C.E.R.M.A.C. Centro Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA…

C.E.R.M.A.C. Centro Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo

XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

THE SHAPE OF MOTOR RESONANCE:

Right- or Left-handed?

Monia Cabinioa, Valeria Blasia, Paola Borronib, Marcella Montagnac,Antonella Iadanzaa, Andrea Falinia, Gabriella Cerric

a Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, CERMAC, Milan, Italyb University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dental Sciences, Milan, Italy

c University of Milan, Department of Human Physiology, Milan, Italy

Neuroimage 2010 May 15;51(1):313-23.

“ “ Recently we discovered a particular subset of F5 neurons, which from Recently we discovered a particular subset of F5 neurons, which from

the motor point of view are undistinguishable from the rest of the the motor point of view are undistinguishable from the rest of the

population, that discharge when the monkey observe population, that discharge when the monkey observe meaningful hand meaningful hand

movementsmovements made by an experimenter (‘mirror neurons’). made by an experimenter (‘mirror neurons’).””

(Rizzolatti et al. 1996, Brain.Res.Cogn.Brain.Res. )

MIRROR NEURONS - DEFINITION




“ “ These neurons are called Mirror Neurons because the observed These neurons are called Mirror Neurons because the observed

action seems to be “reflected”, as in a mirror, in the motor action seems to be “reflected”, as in a mirror, in the motor

representation for the same action of the observer ” representation for the same action of the observer ”

(Buccino et al. 2006, Cog. Behav. Neurol )(Buccino et al. 2006, Cog. Behav. Neurol )

“ The discovery of mirror neurons is very important because it

suggests an important cognitive role for the motor cortex: that of

representing actions internally. This internal representation, when

evoked by an action made by others, should be involved in two

related functions: action imitation and action recognition ”

Rizzolatti et al. (1998) Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.



Rizzolatti et al. 1998, Electroencephalogr.Clin.Neurophysiol.

MIRROR NEURONS - MONKEY


• Neurophysiology (for review Fadiga et al.2005, Curr.Opin.Neurobiol)

(Gangitano et al. 2004, Eur.J. Neurosci.; Borroni et al. 2008, Eur. J. Neurosci.)

• Neuroimaging (for review Rizzolatti, Craighero 2004, Annu.Rev.Neurosci.)

• PET (Rizzolatti et al., 1996, Brain. Res. Cogn. Brain Res.)

• fMRI (Buccino et al, 2001, Eur. J. Neurosci.)

MIRROR NEURONS - HUMAN


• Inferior parietal lobule

• Inferior Precentral Gyrus

• Inferior Frontal Gyrus - pars opercularis



Cattaneo, Rizzolatti 2009, Arch. Neurol.

fMRI STUDY – THE QUESTION


Is motor resonance subjected to motor constraints?Is motor resonance subjected to motor constraints?

Motor resonance reproduces subliminally the Motor resonance reproduces subliminally the

specific motor program of the observed actionspecific motor program of the observed action

Mirror Neuron System andMirror Neuron System and

Hand Dominance Hand Dominance

an fMRI study an fMRI study

fMRI STUDY


• 20 Healthy right-handed (8 M, mean age 28.3, range 20-47)

• 20 Healthy left-handed (12 M, mean age 29, range 19-53)

• Edinburgh Inventory to assess hand dominance (Oldfileld, 1971)

fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS


OBSERVATION EXECUTION

“Mirror neurons [...] discharge both when the monkey does a particular

action and when it observes another individual doing a similar action.”

(Rizzolatti et al, 1996)

• Grasping gestures

• Common objects

• Right and left hand







• 2 Runs OBSERVATION

• 2 Runs EXECUTION

• Block Design (A-B-C)

• Randomization (Runs e Blocks)

• 3.0 Tesla MR Scanner (Intera, Philips Medical System, Best, The Nedherlands)

• Echo-Planar Imaging Sequence (TR 3000 msec; TE 30 msec, FOV 240, 40 slices, 84 dyn)

• T1 3D Gradient Echo IR

(FOV 230 mm, Matrice 256x256, 180 slices)

LEFTRIGHT REST

A CB



• Statistical analysis software: SPM5 (www.fil.ion.ucl.a.c.uk/spm);

• Images normalization on SPM5 template;

• Single subject analysis (p<0.001);

• Conjunction Analysis (p<0.001, masking p<0.05).



Masking

P<0.05

Observation - Right Execution - Right

Conjunction

P<0.001

Common Areas

CONJUNCTION ANALYSISCONJUNCTION ANALYSIS



GROUP ANALYSIS

Vedo destra

Vedo sinistra

Muovo destra

Muovo sinistra

Vedo destra

Vedo sinistra

Muovo destra

Muovo sinistra

Vedo destra

Vedo sinistra

Muovo destra

Muovo sinistra

Vedo destra

Vedo sinistra

Muovo destra

Muovo sinistra

Vedo destra

Vedo sinistra

Muovo destra

Muovo sinistra

Vedo destra

Vedo sinistra

Muovo destra

Muovo sinistra

Vedo destra

Vedo sinistra

Muovo destra

Muovo sinistra

Vedo destra

Vedo sinistra

Muovo destra

Muovo sinistra

OBS - Right

OBS - Left

EXE - Right

EXE - Left

OBS - Right

OBS - Left

EXE - Right

EXE - Left

RIG

HT-

HA

ND

ED

LEFT

-HA

ND

ED

Observe-Right

Observe-Left

Execute-Right

Execute-Left

Observe-Right

Observe-Left

Execute-Right

Execute-Left

Vedo destra

Vedo sinistra

Muovo destra

Muovo sinistra

Vedo destra

Vedo sinistra

Muovo destra

Muovo sinistra

Vedo destra

Vedo sinistra

Muovo destra

Muovo sinistra

Vedo destra

Vedo sinistra

Muovo destra

Muovo sinistra

OBS - Right

OBS - Left

EXE - Right

Exe - Left

SINGLE SUBJECTANALYSIS

OBS - Right

OBS - Left

EXE - Right

EXE - Left



CONJUNCTION ANALYSIS

CONJUNCTION(Right hand)

CONJUNCTION(Left hand)

CONJUNCTION(Right hand)

CONJUNCTION(Left Hand)

Conjunction Analysis – Right Hand Conjunction Analysis – Left HandRIGHT HANDED

LEFT HANDEDConjunction Analysis – Right Hand Conjunction Analysis – Left Hand


fMRI STUDY – RESULTS











• Activation of a network traditionally related to the MNS (BA 6, STG, BA 40);

• Intense activity of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1);

• Mirror activation is strongly left lateralized in Right-handed;

• Mirror activation is more bilateral in left handed.

fMRI STUDY – DISCUSSION


Mirror Neuron System (motor resonance)is shaped on motor constraints

fMRI STUDY – CONCLUSION


““On the basis of what we are learning from neuroscience, today we can On the basis of what we are learning from neuroscience, today we can

explain why others’ behavior is intrinsically meaningful to us:explain why others’ behavior is intrinsically meaningful to us:

because because we share the same neural resourceswe share the same neural resources on which the same on which the same

behavior is mapped”behavior is mapped”

(Gallese 2008, J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc.)

Thank youThank you

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C.E.R.M.A.C. Centro Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA…