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I N S T I T U T O T O R C U A T O I31 T E L L A
CENTRB DF; SOCTOLOGIA COMPARQPA
PARTY CFtARIISMA: A GUMBARATWE ANALrnTS. OF IQLITICAZ PRACTICES AND PlRtNCPPLlES IN TRIRD WORLD NATIONS.
Tmhg h u l s Korowitz. Pepartarn~nt~ de Ssciologfa y htropulogik, W a s h i n g h University, St. Uwb , M i r r m r i , EE. WU,
Tri6;rju presentado a 1s Conferencia mternaciansl ~ o b r e "InvestipciOa .%- cia1 Curn~%mtlvii en lou B r a e $ en Thy :~rrollo: Desniveles Intarnos w cl Pro- ceso de Desarrollo Econdrnico y Social en America I;ktlnav. (Buenos A i ~ e a , 8 ELL 15 de scptiembre de 14F4j-
I k j s ~omr+hing in the n m t l ~ r ~ of dcmocrakic d q m o +o rnaintoi n thvt the NO pa* rystern, *if-l.l n legal l y .;anctior.ed circulafion OF ruling elites, i s not simply operatiorial with respect to Wes~ern culture, but ~r$Cinic slnd universal i n any definit ion af demmmcy. Perhaps the most direck e~ptession of #his view was made by h u t i c e P;uvsrger, when he wrote khab "the two p c f y system seems to carrerpond to the no6ure OF r f ~ i i i g s , !ha! i s I v xay thul puli'licul c h ~ t c r uruolly t a k e khr form of
a choice between two a lternotives." ' Examinimg this prop05 iFion c lme Iy, we note that i t conkoins two distinct and not nccessari ly interconnecked e lemants. FFrst, that the two put+y sisfern i s " r m f ~ m l ' ~ bscoure p lo r i za t i on along gnmc-like lines i s 0
s t x i s z ! fact. Second, that p ~ l i t i c o l choice involves a con5ideration and a decision between a lternntive ponies.
Since POLITICAL PARTIES wnr written, n greet deal has taken place which would indicate that whi le politics does indeed involve choice, and while the "rnyfh" of a tenter in i s iust that, this offers Tittle warrant for &e nmer~sity OF o h a porv sysfsrn, In Fcrct, polibicctl gurnesmanshipc~n just as readily cccurwithin u single party apparatus, within 115 factianol intereticas, or i t can beween diFFerenf pat+ias. There it increasingly pointed evidence that men i n such a c t ~ s ~ i e We pn*y nation as the United States there i s prebab ly more diFFer+nce between fectilons with in each p r f y than between Democruts and Wep&l i co~~ as such, 50 cleolrly i s this the cose hot the more astute cmmentg?~r j , have taker? ba speuking of the American "four ~ r h / " syrkem--wih l ibeml and coniervotive groupings within each F" 'Y .
!nt and i r dcm
rn of the
The number of parties i s therefore no, a unique determinant either of the presence or the absence sf moss dernmmcy [democracy here being used simply to
P u b j i ~ m&ilizu?ion on policy decisions). This nd thc party syriem ~ I Q Y Id kt kept i o the famhrrt
behavior Tn Kird World nations; in such "cine party c ie~'%as Mexico (Partido Rsvo-lucionori~ I n ~ t i t v c i o n ~ l ) and India ICongr ), no l e ~ a than in svch "two party dictatorships" 4s hbmsca, Union of Soul , and Poraguoy.3 nu5, to seriowly examine po l i t ica l principles and p r n ~ t i e ~ ~ in the Thlrd W ~ r l d wquires cr radical shedding of ethnocantrie psued- sequirsmcnfs in the study of democratic and fatalTtarian processes alike.
iamocroc ess Barry kh Africa
Max Weber went far toward monticipoting the instabil i ty of genui~ely choris- matic s;tuatians, and their rapid rrbsorptian into bureaucratic insfitutians through o prates of r ~ u t i n r z ~ t i ~ ) ~ . However, w h i l ~ WI BIBOW for the char ism of office; he did not apply this cancspf to palitice 5, in an age of bureaucratic
reaufaficm and r&isnalizatien. Far him, i t we ely o choice bekvoe~ "the swereignty aF the charismatic man" a d the L15upsrard~n~tian of the insiitutian." 'd% i l e we be^ notes that the " c ~ n f l ick between disciplitit iv iduol ekor ism has been ful f of vicissi~wdle5 ," the polairilies beween di 2nd charisma remain hard and wnyi+[ding. [9i$cipline, " l ike i f s mwt m~icrna( v.nayn nllg bureatscmcy, i s imp~rsnnn I," wh l !e ch~risma, which sften reve in mil i t0 i i -m i Iitary situations , "VSCS e r n ~ l t i ~ r n ! mearts of Q E I 5art~ tc :e fd low gh 'inspim t ion' ond,wen mare, to train rhem in'ernghatic urnrrl,lvnldingl oF I r ~ r , mruuer's w i I 1. ,,A
b%f rr remain r l unexe l i te w discipl :horisma, Y and p l ibical ich ob tR the nationel rhir party, which embedies both the charismatic leodenhip responsible I g the n ~ t i o n n l -jution OF independence and the bureau- cmtie direct nsible For gumonteeing the Follow-up notianal development, In ettect transFoms the Weberion duol i iy into o search far u "higher w r ~ i tr"--inso what ij hertin called p f i y chari~rno.
31. her be1 rattrr~ of personal
wrent, b I soc io lq ore Fuse.
Prfr- ' :or mokin .om rerpo - P r
als itself r influent
? and ind sciplina t
..rr-....:-,
I the authorit
ime js
power 6. i his per5 reople. 1
seen t o an the sc
[here i s t . .
reside Fi r
im ~ n d su hus II pm
There i s 5corcely o Third rYqtz)?l$ notion which does mf exhibit o series of antagonistic processes. This i ng clear only now--n decode aRer the Iibsruticm stegp, In i t s most c ~rm, this double process might be described a5 ~OIIOWS: On enc side, neu. ., LTt.., I T Q I ~ Q ~ in fhe Third World exhibi ts a pewor-
FuF leader principle, p r i n s i ~ ~ in which fnrernnst i n khe lesder he contains withir of She aspimtions anc nt5 of the whore F tendency in the direction sf cherisrn~tir; outherity--pert i s identif ied in the minds O F the people us I.iberoror from contmriwise, along wi th the existence of on exaggerate .;frang+hened opperrl to the p r i n r i p b nf moss porFicipakjon uno even mula uornlnoc
tion. The ure oF a social i s # rhletori.c of m ~ ~ s - t u l t in the poi i t icr r l I~ngtmge re; nfarces the trend to fhe further irrtegmtion of the musses in %he palihSCcrl pro~e5ses. In 5hott, there exish i n bhe Third World contmsfing trends in the dirtctisn of extra-legal personal authority ond lags I-mtiono l authority,
In the Iigtpt of the tensi~ns p d u c e d by these ccrnfrary ?rends, a special sort of resolution hos taken place i n n large number of e [his new resolution, however "tronsitiomrl" it may turn sub +a be up by the phmse pa* shorismo, Yet, the number of new states rn adoption - af parry chorisrno would indicutr thul i t j.5 anything but [a
party, 0 s the unified pclrfy cml i t ion, bkes upon i t se l f i F leadership, which i n the medieval world belonged to o
mergent , con be
ovjng ta o p a s i n s the 'Gm series of
state^. 1 summed I
W Q T ~ fhe I fancy. !-likeh' fe Popes; w
the seventeenth a d eighteenth centuries belonged t o e rerier of monarchs--same enlightened, but a l l of whom were abscllv%e; orid which in the praaed centuy has been rrrised to a new revel by such reruloi rulers ns Hitfer, Starin, a d tta a lesser
level, Mussolini on$ Peron. Nonetheless, i n the past therisma was most offen lodged in "'real people" 'her than in the institution per/se. Alfhr Weber showed, with the Car'holie Church there was a rwl eFEorr to lodge I ifi the im~titution ruther than i n the person. Bur bhe m d c r n farm of party choritrna has the unFque capc i ty to L h d e p e ~ o n a l i z e ' ~ ~ w l e ~ ~ n e s s , to give a p r t y Parndakion to public low an svfhority , rother than an impersanal civic foundat!on.
Befare examining the problems and praspects for this new syskern of party charisma, we might offer a chclrt which wi l l disbinguish idealogical rutionalim-
#ions from its institutional base. This kind of short illwstrcrtes both the presesll S ~ Q ~ U S and likefy consequences of this pervasive response to the politics of economic dmaIopment.
CHART: The id~oloaicol end i ~ 5 t i 1 ~ t i ~ n o l k ~ b 5 o[_P~- €%orismu in the Third Vq/or I d. *
- .- Idanlrqirnl b y lnctitvtionol E h r e r - ~ x F ~ pp
Puriy Charisma Po+ Charisma
I. Polit ical parties wbotoge natioml 10 Notional Idcpndsnce is oRen direct- unity and even whrn diCFerences 1y linked fa o specific hip, who, are hanest, they sap the ncl'rian of since i t &Fines what gfw I a meuningFuB direction. direction is , y the
wisdom RBCCI Ic without a rnul~ipl ic i f ]
1 the tesp I _ r - .
C Q ~ T ~ ~ S i isaiy Far I # of part)
n i t s pcrrf honest ru r system,
2, The i z a t i ~ n , which 2u @soup outstbe the nciriorrcrlisr organizcz-
sum1 :f ive aspirnkfons tian are viewed as disrupt Tve and dis- of the: DeaDlr prror ro tihe netiana l l o r ~ I to the basic aims, nF the ravola~- libe ! r id , i s uniquely chaged tion, and hence are not believed to en- wit1 jonsibiRit4, of realizing rhe hance the post-liberation pwitian sf Fruirs or vrsrery i n the psf-ribemtton the new rmtionc. The idao of party p e r i d c m p ~ poi3
ruthn
cwnte sob iono l aspirotionas as identical with speidl:sf
asp1 ro t ions.
p--
lns.t;tutiom1 Bolts U ~ d e F l ~ i ~ ,Partr Charisma Party Charisma
3. h l t i p l e pnrkies W Q S ~ vo lwb lc 3e There ir indeed a technological- manpower and time; end anyhow, m m g e r i a l void which tends to drain the cxistcnce: o f rnulbiple partics orb tolerri rrurn disrctly political ends. i s ria gmrontor of dcma~rnliic NsnetheI thak mwl- norms of political behmi~ r . tiple papast ? tends to
reveal u : ar aF the cuik
o f efficiency, mthcr than af demoerocy. And rR~5.e canons sf cfficierrcy f e d VO
reward that ~ r ~ f ~ + s s j m e 1 .sector w h i rh garners the r e w ~ d s of political orgon iza t i~n far wb of pro- portion to their numbers. Hence, the only farces c a p b l e of- menningful p o l i t i ~ a ! oppsirfon ore in this way coopted.
esr, the I
iss crwf.~ itrong b i c
. . argument e a wasf~ rc in fw<
4. The vstern of mu titi- 4a One inrbi co l p r t i l e s i s nut 3 crnier- multiple 1 gent natianr in v h a l establish c r s s i ~ t ~ n c e rnrhcr tun l I:
31 the day, campetitian Fr tl I
C
9. Cornperition between politisol p r t i es i s CI natophysicol rother thsn a mciohqicol need. It is bosad an the principle oF the relFishness and inforcsk bound character sf pliki~cjl tite, smrthinp uniquely )rue fof cslpito l i s t 5tofe5, a d not choraska- rittic o f the new Stater of the Third World.
>urmusm
no of the ii Fficult. E8- L""- I
itufiomrl m l i t i c a l i s the oh: ~ c y , with
mardern Bscous~
_-- . -C-- -
wea kncs: partCes h scnca of out whic
State i s I
e 06 this, - 1 1 1 -. .-L 1 rnu lw i u==a:IuncF m m V 5 1 ue uavc~eped w i h i n the inrrq-structure, since in the absence of a neutral Gurcoucracy, multiple lpartias would indeed accrarinn a high dpgrmn if dis- sensw (IYrnubuol carnpetitiann').
5a,This argument oaf the dy$funct io~ l i ty ah political p r t i e r i s largely spurious. As o rnnr*er of fact, there i s 0 greek deal of se l FisRncss end inferest bound- e d * ~ ~ within a single party system,*., the emipeki~inn for control betweem idtoiqisfs and fachnalcgistz. And, in
the older, more mature conditions of paliticeO charisma d o h n whore the original Ieudi?~~ hwe died, as G~ndhi and Nehru i n Tdia), rhere are power- Ful insbitv~Yonsl prmisions for channefiz -
6. h l r i s l l e party sfak-s arose ot 0
t i m e when the economy sponsored the Fragmentatinn nF s n c i ~ t ~ intn
differcnf and cmatogonistic; social sectors; since the economy i 5 i t ~ e l F
P V ~ l i t i c c l l l ~ world aoc F either r
4, and t h not frog
ar purpar
~c Third lrna~led ;e, there 0
is no need Ifor multiple parky units.
ing conflicbing interests through he rIrmQ17tinant parry to avoid the necessity of mu It;-party sol uffons.
;in1 s t a i r m n t and rts of Asi~
n &merit # i s i n Indl o the di.; -
50 The institu~iamE structure nT Third Warld notions i s the farthest l r m hpEnB united os to rtructurc nr
purpcm. Conf l icts between urban and tribal interests in AFri~a; between rmt 3s in bti ;a; between
I bourgeo ia nnd other
Pa a attest t parity of economic structure. The ging[a party State, when i t i s in effecf, anBy serves ?o campal fhesa economic interestr Fa
funnel their $emends through i f i co l ~l~anrte ls , rrrekilly he Sku~l: rhe bigeesr "business" of oll in many OF the emergent no tions.
IF THE D tc., 1964 ark: Con - ---
NG MA" o l rn 6 1
ersify Prr
d Cliffs, N ONE I oEYn M.
kid WOI DEVE LO . ~ - - A--
* I nm gr~nkly indchted for the contents of t h i s chert to rovsral recent works an the idroiqy and structure o f political parties in the 1 -Id, In particular, Pau 1 E. Sigmund 4r. (d.) THE I DEIPLIDGI € 5 OF THE I PFNG NATIONS, N e w York: Frederick A. Pweqer. Inc.. TP63; Fred R. V U ~ w c r Mehden, POLlTYCS c I I t r ew
Y N STATES: RESPOMSES T 0 DlVERSFfY. Ifhaca, New York: Cwrrelll Univenity Pres~, 1963.
rsey: Re1 TATES. It ?d. j FIVE
Whatever shsrtcoming~ ore evident i n the chart, Fhia much i s clear: thaf the pr~blerns now confronting Third World nutiom S ~ O W from matterr of the eFGiciency a d effeebs of pal i r icol reso'lution Bawd on party chorima. Na I onger i s i t a deborable poolint whether or not this i s in facf the principal political " fo rmu l~" i n use. I t might thewfore be rnmt wsrfu/ ko deepen i n text the p o i n t s i n f rduccd in bhe chart.
Every social institution Aos, an ideological rational"a, As long ar the calonia! powers he Id ultimete power thcy cou[d support the of Europwn I - ~ ~ S S of institutions against the pressures exerted by bhe internal s w i ~ t y i~ such in3fitwPiorts with a canrarn Tor locel foc+r;rr.r. Univerwlism, instrumenfolisrn, impenam! ism
incrcasc steadily under the sponsorhip of colonial Indeed, as i n lnbio, the b u r e a u c r a ~ ~ i s often taken Fa be the m r k of colonial achievement i n #he under- developed areas. But wi th the r u r ~ ~ ~ l r l i u r r O F hhc onti-colonicrl oF Third Warld
struggle$, we Find s curiaus polittcol! revtersit I--
to t rodi t isml ist modalifiles for the sanekionin al ly
noticeable in ~ f r i c a , ~ although it. takes plal srin America o ~ders wha may a p p r or dt.~rruyuMvc fernen often ore r the peoples o f these newly Irbcret The lbbxirnum xity with responsibility thar i s pem senono I, pervasive, ono RDOVP n11, ' ' Iegit irni7~d.l~ That i t i s u power which i s ngr oesrrqyed by being out of off ice i s made clecnr by thc career patterns ah men like Potrice Lwrnurnba end Jomo Kenyabka, and to Ieszer extent by Jwsn Peran a d Getu lir, Vargos. The ~ o l s n i a J i s ~ nobion ?hat to b e nub of powm meont to be out of f o v ~ s %imply d-4 no? obtain in n charismatic situation buffered by pupy organization. Itdeed, i t might bc argucd +hat pol i t ical cxilo ushers into martyrdom, m n d m a y ocfcmlly prolong the life-sFn of i t ica l f m r i ~ s . ~
1 3 well . conl;iderr leader i s
- - J
er, by in of Eeadei
A -- -- .-
ve eftabl tor in tkr pluzr 0 1
mu rodilcc
The revali . L-
: new IH lacrats to
r in ~ u t h c
hat seem! is eukho~ ~e degree
r to be o
rity. Thi i n AsEo
-----
reversisr 5 i s 5pcci and in L
M i l e we ha lished evidence that chorism~, howsver vogue a concept i t may ba, i 5 a foc : Q t n ~ t i o n ~ I i l iber~t ion strugg Ee, ' h e hove to wtisfactori ly explain w' ' ' ~ a r lh;s revolutiono7 phosa. On the ~ h o i c , the 5aci0l funcbions I I I ~ shiR after the rucctlsfuI conclusion of the n ~ t i o r w l tihemtian lut iomry pried is characterized by a heightened charisma. I I l r , L w r b "c: uurld by taking adventage OF nlJJ the weakness of the estubli~hed social crrd ss sense of bewiIdcrment and hlelpl~ thout a new set ng the papu l~ t i dn througlh the spec num~ruble our~yarmcvs enemres. ~n rnia way r a p r i ~ i ~ u ~ CIC~S can be el i rnin~fed, and individun! response Fun be replaced by a contagion cFFect. 8
r ~ ~ n t 4 4 w i ter aT in-
Chorismo i n the p ~ f - r t r r ~ I u t i o n o r y period must respond to on entirely d i fhrent set of needs: ( 0 ) it entai[s a respsmx fu lha need For order oclt of the revolutienory
ma lolisa; b) it hcls l e fuse socTa l sectors rendered aneagonistic during tAc revolutionary
For sv l tnkes r
o f f ice
rted persr
e process Fe "0ers;cr
p ~ r i ~ d ; (c) i t mu*' rsdurrect ah@ disintegre 3no[ity by weldin! higher co [ l ec t i re "egok-:-," which, through thl o f symbolic ideni I of the mosses with khe Ieedership, run restore tb , - nhlity" dimension ra mass man,
r?, char isma in thr Fionr of Asia and Africa increasingly iona: zed quu l i i ~ :e he mystique OF charisma residing in '
pcriom. This kina or p o ~ ~ r i c a l char;sma mokcr; thc Fusion ~ F r n a s s
or;pirotions with [rcdseship demands mush simpler, i f for no other reason than rhet party charisma i r a mare s:obl@ and relrabto guide fo act ion than peeonel Innd iwv i tob ly capricious) (leadership.
C ~ C ~ I ~SI'IIQ!~C. caulthu~ i ly r l w l s7rrrply o sli~rru!u% Iw rhusiyc, Lui r r w y url u s u
broke on social change. As Hi rs-schrnan has well oipprer:a':d, the idea of change may act a5 a prima obstocEe to dav=~opment.~ The cha~:srnatics loader develop what he terms an "ego-focused c o n c r e f i o ~ of progre~a" wki ch or's o.5 o drag on economic develspment by placing ~espons ib i l i t~ for development on the a r t 5 rather than u w n rhe commercial em. In the Vnirad States, dwelopment ha5 histsrr ic~i iy been unclewritten by cr "human enaineeringl' penpecfive, whereas i n mnny of the emerging fWti~15 popyllori~y strugglcr, or simple lotteries tend to throw the weight of charisma onto the side oF 'Iluck" and against '"kill:' To summarize ?his point, the $y-sfunctionol aspecfs of pure chnsisma are
that i t pub Iremendous weight on kite, Fartune, a d the skills af leacfe~ship--in short, on the ends sought, i n pracs of any weight on s k i 11, exact infarmatian, and the moss c d u c ~ k i ~ n a l nppamfus--in ahart, on thc rnmms etmploynd.
h e prFrne rebson why ~ h o r i ~ n r a t i ~ leadership 50 ahen degenerates into oenonuF fyranny i s that i n t r i n r ,~ to the: n ~ t i t i o ~ ~ of "pure" charisma i s ci heavy feith on !he ends sought, wifh slender considerution given lo the means necessary to achieve such ends. The chatirnmlir. laurla~, i r r -alder tp rrrukr: gmrd vn h i 3 plrdgrs ulnd hi5 prumi5e>, mulrt
perforce turn to terror:rt/c methds, or run khe rirk that disillusionment omeng his followers will turn into d i sa f Fl i r r~iarn--ht the nsigimting cansansb finalized dissenrus within ci short period of time. Bn 5 m e s e n ~ , pa Facusad invaltmant of energies into the single party of prqreas, wh tb those r e a r ~ d under the cons~irutlortal norms, is o solitary instrument l imit ing the caprice crnd the wickedness of pure personal charisma. Po+ charisma can more rmd i l y abwrb a dekc!, or a series of 6Fw?z, than can the individua! reader. The Church long: ago underrtood that the fnlllibili+y of Popes had to be repcr~ated from s h e i n f ~ l l i b i l b t ~ o f the Papacy. i F the charisma [we-sled i n Cu:holie:snrl was no? to deteriorate inta sectarianism and seekism.
come a imo, the enling
P a r ~ charisma i s hardly o new phenomenon. While i t has ochieved consider+ able refinement i n AFrican nations a+ o diFferent historical level, o r e l o t 4 phanomenan can be detezked in the evolution af ravoluticrnory rnwernenk in Lotin Arneriea. Here the "science" and "art" of leadership arc dedicated to resolving fhe an~iskstsis
bequeathed by nhe F:rsr htor!d of *he WP a d '@,a Se-old Wo+:d OF +ha Sov;ek East. &p:tol;srn and socialism, mod^ action J 5o , e leade*:k.;p, warker and peas;ant, mole and famole, etr,, are obi c:rrnmed up :n h e porty of the whale people. I n Argenl.ina this norion was colied Jcrsti~iuiiarno, The p r t y bccorrre fhe " m ~ d i o k i n ~ power." The p r t y i s also the " p e r f e ~ ' orgolniratian." Whatever ?he defec~s OF the msximl~m ladder n?6y be, such "human defectsns {as Peron called then) do no? carry crver to tarnich Ehe party. Unlike Africa, oEd a d well estctblish - ed politico1 pr t ies a r t m Fnctor P i 7 cantend with in Latin America. This i r done by cla iming rhat !he fraditional pal ibicol system i s tiddred with self-intere~b, Fraud, and failure to Intsgrnte the notion. Tkie politico^'' do mt hove a place bo go; thv lock a felas--which i s w h e t J . ~ - ~ ' ~ i n I i s r n ~ claimed to have, For i t i s not simply an -- - "old farhinned pclt-ty, 'I but a moue-me~i -a? as*'vft.y going smswhara, responsible
to somebody, heodsd by iomeune. 10
-- , and I T ~ I r by any . n . .
The extent to which Peronism i r a p r I y phenememn, rother than o simple c h a r i ~ m r i c condition, is made clear in ~ B T E - svn.:~ol of I ~ P p r i y F the attachment of chari~mabic vcllucf tr, the parl-y OF 'he deseam;sador;, even though
t h -
~m Itode4 ely likely to resume power b e e n in exile
fo le." P, sdership does not d i w p ~ a rncsns. Charisma simply resgdes in the syrnao~ system OF the p r b rather man attaching to the permn of the ex i led leader. The Rav~ lu t iono~ Part7 even ~ h o Eev~lut isnar~ Government may b~ ovor&rown. And this is cant facf purty charis- me ceeml; n:so to be evident in ~wch diverse ha Aprist - ru and the Bmzi;iun Labor Pmrry 'PTB) oF BrnrFI. 5ignr ol I l l i s ate rauw ! luL e i rn L b u , where despite the monvmcn~o! personal ~ u f h o r i t ~ of Castra, the rn of the United P0rf-y of ?he Cuban Socialisi Revolution (PURSC) to a su ace necessarily means ?hat Car;tso has been wi l l ing ond able to p!dcc r,molm3,1F under the authority of the at-^^." hrhaps this is the only way 6a prevent feletionnlism r r w r ~ breaking out. O r pchlarpps r h ~ new emphosis on the pcrrty i s u responsc to the problm of surcessien, iBuf ii :: ;+cre:ting thot thi5 way ~ h o u l d be I:nked to the rnys.f.;que of thp P3+y, and no? d -el- 'gr 'a the bwrean+--ocy.
percisf~ signifi
eras os t 8 -
ugh rhe F
strangely enough, khe Petaniht r n o v a n e ~ irl the A lgr -? . 'w OF fhe Iforl;ies 15 more a prot~ttype of who1 !mk place i n AFrYca o decade Icter, :rl the fifties, than on itmitolion OF the k ~ c i 5 t ItoIy (isbier;, Peror-:rn was directly linkad to f h ~ tronsFormutiorl OF 0 rural ~wsTet I vrben sw;et.y; i t served as a cutofbrrt for the indusbr;olizatien of the mation; lr served ~ L P give the drive f ~ w b r d e c ~ n m i r
dsvelaprnen? o bare a l l y rsva!ution*ry doefrinc and ; d e o ~ ~ . ' But perhaps khe most pel bsl of chnrismatic n u t h o r i ~ i s the unique relatianship h e I1!eaderll i s mid ro RQwe wifh the "people," a uniqv.enes3 underscored by the "'anguish" of the past and the " j oyrl' BF the psesknt. "The Argentine people does not forget those days of anguish and of d e ~ t h , " Eva Peren wrote. "Why shauld Et not celebmte the F F d of May, maw that it con do so withauk fear and anxiety? Initcad of ccc-eam'ig w ' 'enrbed f i r ;bs in front of the c lmed dmn of Gwernment Hwje, *be Arge-t >e W C T ~ : ~ ~ P e ~ P ; e now cml~bmte &y Day with o mnonificant
fes~ival, ok which their egoder preeidas Prom the balconies OF &vamrnent Mouse TR hi5 charn~ter OF +he first Argen--ne worker, thc 6il . l~ which, wikkout any doubt, Bemn appreciates most. And the marrelous thing i s that, insfead of b r i n g denth
on that day, the people are wont to offar t h e i ~ lives, l Fing o ohwur; w h i ~ 4 always n w e s my sovlir ' O u r lives For P e r o ~ ~ . " ''
:5pon~Tb l r i s to pur
toad thal P . .
t h e presence OF ehorismu i n de*elaping rrgFons i s carnc+hing much difFcrcnt than rc self-gcwernmen! ba:ed on rotionol (suFhori!y. The role of the
leader i f y the Fieorb5 om$ cleanre the minds of hie bl!ower.j. b! i t be uders' there i s akwap mwch to pw~iFy and cleanse! The culture af p e ~ ) y i s d'iFficu~t to celebsake, when i t i s reoiized tha? i t s asking price i.s the ~ u r r e ~ d e r o f the p l i t ical p r w c e 5 ~ ~ 1 tu !ha b r n w o l r s l ~ r of w + ~ l t h y cla~ses. 'Up close, within sight. and bouchf, the culture ~f poverty tends to evapomte into 0 poverty af cu!turs, Precisely for this reason, the leader can be charirmsic, can appear god-like in his prescnhtion of $elf ta lhe mas5. Precisely for this r, 'I
I1warki ng class authoriParicrnTsm" b e t m e a factor. The proeass of dl ~n f connor be judged by wherker ir avoid2 chcrrismcrtie crgpeals, bat only U p ochi~vercmenk O F the ends aF devel differ an^ ~n Permism and Nos~erirrn i~ raof co no, but i ce5s-
hl exccutian of ?he ffa:k; of ~ d c i ~ ;liby af tl arty system ko Fulfill "5 ecorrami- ku~.sk: before i t is overthrown by the c l a i m of tradifiamz 1';m.
Hence, appeals 1 ,pment, i
. . the real
to chorisr
In the ob
uqhf aqo army, onc death. I . .
oat;% al r did not rema in%.
F the pea bwt dar &renal*
can 3ee
IT, Q few l y altrui!
:e bcfwe] n the BVC
7e one-p
T h i s "rafe confusion" in which the loader idcntifics wieh the nakian i n an
almost tau+alogical faxhion hc~s Oleen carried to RighsiL perfec.';on in Lc..'n America,
We hove the most "perfect" i1Eustrotion i n the suicide olF Gebulia Vargas, who in
his suicide mesxrge15 declared he would lenrsr history by this act of identification 14 I4 with the "peaple. My sacrifice w i l t maintain you uniled, and my nume w;rl bc
yaur bottle Flog. Eocllr d ~ o y of nly L ! u d w i l l LC u n irrlrrlclriul cull t ( ~ your con-.-iencr
u d wil l moinfain a hoiy vibration 6 r resi~tunc@.. . I fought against the lcm+ing of Bmril 1 have Fo inst the I I hove fought bare-bseorted. The hetred, infr I co furnn, rn my spirit. 1 gave you my I:k. Now I oFfar my Vathing I y I take ?he firs^ step on the rocsd To eternity and I llcove Eifr to enter Ristoq." Bnc here, us i n the words of Ev i~o Peran, the powerful strain of messianic fewo or which gives r i ch substance ko the chnr;smatic aspect of t h i s osiensib ;tit identificdtian of
person with nation, and through this identification, with the mirh i rnmar t~ l i t~ ,
From the less mered and more profgne side of things, it i s aviden* khst this ldoold-falshioaedl" Latin American psrmwl charisma i s n e t easily transferred info
p r t y chorisme. In the case of %ran, through Jusfic3aIirrns, and in fhe case of
Vorgas, the Partida Tmbhulir+a Bra:"Plero, rhe image of the persoml leader was a - - - honditcrp rother than a k d m c 4 ~ 1 to party charisma, That i s why they may h w e hcmld - cb the r Ze af pc - y cha- -mr , b, 7'1 the absence of ary authentic social rev~lut ion
lrr1 U r ~ l b e l ~ w , h' 3 ~ 1 1 11uI1urri US Arg~nt ino ~ n d 8mz91 tend to worrer in their supporn OF such a n imlpermrml Force and ref urn ko trabifibn6l istic pafly apprmches. This tends to show that, in h t i n America .at l e ~ s r , trodifioml pa8ifics may yet house mod~rnirb economies--8 Bm5t until the quesfian O F strwckurdl reform is nof in the docket.
Regional vorio~ians are indead a mo /or focfar a d 5ho3.wlb not be overlookked. Thus i t CQU Id be wid that eswc fel ly in Latin America pol i t i e a l rpcrrty leaders often see themselves as the "vessel5 OF universal truth" while manipulating their p l l i y machimer), "as simple rnechamirrns with which t! P O W B ~ . ~ I n f 6 ~ t , 6hi5 appmeh i s mare common ko khe "otb" undierde notions c b ~ ~ e t i c a than % the "new" undrdeve!nped notions ef Africa in Amsrir rtifical gsafl- iy un nf o libertarian political code to a ZOR do1 ~uccio-economic re latirrns aften sccentuoted pure charisma, ids J-
crobic norms. Ik i s precisely the kind oF p r m o in Latin America which many of the new ncrtfons UI rill Ilrb. c l w Y G IVYwI1l l y
ovcrcome t F ~ r t y charisma. A d i t must be said th0.t En T C more or leas u % changes in the social structure have beer I
La??, Arner ic~, ~ .s , , Cubo, Mexico, Boliviu, ond ta a lesser e x r e n r v r w z ~ l a , h e porky apparatus bccemcs the vessel of unlvemol truth, while the leadership becomes insbrumerrtci I wi th raspecf to the org~nizution--in other words, the. model of the "y~vngerlJ developing notions rends to become lhe pu l iti cal norm- - r~a lor in~ that oF the most developed "first new nation1"-rhe Unired States, and a v o i d ~ q the well odver+.~ed pr&!sms of !he Soviet Rusrictn bureaucratic Store.
underbcl t. as Ft a!! RCAI ~ r i s -$ A":- -
ly af feu. ;c accent
is O F dop .%A At.-:-.
Butil h F 5auth b :o, the o
. a .
>use case
.I brought I--& \ # - -
Ire buraa~ widant i ..,L+ 6,
s where clbwt ir
One a1 the pecutiarities of authmify in the Third World 75 thaf fhe party ideology i s general l y much marc "hsrd! norled'bond irtf rexils le than criferia far v r t y mamb , idealagiral fcaktrre:. o f th sffen drown axis, the actual ~rganizot structured tu r l lc iuwt: u wnur variety OF idrblwicel t v p z a . b l p Z C I nu, ucLCaI I I Y
ties tend
logy or ir h the ehc
0 1 epwrr
ituras are .& L-- ---
I + & o r e
rcmcly --a I. 1 " .
~ckured, r ~b ine a nl er or thrc
more like
urnbcr oF >ugh the 1 s ~ r a t a , 'eithr ~ ~ i s m o of the !end need
for wnity In the 5truggle for iindepndenes. Charisma is neceswy iF the ystem i s to surviv~, in i t s early stages, and the ebsence of opposition m y prove bene- ficial i f i t preserves the ahen frail mystique upon whish authority depends. 1 1 17 It i 4 n d ro much the "frail mysti9val' which determines the situation, but the fmi ltiea a[ power, the Inability of on7 one sociol sector to define po i i t i cd emtours which determine the contents sf fRe mystique,
W h ~ t creates the bvndations for rat ional- lqal authority i s the control by ane weft-defined socia!-economic sectar over the others. Tha Amerirnn
and Afrii they hov , %.
baurg~aisie in the nineteenth e e n f u ~ , the Russian proletariat i n the wemierh century [notwithstanding the rubrics which may be employed to show thar the American bourgeois hod or is~ocrut ic tastes, or thot the Russian pmlstarfat. hod buurgeois Enclinakians), gave rationot-legs l ~"hpe )Q +heir sacietier: because personal charisma beeartre sarFerfluows in a pal ificctf cankext deFined by o develop ing homogeneaus economic unit. Since the emcegsnt mtions of Lotin America,
Arlo, lever w i t ~ e ~ v i - d e complete resel vr i ir c l t ~ . ~ reg~ t ion -
ships, installed o f o t i ~ n a l - l e ~ a f cture. The irony 75 that 1 1 1 I r lurly l l u g r v r l l of Catin A m e r i c a the study aC law W U ~ cAuWqer~ted a!' auk of proprtion to the instirutionalizotion of ;legal prohibit io Y "irrational" hbchavior. VJhils in those mtiens where the nc wo ti based on charismatic Force, such a5 &x icp , Bolivia, and b3t
grounds are offered for ra~ioraal outhori+y i n the Western hemis&ere.
- - RE. U P R F ~fianol m
Cuba, tt
If we toke Japan between 1MO-1940 os typical ~f .th@ "Bre-Third W ~ r l d ' ~ developmental process, we Find h e disilluzisnmont with m u l t i - p a q P ~ P E ~ T T E ~
does nab neee5sarily revoke Ttself in p a q charisma, but may result in pure tho;- rfsma. "Despi~c growing popular purticipobion in elections und extensive p r l iu - mentory experience, o po[ i t ico l mature middle class, with demands and expecta- tions, bid not deve lap, There was nat enough time for this adjusremont; rakhsr , politicians come to be regarded as corrupt, ~ r a s i t i c , ~ w n e h o ~ un-Japnese, und '?o!ilicibn' took on o p e i ~ a k l v e r ing in prewar Japan, Essentiai: pOWE!T r e w i n - t?d e~trenched i n v small el i te, c i v i l i an and milirerry, wi th the lorfa t
r .
rf parry c
gical grc - - - -
direct access to the Emperor and able to use him to isnc t ion its obi) reference Fa the wishes of the ppu'laritr elected ~ ; e t . l l t B The e p democracy, the cFFcrf tl the fens -
basis c
ideolo sly nor rr reason f
- 1 I
een senti -either 04 3y be the * ..
merit$ acrnl
i edminis I hieralrcl _.,I - '
1 law on brotiva Q
r icnl r ig i I of lapnese pal lr lcal reaaerw~p--i.rs close laenrlrlcorron wlrn mi, ~ , u y 0-73' old
reITgious sonetfan.
n People r F chcirisn
e o t one . .
CPP) in -+e persar
a l and th
Gheno, i r to the p he Focus c
t hos bee arty ir nr ,f the no!
d ou6 Fho I ! , "The
This hieratic is preeisc!y what is absentin rnnst Third World notions, where there i s ektreme fluidity in bath the definition and execution of leadership. Chnrismatis qualifies of laeder4iip are rhus necessrrrfry depersonatired, and made the prcplerty sf the polFbicol p r k y os such. Speaking af Kwarna Nkrumh's Con- vcnbia 's k* ( t this tronsFe7- ence c ?Q from tl pady murt
becorn the symh :v towords which laynlty con be dirccked at of Ioyalty to pr4-iculor persons. n u s the ogents a f the I :knpwledged t o fui ll or
defect on$ ministerial heads may nusk never be equated w:ah any !+ailure by !he purty us. 5u~h. When r n r ~SPUTFC and agency or uuthwiFy are s u c c c s ~ h I I ~ ~ p : ~ ~ c b i n this way, i t son then become true that le rparfi r k g w ma'; i l n t gow raw p s . Charisma w i l l become s u c c e s s f ~ f l ~ rpl1,tinired
love and mr!yls 04
I be seen
once +he teparotion oF the source From ?he agency OF a u t h o r i v immunizes i t against fhp failulre which wmuld bring obolrt the collapzje of 0 'pure' charismatic system. 111 9
This it. simply fha old "Church tdilitant-Church Triurnphonti'nct~ion in modern polibica[ dress. The charisma OF +he rnerj i~vnl r h r ~ r r h orr r11~r4 tn the inctibutinn
as such, rather Than to any special pap i dignitary. And giver ' :ks which fht3 Church encountered rrs cp r~sult. OF inner 6rg0nis~tion911 stril r time during the Uenaissonca, three religious leudcrs claimed ta be 1 n d exclusive
Pope, ~ : t h the agencies of contra! di~persed I R Avignon~, C ~ r l ~ r a n r ~ n a ~ ~ - -LJ
Rmc), tho idea o f in&bitwfianai rhorisrno was obsolutcry essonfiai For th ~ c d suwirra! of Cathal i t organization. Sineie the Church war said to be inc~ ? @
a l l imperfections were assigned to individual [ender5, fhme who Failrd TO measure
up to the needs of the institutions. t f may be said thnt h i 3 kind of institutisnol charisma i s the mid-wint between pure charisma an one side and rotisrral-lcgol authrrsitr an tl-ra ~ ther . A d in i r s 5p€?cir:tully pd i r i~a ! Fusrrm!, i i i l thilr rr~ixrd
kype which prcvoils in the Third World.
men. t o vel I . 11 20 .9 Id&-
sociot ion e Third b' snt--and
15 in the Ir Yorld. TI; i n this 't4
country, lwld die i - TL,.,
in M y , you WOL
t? the drt . .. . - a , 8J L
Even where personal charisma i s exceptionally pe~erlFul, as i n Cuba, we .Find direct nppeb Is to parfy charisma, In on address delivered - " 1964, Fi- dcl costro said: 'Vf the irnpericrlis~s should invade this rld h w a to r ~ u l i x e that the majority of the leaders sf r ~ & y we J Q E ; ~ ~ . But the pap19 wifl; ri-main, nnd t h ~ ~pnr.ty )NOIJ[B remi,,. m,,,,, - c l u r u ,.re no need to ask for names or For ~ c h one a d do his duty- i n the way demanded ebF him and do i k v There i! t i on of the sincerity of the emotions herein expresa~. r t r l r r t i s olbvio~~, 13 irioP under stress and duress. the appeel po l i t ica l feedership to the mnk ond file i s made the people end party. Und~rwr;~;ng khc &E*B~;c IS a clear d:*+ bran~iaht elTte and pierrncnnent m 5 5 . Cuban leadcmhip display? o wmonyrlan anvow: menf robher than ar.l Apallonian detachment. To say rhat this i s simply a cleve~. ond modern way of reinforcing personal ehur ism miasas. the paint tho? [he cuft of the. purty i s quite c~rnrnonploee. And i f we examine the history of the Swiet Union, i f w i l l be Tuur~d I I ~ E U ) tknt : ' o p r r s a r m S i t y ~ u l t " Lame, not at the autse* of the Revo-lutlan,
buk only at a lafe .j+oge when bhe gwls of pal i t icel revolution hardened, becoming goo15 o f economic developrnenf.
velaped iewed ar conduct 4
One of the ch ie f FunctFonuB by+produc .$ o f c h ~ - i i m ~ + i c I-de~ihip i s thot Ilr btslodges troditiaml economic sec~orr from over-riding 5tate decisions. The kinds of i ndeaendenr class s!ruggles engaged i n by the trade unions ond business as capita 1 ist notions
th obstructions t o tF 1+11 3f fhe union or thr I T ~ D ~ ~3ecome5 5wuC
ordinobe with rerpect ta state power. This i s perfectly expressed by the Afriton leader Tom Mbnya. Speokm~g of bafh union o r ~ d rnanfigemen? separatist tendencies,
olble in develop-
- L
he writes: "The lesson they hove to Ecorn i s that i f their beliefs ore to be respected In our new countries, they w i l l need t o $how B re~wnse to gsvernment und notidno!* istic requirements. If their stand oppeors bo be negative and unnecessarily abstruckivr, h e n it i s inwibcpble that, with h i s sense sf urgency i n our new countries, they wi l l
.tcryl set 1
gent near . . -
be msrr idcn and eompl c ~s ide . If they shew theyorp eoopemtivconb becurne pcrrtncn in the ur d for development, then they w i l l survive. r 21 This i s o pleasant way o t polnrlng our to economic sectors flvot in the lhird World poiit iss is trumps. If Fs alm o clear cut indicafion bhat convent~onol m s s mavernenrtr such as soeiolism, uniosr;srn, Iiberfarionism ore seen ns s~b3umed under the cloak of the p ~ r t ~ - 5 t o t e ,
- , r ine of p ' isma is tl enze of a new
posk-csl nlrs-ody c r trade in oving "p bmn
dacfrine OF the "whote pepple+ll ThFs docrrine makes multiple pafiiel su erfluovs, since +he whole p ~ o ~ l c con obviovsly be scrriccd by the *hole porky.2P Yet, the
concept ion bimita+ie pressure1
Because r,
of purty ium, an i tad to th ed t o chc
sn in test e choice . , . II
k ing the urgosirie nd Asia, . .
new doct , which 1
while le
arty ~ h o r :ontrtsls a
r o b lems" conprrnrne
the Eutq
of the whole people, or the myth o f the mass, serves to put o serious fo#a I ihr ian p 6 ~ ~ i cf the whole patty rs~pc~irld to
bo the extent ~f te prbblems of mas ocly seriourl Y+ Irl.L sbrains bcmnFc .mial Forces wi tk i l l m l r ~ nations, the
~ b l e 2h
ow
On-
clop-
I has c o n y creoter po[iticol
.tian in 51
b c t thrmt dsrtcc of
upport ef the v ~ r y th r srns I
o relati\ social % -gent m f
g further kreck. I t
:~uFoIII CJI
onto a 51
i the rnm larnatior
choose c le of dw iented
er in tho - srn 'Vi5 mt
mlefves, lde passi l
i 5 held t
ian for t A
e mtiono
A critic01 Feotbre i n many Third World countries is the high w l u a t i ~ n place u p n the rnabili+atinn esf t h ~ whrkirio ~ 1 1 9 1 ~ 6 2 rind 11ninn mmern~ntt in support nf the nutionaE Deodership. ln this aspast, the na%ifina af the Third World h m e incor-
pdratcd 3elective fmtures of foiongisrrt rather fhan of socialism. Syndicalism
becomes the rnosk powerful bulwark OF the notionolist elites. The working c11a5se~ bs. This variety of rnpmic "'pie splittingr'.
nomic fissures betwten 3 hc dissolved, or of least brastical ly minimized. In t k i ealagy of the whole people comer to replace the socia:. ;i 15.
W wid *I pm cnt F d- -- 5 si-rugglr
A basic rwlson thut "rutionat outhsrity" cannot cmp le to ly replace charis- matic rule i s that the idealogy OF the whole psopla reskr on a formal p ? l i f i c ~ l base
rd F W< lprs mokes pmsible g r a t e r occessibilit)r o f the older colonial p w e r s - sin I freedom l ibsrures the ex-colonial powers of the necessi!y o f rule, and itlsute5 grecrte~ productivity, grsoter output., end greclter inkroct ion with foreign powers. The new middle clasres which emerges i n post-coloniar situa- tianr m w e s i n bhe direction of the kind of farmall u d h o r i f y which chnmctel-ises fhc advanced middle c l n ~ ~ l x i e v i t ~ elstwhere. But this direction i s thwarfad by f h t averl senkintents of the r e v a l u t i a n ~ r ~ fersdership, a d more impr t sn t , middle class pol i f ica l eansslidution stads in csn%mdictirsn fa fhe sbted socialist obiec- bivcs of m n y emergent naticrns, ThntrereFsre, the pc r i i t i c~ l elibc must continue ts exercise the special prerogatives oF oRice, lest the balance between the p e t crrlsninl middle seeiors and working S Q C ~ Q E break out into a rash OF social cronfEicbs prior to, and in jeopardy O F the thorough mch i l i za f ian and integration o f the new nutions as such.
veyors o1 :h claim. --- --- :e the Wn
hcls abs .. -.l .
ion Soudc oYvtc par .. I - .
Pal i t i tn l slbgttne~rin~ i s a nntuml c o r e l i l n ~ of pnl i t ienl ~ imp l icZ ty . Pnrv ~ l i t e s are shrewd enough to u v ~ i d making exaggerated claims %or themselves as
Pul 1 1 truths; they now prrfer I! their par orty with s uc N n a k i ~ n l ike Mali, for ex. he Palitir ID of rr d ~ k e r ~ l r l r l l IIIWKI W I I deeision.5. and these decisuurra urr bindim L J ~ I U I I nydlions. It i *V ant .c$
4 "holds in fhis s
. .. .
in i t s has TkvoSien I . U I *I .
rdr theYdr is in the _ - . - _
the caun ? 'Isorrou~ -_._- L . - 1 t'le porry wlrn guamnress QT popular ogreemsnr. vsnere 1 5 o gelnulne concern wrth
el i te c~rrnett ians to Fhe mall; and this ir res~ lved jesuitically, an the "efficacy of working as 0 teamb1 so 0 5 t o avoid derisionr being "marred by emors", 23 Pahy charlsmo enaibler !he new norion to c o m b l ~ c rnrrxirnum organizotfomrl ePftclensy with the greatest mobil izetion aS the rnos5es. It becomes a way af establishing the paradoxiccll claims of o cof?bensuf bui l t upon mass ip0lrticiputian and of u coercive upp~~mtu~ bui l t upon el i t ist drives toword developrntnf. And to the degree that such pomdox2coi claims ore matters of ultimute inbelrest~, and ore "nan-neaofidble8', then vrky chqrisma may turn auk to be an unstable and temporary equilibrium. But then again, the en.tire Third World may be in khis p s i t i o n v i s - I r i s the! a & a ~ e d idurtriol-militcry cemplsxas sf fhs wotld.
An exfrarnely fert i le oren far tes*ing i t 'c k h e z j ~ concerning po+y shar:;lrl#l i; the newer nnkion-5totes oB Africa. The ~rob le rn might be posed i n the Foiiowing way: why i s there a need For charisms r than rcrt ional i~t i 3 I aufhority ? Three diRerent nnmar, s t eggcsF thamselvaa; ~ t -
ing" of them would renuire dctoiled e rtudie5. First, th educabed people i n the new African states; very few whase technical qwulificotiorls otonc would allow fee nan-chorimatjc farms o f rule. Second, there is. 0 frustmkion with the tardiness oF rRle natural history of d w a l ~ ~ r n e n t ; party- charism therefore cspemtes as o rmdy-made tool with which to occlelemte rhis prccess. Third, thew i s a ~ot-ig history irl most- o f the African states of o rmdy acceptance and positive
t i c mthe earn IQ 54
mpirical
c types o thk EKU<
e m ore v
Despite the tempvation to dwl wikh the ~ t i t i e a l "ml'x" between shclri$ma- t ianulis~i rcen this I n<<~~rnpk
c authority as a ff
sort of approach i inn thnt "mnn wi l
5rm of se and a set I wrntuc
cwlar ~EII tlement r r l ly nncr
krFain ma kcale isru ;anaIify c
. .
jor p d l i es. The lgainrf . .
the his K)
res for gr I of "man erphy 5ico .-- EL-.
anted fhc oga inst I disposit - I - . - _L_
of the T [here i s r r o r oF cc
_- _ - A
hird Wor rb widen ~nst i l u t i o~
Id share 1 rlltwral cc g mare ti-
morc YVI rd than the axwmprian rnar elom srrugg l e s ore CI IVSP~ by ipldustruu~ Ism. The e r tho4 d mabilirmf n i s ufidcrnocrerkic while rr cccencilicrtion 3ys)em
I! tic simply i s onof of mising the mrrtkcr of constitu*ioncl8 klector- Qrrs 119 on art ic le of rs!igious r e ~ r n . ' ~
zsumpf ior
; democrc =-- a _ 4-
ion 8 ~ 5 f C 1
her wuy* . b-.Ll d
Hisborieol ly, ccrnsritwtio~o ti sm does not opemolte to create or brorsden +he G U ~ T ~ C ~ S U U I tu5vt but i s u BUgic inltrumrn't For the Twitrutign uT pwpu lax wanis a r d
needs. The role of party char ism i s therefore fa e s h b l i ~ h a basis of outhorjty which i s af one and! h e -me time persoml and Isgal--u mix which Fmusas on the pol+
6d not either on the individval or the low as such. It should not be assumed that - . .
E-1 exc lwsiwe !inant, This i~ Fw ir n o t rhetwiecrl d It i s i t9 PTng prinelple +Q pcFr.a snorrsmu. m-ur rr 1 4 r w T y r r r.rgul pr unmywamguli~ti~ ~ u t h u a l r y 1. rmethTmg
which must be studied in terms of h e social psyehaleqy OF mess mwerncnh-- p a r t i c u l ~ r l ~ the use af pcrsonali~t symbol systems to establish adhority.
World i s
nyter of f d to d i q --.---
one in wl octi, rare luise fh>e 'TL-r !L !.
hich pem ly the r c fact of p
--L ..-a
I end d m simply a
slf o l imi . - - ! L a !. a
Party chcrrisrm docs n d da awmy with pr& lama of bwrleaulemcy and form 1 opn imt ien , O n hrc carrkrary, such problam~ r n u l ~ i p l i d FP the degree that swtherity takes on multiple social roles: o portion of p w e r inheres in t h e Isader, ~ n d anethr i in the rctly, a d yet o tl requi reme1 F given p Mistoricnlly, thl5 I#*
ier l ly: wit1 ?r mmsur er invested in the l ip to the rwolu~icrrwry syndrome and a g rw te r measure ef power invested in the k~chnicm!-~roF~ssions l c l i te a revo ld hase. Th lotic pod-y Functions oz khe clearing ho jenlogist hnalagi3i deriving it$ own m m e n t u m from the unlroale wvilibr!uarl r n e v create. I r r e V I S I I I ~ ~ ta per- form n prt i rulor tork may r ;, while the choice and allacatian of such tusks rl" ipall"~icol grounds.
However, actual p o l i t i c ~ l i n rsmcr~on ~5 mlr rnucmaer; u s a. rnavter of course,
the line between tusk B A ~ decision i s constantly shiking, crnd it i s in th reus that friction arises between the ideologiccrl e l rmen~s and the +cchno!% OR
within the u n i - p r t y S;#utc.
sr pmtias nts sf ark; t a greotr
mrty dire osi t ion. e af pow
hid part has beer
in the e, 3 hm~dlec I Feclderd
I after th - iuse For il - -L-L I -
c churisn =s alike, TL, ,L:l:
le ~ m y a
i c o l sect
the becomes, pri+iculorty acute since so m n y of the new mtions h m e o m p a ~ y arrangements. A l l m j o r decisions ond b5ks must be Funneled through this single party channel, Hence, the baf t .1~ for sonrral of the par9 oppuratus con became especially bitter, since to lose out in n h ~ cantrol OF this apparatus may rneafl to lots out i n khe o v ~ r n r l sense, to f o r k i t iha opportunity to m w c the nubion either t o m r d incregzed tmdifiona I norms or increased hurenucmcy, Seen i n this way, we con undarstsnd lhot perscsnolism ond consti- tutismlisrn ore tact ical responses to an unstable hisforic si twt ian, and not historical sfages En the unf~lding of nationhood." Thus the problem of politicab leodstihlp ir in considerable measure dominated; the extent of char ismt ic o r Ibureaucrcltic farms of palicy being determind clby khc n e ~ d r OF thp ernnnmy hnd the satiety i n
nt i l lurtmtinns aF fhe fhlesis cancerning the d tsplncr a d canstitubiono!ism by garty chorimo is the g r o ~ h a prrwing that not OF t h e emergent nufiane
f i t the p t te rn . Sir James Robertson hos recently referred to o widely held notion of Nigerian " e ~ c i = ~ t i a m ~ i s m " based 44 the long precedent o f compromise, The slow matwmkion of pol i t ical responsibiilitiels under the Crwn, crnd the dwelop- ment OF three strong p0t-tie5.2~ But this ~ o u n d ~ more l ike on o q i a for the + svperiarii-y af Brr t t sh TrnwrialJsm w e r 011 athers thon gn exurnp o ol ~ ~ g n i r i ~ u ~ i l diffe~ences between Nigeria and other new African Sratez, There iis o l w the litetature ottempting to p r w e fhat crrnstitukional monarchy resolves the problems oF Middle Ear? burmucwcy. The orgumen+ 74 thnt given the b a c k g r a d and cankx t aF Middle Eastern history, n culkivated, Werfernizcd nat/on of democracy can amly he brausht abnut by the modern counierpapt of ?he eighteenth etsntuq.
t Middle E ~ z e nuf lmn in .a at mvmn P Q ~ Ilzmd L :horirma. The
err ~ n ~ r r ~ d f l ~ l ' l ~ ~ f i b n of tfrl 31 moehinery, and h e legelizablan af the bureaucracy wer an$ sbwe kCngs and monarchs, 28
benevo' mere 'bc Fatter a
Perhaps merit of of a l i tc l
the most both pea!
a+urc dcd
- at. 8uF l sa!!tical
1s the ad1
this seem taridit i a ~ #antages
i~placeml y oF devt s African
The ideology of the whole people hob bem me cr prti~wlctrly mt7on;olizotion in the newer African 5tates. Pt can be seen wi th striking voice Tn %Pkou TourP's expl ic i t rejection of fhc classic struggle in farar OF the anti-
! struggle--wen I successful canc lusian of the ncitinna l I ibemt ion f the rcvelutian. rs o f unionism in Guinm as "speciFicolly AFri-
bull. . . an owthentie C Y ~ J C ~ ~ I W I I WI: African Y ~ I U ~ S . ~ ' ~ ~ What Phis Come4 down ro i s the d of lobor idaolog tega[, Le hor sees f h i blzarlon or s v c ~ a ~ ~ s r lasology as slrmincrfing iIL of Euwpecln socialism and cornrnunitrn. Actwlly, i t i s on instrument for making socialism and nut i~nol ism problems o f social developmsn~. T h i s developmen+ i s to
tondords g far Ser
- - - 1 . ~
relations bopold Se the "one
with the dar Sctq sidecines3
take place through "Cmmuhity Development Centers." in this h e Senegulese Party {UPS) i s to be the "echo OF the popular aspirationsr1 and also the "scienfific expressionm of peoplw' needs. In this gior Fbus ~ t t s r & m m e r ~ - sf Swid ism olnd Negritude, tho rty of the whore people becwnes at he same bime the party of he whole r u c e . ~ ~ t - l e r e one con we +hot the Third World ha. p d u c e d a mrfy ideology no less thon a pdi t lcal stmtagy. Mawever rnyfhic the synthesis may be of European sscicrlisrn and AFricon mrivism. i t would be foolish at this earlr sbge ta assume #hot the doctrine of the whale peaple ilcd by the single, unified peoples p r t y . h m d d by the knawing and responsive Iecrder, who i s furthermore the choice o f the whaFe people end the unified party alike [the two are not o l w ~ y a distilnguiah- ed), 1 5 e i thertmn~~enr 3r [ocking in progmakic cons7uena;es. For whatever etsa thcy ore, the leaders of the emergent Aifricarn states are sharp eyed and razor tongwed, and a b w c ail practical men, concecned wirh peilikical sum Fval in ext-remely tugggd social-econom ic c ircumst~nces.
The >I supparts For some sac OF mrb ch lihe built-in I far strik, in the drive Pa o praess of mtien, end the contradictl
. . I sfrength cry drive LI _ _ _ _ .
.c guoran i o l tics PI oiln l w a l 1 - - - t A ? -
Feed by ?rough I , rw-ive I. -.L- - Iwyoltier. Parry errorisma i s thusla regpnw to Tne co~mopu~r~un-lacur alcnclrul-ny.
SFking of Ghom, Donnix. Ausrirr w k e c this point. "IF one Q S ~ S haw such an aim (of wwlving h e casrn~~litan-locab duality) is pursued, the onswer i s cleur--through khe prj.y, which dominates the canFempomry scene. remdeis the Sfate in i t 5 own inlage--reducing I"n pawcr of the chiefs, centralizing thrl trade ui-iienl, legislating a urnst ~ r i b a l and regio~al port ic~, and centralizing power with- 9 i n the comtituf ion."-' A i c u ~ d i n ~ to Kwarne Nkrumah: these must be stre= On
local, scpsllmkist lpyr in Ghano, i n the higher reaches of wr na?;nnel life, d
thera should be no re bo Fan~F9, A ~ h ~ n ~ i s , Ewes, Dogembaz, c t ~ , w e fhnwld CPI I 0ur~blva5 Ghani~ brothers clnd ~ i s t l e m , mernbe~ of the =me comrnuniky, the $rate o f GRana.''dz We can see that cantwry to gnewnt=day Europun s o c i ~ l l s t Cdcolq~y, ethnic heterogeneity hrough the "salt-d~famainat10n" principle vanishes after the p r i d of national independence. And similarly, heter~geneity through the krn~ri'enn "melting pat1' principle i s viawed simply as a capitalist abcrmtion,
In brief, there i s o pwerfwl drive For rthnie homtqoigeneity as a rtatuml carorlary to nukiannl unity, which is profoundly sided, i F net stimulated, by the rise of party charisma.
fAc timc honored distinctions druwrl Lry h r Wrbrr between the three ways legitimize authorify, through traditiamliam, charism, and mtionalisrn, tend
to d m ~ the bistinctir theory than &hey are in fa new S~CI~RS sf Asid und Africa e, ce, i f rvot e c m lescencs, ree types of legititnotion. Jtib e u wral rn~osure of pollitir r which they Jrcrve by virtwe of their tl I monarchical rights. It WI
mistoke to discount tmditiona of authority in the new St "virgin birth" 'sf o nation sucl Jnited States, the m w 5 t ~
Ins more
rhibik c at rulers
1ct. The? OF the th :al pwei
roditiona I mwrces .r a 5 the I
auld be c
atel. Ur tab of Af
I grass \like h e r:co and
A5ie c D m e into world af "old ~neie~iizr," A d iin mme rnpstlrra the d~finitinn n F khc sf twt ien i n ferns, o f develnpmenf i s the degree bo which there has been an intcgrotian O F these! two Foctwr o f new Strrtes end old societies.
erited o l i .er muck
ections H
fhus muk the powc
I ly new r
Nevcrthe less, however re, garchicat system is to surrender *I ! of i t s hmdibianmI 5 Gcmcinrcha F t vsr lwcs ore celrbmted tFa~ou~Rout the Third World, the rea 'c5u I t i n the rise of an indvaksint system, set I n a Gesells< -- The fwo Forms OF Iq i t imo t ion inheriked from the past--F nolism-* are hisborical and zt ruct~ro l at the same time, Tho+ 1 3 ro say, personar cnarlsmo, whilr o meclionisrn uf trunsitim-r r t m ~ ~ colol3ktli5tli to independence, i s not xlnietl~il-rg wRic4 yields aver time fo rational outhcmrity. While p r t y c h w r i w n ~ rn6y be wnstoble,
wibh the [coder having t o choct5e betwren absolute dictotarship andi bcncvolenk despotlrm, i t remains on ongoing force i n evev Third World m~ion-- long uftsr some system af r~tian~l-legal aut.Rc~rity has been crcotcd, In Fact, the dialectic of the oi;tuution i s thar o charisrnarir figure musr rsay in power long cnovgh ra permil rhe cv sta l I , f those or he legal sy iorisrmti~ pbl i t ica ion, divi ,ocial and economic sectars. Tha of mtianal authority i n TI 5
s h o ~ ~ l d el low for the kinds of spanfaneity From the lcodership den the polftiaal $iulogule beyand it5 present levels. 'ihcre shou l ify to permi* the existence oF highly rpcrsona!iz~d relations bcfwssn lcoaors ana
followers i n the rev.rr.alutianary mwernent for m t i a n ~ l fiberation--which of i f 3
aptimurn wfirking status i s the g ~ l OF p r t y charisma.
-
I debste e dircu5s e , and rr
I temsnb.5
*e oF ref( ;n ond cc
nt work I
rhc chclrc ions an !t
.lotions t hird Wor r that w i l ld be enc
I - -
Appendix: tNfft&CQUNRY VARlAT_!0.~5 INSINGEE PARTY STATES
The body of this plpgr i s given w s r to o ba elements aiF Party Ckarlsrno which are r m m o n to ThFrd W,
demtisn of the 2611. However,
thew e~isff ceflain inbm-nation, or even intm-camtinenbal, variations in this mi- p r t y chc~rismotic pettern which, whi le they da not disrupt the validity of the rood. premises, do n ~ t e r i c t l l y effecr the opemtiorwl phase3 of Pasty GarFsma. Marurally ~nough, when these vorionse factors arc perslhed to :heir ultimate limits, the forces cementing Party. Charisma dissohs, and give wey either to a ~loss i r ; p o l i t i ~ o l strucbure - of eithar 0 sfmight bureaucrabic ar char ismt ic variety, or to enkire1-y new p o l l t i c ~ l structwres.
UT1N AMERICAN B10C (examples: AFRO-ASIAN B L C K [exarnplrs:Gksno, Argentina, 1945155; Brazil, 1930-46; Indonesi~, Egypt, Algeria, India, etc. Mexico, 1948-64; Bolivia, 1952-64) ull in p6st-colaniol petrid 1945-64)
4 of the 1 utioms - ico was f
modern c try and t
collar c
lasses, he vr- rnd pra-
( lo) With Fex esecepfionb * rhe early IT b) In the main, Pafly Clha r im i s stoge! and Cuban d i n ferm Rwol clrismo in Latin :ulclrly 11.. Amer I the basir of ectms, b the tmdifionul or middle cBa35e~. In I @tori r though the middle sect-
addipion to which, there i s only 0 or3 5A 4dy rise in post-colonial p r t I u l swemncs of co]onia! relation - skrer.115 mrty direstomfc i s still ships. e m r n l r r ~ m to iowcr c lb55, ~ o c i a l i ~ t
solutions.
(2u) Single party Slieltes are formed in 5oc.eial environments which. ore highly h~tmrqcnous in terns BIF populutian composition, i.e., racial, ethnic, and l islguistic dihfGnce5 t e d to weok~n +he cementing properties OF Party Cho- rimm. Regional, local end irnmigrafion fcrctom add to these difficulties.
at. Ever ow a stcc ~ r h , the I ... 1 . I
(2b) 5ir1gle p r t y Skate5 are farmed in ~nvironmentr which are relatively h~rnogcnows wii+h rrrpeck t o the mciiol and ethnic background a d composition ~f the citizenry. The rare o f Party Charisma i 5 therefore rainforced by the exispence of o single racial-ethnic dm inon t grw ~bsenee of such heterogeneity I Im degree of irnrnigmtian, ! certrenk Party
p. The a , end the Sew&% to
(30) In Lortn America, rho his~oricol de~el~apment of ?he middle seetors, however impeded and frustrated by the troditiorral clna?;es, was relatively independent af paliitical dominulion. Indeed, in nations like Mexico and Bolivia, thr economic clnsses real ly "won auk" over the p o l i ~ i c o l director-
ets which forged the revolution. Hence Pady Chsri eh requires a re- Iofivefy pat rliticsl direc~omte and sirnilarl acio-economic
C I C the existence of we Fhut are not gas;-
[ Y frwsur~s. Henee, the - , ,,, Porky Charitma ha5
'hediative p ~ e r l ' .
15585, COT
!I forsrmec subject t . 1 - c : , h
ornu, whi weriFu1 po 1). weak s
(dell Lcrtin American Cntellectuol ~ n d Tdeolcgical lroditions are long-stand- ing. Ther stern from the I b o ~ r ~ e a i ~ En lightenrnsnt. Hcnce i t i s extremely d i ~ - f icul t far any leader to juslity or fa mtianalire his r ~ n t r a l i n terms of h e d b i ~ o l ~ ? ? $ m O F hil: ~ b i m l ~ . ? h ~ he! tha t Lorin American conbins old natians and classic ideologies may aid the formation; of Party Charisma as a half-way hause between the bu I o t i c
Stc .einforce detrnu~ru~ IL pvlrrrrnl or nvrrns OF political bchovior.
r: and thc
~eed naf I
__&I-..__
(3b) 317 the Afro-Asion bloc, despite the growth oh o middle sector and .e forge urban popvlntion a5 such, there i s the continued strerqth of +he Stofc to curb any propen~ities to i dependence or class separatism on the port of uny om element. In many African nnoticrns, the state i s the biggest of business, and hence ct rsinForeement of Party Chnrisma. In this w q , through the combination OF' political mnd eccrnmic Functionr, the State c m e s to Awe "dominakirrg pewcr" on$ not, crs in Lobin America, only "medi~tive powerId.
(4b) The Afm-Asian bloc continues fa reveal a stmin between national and lacu I-segiona I-tribal p w e r . Thc ton- tact with Enlighsenrnent ideologies of the West in this bloc hos been fhr~ugh the celonio I-impria l powerr, Hence, the bowrg~ois trodifion has corn+ ko br perceived: as Being alien ~ c r pspulor
$.erncrcmcy. In such contexts, i t may be sFmple $0 develop Party Ch~risma. In- deed, us i n the ,Cansa, when the sinsle p a r t y Stotr ion, i t wo5 d not moss drmocrucy. , . n u w ~ v r f ,
be khut P o t ~ y Charisma i s too sophist- icated B p a l i f i a ~ [ ; form to work i n many of th,ese newly independent notieno.
(5o) R e Letin American politicnl pen- dulvrrl has r r ~ w n l Lalwarn p e r = a m l i s r n
a d cco.nstitutioneiisrn; and hence mi- uatians have been demanded i n terms of these choices, rather t h a n a com- promise decision. bode6 must appear as human, con5titution.s must p rw ide rso l safeguards, There ore entrenched pariticnl factions which hme a verted interest in h e palltics o f persaml connectians 01 e, ond the legal superstructure her. Porty charisme migh these Iang standing dilemmas, nur s t a price that i s held bo be too hiah by the sontest- ing pnrtiles.
.I one sid an the a t resolve
I ,
(&I Perhaps the most h s i c aspect of Pa+ Charisrno in k F i n America 75 i t s instolaility. The structure i s such that no one sector CCIR dominate or control nlB other sectors for 0r-y lcnglih of time. Hence, In such Q
f luldi p o l i ~ i c a l universe, the rote oF el i te turnover, 05 expressed primori ly in "palace rwarut ions", i 5 ~gcaeding- ly high, This in turn hns fhc cfFcct OF amtinuing instobi4i+y, bur at ?he some time, of minimizing vndcmoclrotic nnd antidern6crotic tendencies in psliticol rule.
(5b) The Afm-Asian bloc i s no+ plogved by ul t r rn~t l r r r s a l u t i ~ m , buf by crn lorg- onizori;oml vacuum, The I w b ~ r s h i ~ in these nations tend to fiEE the vncuum in terms of Leninist principles sf organir- o t im, But in en "underbeve[oped" non- Eumpmn ccrnraxt, such socio l ism mdica l- ly moves ints an elitisk posture. Charisma enshrines the p d i t i c ~ distanec. P ~ l i t i c s in t h ~ parliar
becomes the expression OF select Ire graups rather than the expres- IF tl-le popular will or on elactam1
nec~sion.
(6b) In the Afro-Asion b l m Po* Charis- rno tends 10 be quits stable, and insfif-
iljna saw^
recard, Peen esta
rces of tar
where 'Ph blished i
utionally reinforced by the absence oF
any c rthsrffy, A s 0 r r t y char7 t ha5 also beenauccessful, In such o firm poli~Tcal universe, the wta of s l i k t u r m s r is twcecdingly Fnw. Thbg in
turn has the effect sf minimizing po- l i t i c a l and 50cial instability, but a t the same time, of mx im iz i ng underno- cmtic tedencics in pcliticsl rule.
REFERENCES
1. k u r i c e bwerger, POLITICAL PARTIES: THEIR ORCANIZATlON AND ACTIV IW IN f HE MODERN STATES. New YorR: John Wiler & 50ns, Inc., 195'59 (2nd di t isn) p. 215.
2. 5ee am !Ills Jurrrra hrlucGrrgor Burns, THE DEADLOCK OF DEMOCRACY: FOUR PARW 90L!TiCS I N AMERICA. Eraglewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1763, pp. 780-322.
3. For o wseIFul discus5ion of t h i s question OF multiple parties and singu!~r.$ictotor- ship,, see Fred R. vun bcr Mehden, POLITICS. OF THE DEVELOP1 NG NAPrOINS. E n g l e w d Cliffs, N,J.: Prcnticc-Hol l Inc., T964, pp.Eld3.
4. H, H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (d i fors) , FROM M 4 X WEBER: ESSAYS IN 50Ci010GY. New York: Oxford University Press, 7946, pp.X4-55; 0150
see their in+rduct;an, pp. 51-55.
5. - See, I wing L. Horowirz, " A Forma l i raf ion sf the Socirrl of Know ledge, " BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE, Val.9, Na. 1 { J ~ n u ~ r y 19643, pp. 45-55
6. - 5eeonthisclo Apter, THE Cc
ALlSh
~sh of uni 3LD CO. I$ Jome5 ey: Unlv,
verselist and part A5T IN TRAN5ITI - - -
nun, HI< Californi
1s h w e n G u k e m and Ericl - ,. 5741: an I
N and Per: EADERSF bC,h ,,
Eculorist ON. hi --- . - i b 3ERlA: BACKGROUND TO NATION-
1958.
decline of co lon i~ l i sm WOS first put l FomPd to me by my calleegue Alvin W. Walfe. This ideo i s being further developed by him in a work in progress on African Conceptions of AurhorEty.
B. A serious deficiency in the saciolegicol litpmture i s that whTle '+pureq1 t ho r i a - mutic lwdenhip m d bureaucm~ic srrvctuses have been well dcxribed, the intermediary, transitianal syslen eel. On pure charism, see b o Lowenthnl and Norbert 5 W DECEIT, New - York: H b r p e s !L Brothem, 1949, FROM FREEDOM. New Yark: Fssros E, Rinehart, 1 aure bvreoucrscies, see Rderf K. &rten, " Bureaucm~ic Struckut-e ;onulity," and d l v i n T Go~ldner, 'Llnkrducti~ra" to STUDIES IN L YIP, edited by Alvin W. Gouldncr. New Yark: Horper B Bmther~, 1 rav , pp.3-4F;
ot been ( n, THE F
aporeciat 'ROPHET
ESCAPE
9. - Cf, Albert 0. Hirschm~n, THE STRATEGY OF'ECONOMfC DEVELOPMElift. New Haven: Yo[e 'Univanity Press, 1958, pp. l A-I R.
10. See Juan Rmn, CBNDUCCION POLTTlW. Buenas Aires: EDICIONES MUMOO -- PE RO NISTA, 1 952, esp, pp. 205-21 2, 295-297.
5ee on th i5 d i c h o ~ m i r o t i o n of Peron end Peronism, !wing Louis Harowitz, - "Madern Argentina:The politics of Power*" THE POLlTlCAL QUARTERLY, L'ol. 30, No. 4 (&t.-Dec. 1959); "Storm Cher Arg~nt i rm, '~ THE N A T 1 8 N , h r s h 31, 1962; and ItTFFe Percmista Paralysis," THE NATION, October 6 , '1962.
See the report 6y Richard Ecler O n Ca~tro's urging sf on easing O F kmsians bcsween L b o a116 119 Urli'ed S ! u f r ~ , in which Casrra's plam far e "eonstlru- tioml r ~ g i m c i n Cuba by 1969" are reported. THE NEW YORK TIMES. July 6 , 1 764.
the sign7 rensky, I lenos Aisr
For contrasting views OF ideology o f develop- ment, see &rem Merct G I L A 5 E N L& HIS- TORIAXGENTI NA. Bu 161 , e5p. pp. 21 5- 230; nnb Jarge Abelnrdo Rnrnm, REVOLUCION 't' CONTRARREVOLUCION EN IA AR GENT1 NA. Buenas Aircs: Lo Reja, 1767, esa. pp. 435-&55+
ficoiree tz AS tOR es: Editor
Eva Peron, MIP M155FON TN LIFE, Irons. by E r h d Chewy. New York:
Vantage P ~ E ~ s , 1 953, pp. 1 01 - 1 02.
Getulio Vorgas, "Frrrewell Mesmge to the Brazilian People,'' REVOLUTIC N I N BlkAZ11: POLITTCS AND SOLIETV IN A DEVELOPING NATION, by IT- ving Louis Horowit~. New 'u'qrk: E,P, Duttan $ C m p ~ n y , 1964, pp. 132-33,
Stc K o l m , n H. Si lvetb , "Tlla uT Ant i -Nut i~mI~srn," EYPECTANT PEOPLES: NAJ!DNAtlSM AND DEVELOPMENT (edited by K, H. Silrer~], New 'fork: Rondorn Hauze, 1963, pp, 355-55, Also see h i s article on "National V ~ i w e ~ , Development, and Cmders and ~ a x ~ e n , " 1WTERNATIOWl. SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL Voll. XV, No. 4 /1963), pp.560-570,
Seymour Martin hipret, THE FIRST NEW NAf ION: THE UNITED STATES IN M1570RICAL AND COMPARATIVE PFR5PFCPIVF. New Ymk: k 5 i ~ R A O ~ C , Inc., 1 P a , pp. 314-15.
Lawrence Olson, "The E16t.e, llndvrrriolism and ht iona l is rn : k p n , " in EXPECTANT PEOPLES: MTlONALISM AND DEVELOPMENT, ed. by K. H. 5i lvefip New Yai-k? R a ~ d m House, 1963, pp. 409-1 0.
W. 6. Runcirnan, "Charimmtic Cegitim~slc~ and One-Po@ Rule in Ghesnu," ARCHIEYES EUROPEENNES DE SQC110LOGlE. Val. IV, No. 1 , 1963, p. 159.
Quoted by Dave Dellinger, "Cuba: Seven Thauxrnd Mites from Home," LIBERATIBh. Vol. IX, No. 4 (June-July 15641, pp. I 1 -21.
Tom Mlsouo, FREEDOM A N D AFTER. 'Bmtam: Little, Brawn d company, 1953. p. 197; a[so pgr. 56-57,
The mas! impressive study oF this phcnsmencrn of the whole and i t s afi%'ecf~ on po!EtFccll prscerses in the new nations, i s Ernila R. Bmurld/, "Neo- colonielisrn and the Closr Sbrwss$a." I NTERNATIONBL SOCIALIST JOURMA L. Val, 1, Number 1 [Jonuory-February 19641, pp. 48-68,
5ec on this subject. William 1. Foltr, FROM FRENCH WEST AFRICA TO THE - MALI FEDERATION: THE BACKGROUND TO FEDERATION A N D FAILURE. Unpublished R. D. disqertntion. Y n l ~ [Jn iv~ r r i t y , 1963.
CF. Aldan Cmwley, "Patterns of Gwerlnrnent in Africa", AAFRlGAN AFFAIRS. Val. 240 [July 1761 3, -94. 60, No.
I eonuent For Q Tonal L'Wcst~rn'3 rn this, 5FC k v i d E, Apter, " P b l i t i c ~ l Religion in the New k f j o n s , " OLD ~QCIETIESTND NEW STATES: THE GUEST FOR MODERNITY I N ASlA AND AFRICA, New Yark: 1 ;[en- roc [hcrniFlon} 1963, pp, 57-104 I? i 5 interesting that i and quotations Aptar uses to prwe the existence OF perrjcml cnorlmu and ' L p o l i t i ~ ~ I reltglon* dcmpnrtmtc on trnpenana! or better depzrsorrcilirad churisrrru l d y e d in kha outhori~y OF the party and net the person.
he Free the vary I +
Press of t abctru~t?
The various pupers in Gwendolen U Carter, AFRICAN ONE-PARTY STATES, Ithacn, New Yo&: Carnell Universib Press# lP&Zt prwide: a solid basis for my judgement fhot charism crnd burscrucracy ought nab to be v i ewid oa historical stages in the unfolding of rmtimhaod, but simp!y as d i ~ l e c t i s a l polas, between which C ~ T ) ~ C B F are cans~olnfl~ made and unmade.
Cf. James Rabedson, l'5afereign Nigerio,l' AFRtCAN AFFAIRS, Vof. 59, &, 239 [April 1%1), pp. 145-54,
Mekammud Rczu Shah, M155rON FOR MY COUNTRY. New Yark: McGrciw- Hi l l b k Co., ITbI,
%keu Tour&, "LTXARIENCE ET L'UNITE AFRICA INE. Paris: Presence Afri* cairiel 1959, pp. 390-91.
Leopald Sedns Senghor, ON AF RlCA N SIXIALISM (truns, by Mercer Cook). New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964, pp. 154-159, and 155.
Cf. Dennis Austin, "The New Ghana,' AFRICAN AFFAIRS, Val. 59, No. 234 - (January 15rhU), pp. 213-25.
Ibtd, p. 21. Sea olso Kwarne Nkrurnoh, il SPEAK OF FREEDOM A STATE- ~ N T OF A ~ C A N IDEOLOGY. London: Heinemdnn, 1%1.
