the bottom of the package.


Ball Grid Array (BGA)


Therefore:LGA packaging is related to Ball Grid Array (BGA) and Pin Grid Array (PGA) packaging. Unlike pin grid arrays, land grid array packages are designed to fit both in a socket or be soldered down using surface mount technology. PGA packages cannot be soldered down using surface mount technology. In contrast with a BGA, land grid array packages need solder paste before they can be soldered down. BGA packages have solder-balls as their contacts, and are soldered down without solder-paste.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_Grid_Array

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_Grid_Array

PC Processor Fundamentals1. The Processor and PC Performance

The processor is only one of the components that determine system performance. Although bleeding-edge processors cost a lot more than currently available processors, the performance improvement they provide may be only marginal. The amount of memory, memory speed, bus speed, hard drive speed, and video performance often play a much greater part in the over-all performance of a PC.


PC Processor Fundamentals

2. Clock Speed

Clock speed is the speed at which a CPU moves data through its internal architecture and the speed at which it executes instruction. A higher clock speed enables a processor to perform the CPU to generate more heat. Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca


PC Processor Fundamentals2. Clock Speed

One of the most common things you’ll see when looking at CPU specifications is the processor’s clock speed, measured in gigahertz (GHz), with 1GHz being equal to 1 billion hertz or cycles per second.

This means that a 1GHz processor is able to carry out 1 billion calculations every second. As a general rule of thumb a processor with a higher clock speed is more powerful than one with a lower clock speed.


PC Processor Fundamentals3.Cache Size

The instruction and date used by a processor are stored in devices call RAM in the computers main memory. Main memory is large and slow, so to improve performance, a smaller quick access storage buffer, called a “cache”, is placed between main memory and the processor



When doing some deeper research on different CPUs, you may come across cache, measured in kilobytes (KB) or megabytes (MB).

This is a place where the most frequently used data is stored so that it is quickly accessible by the processor. Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca



Most recent CPUs have at least 2 levels of cache (L1 and L2), with newer and more powerful ones having a third level (L3). L1 is the fastest but smallest level of cache, whereas the higher levels tend to have much higher quantities but are slower (although still faster than accessing the data from the RAM).


PC Processor Fundamentals4. Fabrication Size

The size features like transistor on a chip are measured in nm(nanometers), a nanometer being one billionth of a meter. The size of the smallest feature that the manufacturer’s fabrication process can etch onto the surface of a semiconductor wafer is called the fabrication or process size


PC Processor Fundamentals5. Cores

A processor was made faster by increasing that core’s clock speed.

The disadvantage to this was that higher clock speeds generated much more heat, leading to massive, noisy heatsinks.

It eventually reached the stage where it was simply infeasible to keep increasing the clock speed.



The solution was to create a processor with two cores – that is, a single processor with two smaller, lower speed processing units which can carry out different instructions.

The benefit in this is obvious – why force a single unit harder and harder to do lots of things at once when you can split the work between two slightly less capable units? Many hands make light work, as they say.



The first generations of dual core processors – the Intel Celeron D and AMD Athlon 64 X2 families, for example – weren’t much more efficient than their single-cored predecessors. In fact, before the technology was perfected they generated more heat than ever.


PC Processor Fundamentals6. CPU Heatsinks

With all the work that the CPU does in such a small space it’s not surprising that they tend to generate a lot of heat. Of course, this heat has to go somewhere – if the CPU gets too hot it’ll be damaged and won’t work anymore.

The heatsink uses levers or screws to keep the heatsink pressed tightly against the CPU. A tiny amount of thermal paste between the two removes absolutely all the gaps.



6. CPU Heatsinks Heat is then transferred from the surface of

the CPU’s heat spreader to the heatsink via conduction. The heat spreads throughout the heatsink out to the edges of the heatsink, which are split into lots of thin fins. This greatly increases the surface area of the heatsink so when the fan on top blows down it pushes cooler air over the hot fins, taking heat away from the heatsink.



6. CPU Heatsinks


PC Processor Fundamentals7. CPU coolers

These tend to be much bigger, providing many more fins and a much, much larger surface area for the heat to be transferred away from the heatsink.

A bigger heatsink also means that it can carry a larger fan which can spin slower to move the same amount of air, thus creating next noise.

To move the heat faster after-market coolers tend to use more heat pipes, which use liquids to transfer heat faster to the far ends of the heatsink. Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca


PC Processor Fundamentals7. CPU coolers / CPU Fan


Product Line Comparison Hierarchy

Currently, the two largest manufacturers of CPUs in the world are Intel and AMD. The current performance and market leader at the time of this writing is Intel, which is the only processor available in all current Apple computers (Macbook, Macbook Pro, Mini, iMac etc.). Intel's most current crop of CPUs are the Core i3, Core i5, and Core i7 while AMD's top offering is the Phenom II.



Though AMD is not the market leader, many of their products are found in high performance, budget-oriented notebook and custom desktop builds as well as low-cost enthusiast-oriented desktops. AMD's highest performance processors however, have not yet been available for mobile platforms as Intel's Core iX series are at the time of this writing.



The relative differences in performance between competing product lines within Intel's and AMD's offerings are organize by the following classes: high-end, mid-range and economy. It is important to note that these comparisons give a quick visual reference as to relative absolute performance across these three categories but does not necessarily indicate absolute rankings between the Intel and AMD products within those categories. Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca



For instance, the Core i7 is on the same row in as the Phenom II series but offers superior general performance. ). Further, the Core iX Mobile series only indicate relative performance for notebook-oriented platforms (they are the highest performance mobile CPUs to date); it is not useful to compare them to a desktop-class processors such as the Intel Core i7 or the Phenom II series.



HIGH-END PROCESSORS

INTENSIVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, PROFESIONAL VIDEO/AUDIO CREATION AND ADVANCED 3D

GRAPHICS



HIGH-END PROCESSORS


Intel’s Core i7

Core i7 is a family of Intel quad core processors, that is, they have four processors on a single silicon chip.. Released in November 2008, the Core i7 is based on the “nehalem” microarchitecture, which uses as 45 nanometer manufacturing process code-named “Penryn”


HIGH-END PROCESSORS


Intel’s Core i7

Identifier Clock Speed

Core i7-920 2.66 GHz

Core i7-940 2.92 GHz

Core i7-965 Extreme Edition 3.20 GHz

Core i7 – 975 Extreme Edition 3.33 GHz


HIGH-END PROCESSORS


Intel Core i7 MobileIntel's Core i7 Mobile features unparalleled performance on notebooks, incorporating significant power savings while implementing the same features as the non-mobile i7, Hyper Threading and Turbo Boost. The i7 Mobile is available on notebooks with 2 or 4 cores; currently the 4 core version offers higher performance in some respects but heat and battery life are concerns.


HIGH-END PROCESSORS


AMD Phenom II X6AMD's Phenom II X6

represents the industry's first consumer class six- core processor. The X6 offers the highest

levels of performance ideal for the most intensive of tasks - bolstered by AMD's new Turbo Core technology; the X6 is able to optimize performance in a variety of situations.


HIGH-END PROCESSORS


Intel Core i5

Based upon the same architecture as the i7, the i5 is also a 64-bit processor that features 2 or 4 cores at a similar class of performance of the i7 processor at a lower cost. The i5 features Turbo Boost and Hyper-Threading technology but do not possess as much cache memory as the i7.


HIGH-END PROCESSORS


Intel Core i5 MobileThe Intel Core i5 Mobile while also featuring Hyper Threading and Turbo Boost possesses a similar but lesser class of performance than the Core i7 Mobile A Jwith less cache and available in notebooks only with 2 cores. The i5 Mobile is a high performance processor with low energy requirements.


HIGH-END PROCESSORS


AMD Phenom II X4AMD's latest generation of consumer class 4 core processors, the quad-core Phenom II X4 chips are designed to deliver performance ideal for all kinds of multimedia as well as in the most demanding of applications such as virtualization.


HIGH-END PROCESSORS


Intel Core i3 Derived from the same architecture as the higher end i5 and i7, the i3 is available strictly as a dual core processor. Though Hyper Threading is available, it does not feature TurboBoost. The Core i3 processor presents higher levels of performance than the Core 2 at a smaller cost.


HIGH-END PROCESSORS


Intel Core i3 MobileThe Intel Core i3 Mobile descends similarly from the i3, presenting a fast, 64-bit computing experience with the intelligent architecture of the i5 Mobile and i7 Mobile. The i3 Mobile features 2 cores and Hyper Threading but does not include Turbo Boost technology.


HIGH-END PROCESSORS


AMD Phenom II X3 and X2AMD's Phenom X3 and X2 processors boast 3 or 2 cores that offer excellent performance value; great for all around usage on a small budget all while utilizing AMD's latest architecture technology seen in the Phenom II X4 series


HIGH-END PROCESSORS


Intel Core 2 Quad

The Core 2 Quad features 4 processing cores to optimize gaming, video, and image processing. Built on the same architecture as the Core 2 Duo, this processor excels on multi-tasking with performance hungry applications.


HIGH-END PROCESSORS


Intel Core 2 Extreme

Available in both 2 and 4 core versions, distinguishing features of the Extreme series include higher bus speeds than the non-extreme versions, and an unlocked clock multiplier for further customization of your computing performance.


HIGH-END PROCESSORS


Intel Core 2 Extreme

The Core 2 Extreme, designed for extreme power required by users such as high-end graphics professionals, runs at a clock speed of 2.93 GHz for the X6800 chip.


MID-RANGE PROCESSORS

SPEED AND MULTI-TASKING, ADOBE CREATIVE SUITE, ALL AROUND USE, BASIC 3D GRAPHICS


Intel Core 2 Duo

Contains two processing cores to optimize gaming, video, and image processing. Laptops with this chip tend to be thinner and and more energy-efficient.



SPEED AND MULTI-TASKING, ADOBE CREATIVE SUITE, ALL AROUND USE, BASIC 3D GRAPHICS


Intel Core 2 Duo

The Core 2 architecture is a dual core design, having two cores integrated on a single die. The dual cores use a 65 nm manufacturing process to put 291 million transistor on a 143 square mm die. Each core has its own separate 64KB L1 cache that’s divided into a 32 KB instruction cache and 32 KB data cache. The two cores share an L2 cache that can be either 2MB or 4MB.




AMD Phenom I X3 And Phenom I X4

AMD's first generation of consumer class processors featuring quad and triple core performance found in desktop builds. Features 64-bit computing performance as well as AMD's HyperTransport bus technology.




Intel Pentium Dual CoreDual core processor based on the Core microarchitecture. A class beneath the Core 2 Duo and Core Duo of Intel's processor offerings, the Pentium Dual Core is available in current desktops and laptops.




AMD Turion II Ultra / AMD Turion IIThe Turion II and Turion II Ultra are AMD's mainstream mobile processor platform; they provide excellent all-around performance for multimedia such as high definition video. As these are often paired with AMD/ATI graphics, budget configurations containing these processors are also sufficient for basic 3D graphics and gaming.




Intel Core Duo / Intel Core SoloThe Intel Core Duo and Core Solo are dual and single core processors based on the Core microarchitecture. The Core Duo and Core Solo offers modest performance for office and limited multimedia oriented tasks.




AMD Athlon II X2

The AMD Athlon II X2 is a 2 core desktop processor that is 80% faster than it's single core counterpart. Great for multitasking and multimedia consumption on a budget.


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


Internet browsing, E-mail, Microsoft Office, Simple Graphics and Games

Intel Centrino/Centrino DuoA mobile-oriented processor based upon Pentium M or Core Duo architectures; the Centrino also integrates wireless networking technology allowing for smaller sized laptops. Offers slight performance boost over simply choosing a core duo and dell wireless card (which is typically less expensive.)


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


AMD Sempron

The AMD Sempron is a budget class processor seen in low cost notebooks and desktops and are considered a class above netbook/nettop processors such as the Intel Atom or the AMD Neo platforms.


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


AMD Sempron

The Sempron replaced the Duron as AMD’s budget processor. It comes in two socket types, socket A (socket 462) which is the same type by Duron and Athlon XP, and socket 754, the same type used by some Athlon 64 processors

AMD Sempron Processor Models

Designation Frequency Socket

2200 + 1.5 GHz A

2300+ 1.583 GHz A

2400+ 1.667 GHz A

2500+ 1.750 GHz A

2600+ 1.833 GHz A

2800+ 2.0 GHz A

3100+ 1.8 GHz 754



ECONOMY PROCESSORS


Intel Atom

Primarily found in netbooks and nettops, this processor has been designed with price and power consumption in mind. As a result, it offers much less processing power than other current Intel alternatives. This processor is available in 1 or 2 cores, with the single core option being far more prevalent.


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


AMD Athlon 64

AMD’s Athlon 64 processor, released in September 2003, was their first 64-bit processor targeted for the workstation market to compete with Intel’s Pentium 4.


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


AMD Athlon 64

Athlon 64’s that used Socket 754 had the single-channel memory controller. Those that used Socket 939 had the dual channel memory controller.


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


AMD Athlon 64

AMD’s Athlon 64 processors also come in X2 and FX versions, both of which have dual 64-bit cores, the FX versions have their multipliers unlocked for hardware hackers and gamers.


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


AMD Athlon 64 X2

The Athlon 64 X2 is the first dual-core CPU manufactured by AMD, it is essentially two Athlon 64 cores on one die joined together with additional control logic. The core share one dual channel memory controller.


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


AMD Athlon 64 X2

The Athlon 64 X2’s that use Socket 939 support dual channel DDR SDRAm memory; PC-3200 (DDR-400), PC 2700 (DDDR-333), PC-2100 (DDR-266) or PC-1600 (DDR-200) SDRAM unbuffered DIMMS.


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


AMD Athlon 64 X2

Ahtlon 64 X2’s that use Socket M2 support dual channel DDR2 SDRAM memory; PC2-6400(DDR2-800), PC2-5300 (DDR2- 667), PC2 – 4200 (DDR2-533) or PC2-3200 (DDR2-400) SDRAM unbuffered DIMMSs.


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


AMD Athlon Neo /AMD Athlon Neo X2

The Athlon Neo and Neo X2 are single and dual core processors seen in ultra-mobile platforms such as netbook and nettops. They are featured with ATI integrated graphics for reasonable multimedia playback performance.


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


Intel Celeron

Intel's economy model processor. It is the most basic, and thus the slowest. It has less cache than other Intel processors, so even if it has the same Ghz rating as another processor, it will be slower. We usually do not recommend this processor because it offers the least in terms of longevity.


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


Intel D Celeron

The Celeron processor is a budget processor offering moderate performance at an affordable price. This processor is suitable for use in notebook and desktop computers running home-office applications and providing access to the Internet. It is not be recommended for use in a high performance game machine or a heavily accessed web server.


ECONOMY PROCESSORS


Intel D Celeron

This processor uses either the socket 478 or the LGA775 Socket. The two socket types are not interchangeable because the newer 775-pin Land Grid Array has no pins on the processor. Gold Contact pads provide the connection between the processor and the socket on the motherboard.

Processor Features


Processor Features


Summary Introduction

Processor Microprocessor

PC Processors Fundamentals The processor and PC Performance Clock Speed Cache Size Fabrication Size Cores CPU Heatsink CPU cooler / CPU Fan

Classes of Processors High-End Processor Mid-Range Processor Economy Processor

Processors Features Intel Features AMD Features


END OF LECTURE 2BE READY FOR YOUR QUIZ …..

All good is hard. All evil is easy.

Dying, Losing, cheating, and mediocrity is easy.

Stay away from easy.

Good Luck!!!!! Saranghaeyo!



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Central Processing Unit LECTURE #2 Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca Prepared For: Bulacan Polytechnic College Students