CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry - Gender Strategy

8/20/2019 CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry - Gender Strategy

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Gender in the CGIAR Research Programon Forests, Trees and AgroforestryA strategy for research and action


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Gender in the CGIAR Research Programon Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

A strategy for research and action


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© 2013 Center for International Forestry Research

All rights reserved

CIFOR. 2013. Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry: A strategy for

research and action. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.

Photo cover by Anne Larson/CIFORAltiplano, Guatemala.

CIFORJl. CIFOR, Situ GedeBogor Barat 16115Indonesia

T +62 (251) 8622-622F +62 (251) 8622-100E [email protected]

cifor.org


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Table of contents

Introduction 1

Rationale 2

Goals and objectives 4

Impact pathways 8

Activities 10 A. Collection of sex-disaggregated data and gender analysis 10

B. Partnerships and alliances to enhance gender inclusiveness 11C. Knowledge sharing for gender-responsive policy and practice 12D. Adaptive learning for gender-responsive research and analysis 13

Capacity for gender research and analysis 14

Monitoring and evaluation 16Implementing the monitoring and evaluation plan 17

References 21

Annex I: Gender-specific research questions across the five components 23


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List of figures, tables and boxes

Figures1 Gender box: A framework for the analysis and synthesis of gender in forest,

tree and agroforestry systems 52 Gender impact pathway 93 Approaches for achieving gender inclusion (red boxes) at each phase of

the research cycle (blue boxes) 10

Tables

1 Consideration of gender differentials and equality across the research components 62 Capacity for gender research and analysis in the CRP6 143 Summary of monitoring and evaluation plan 194 CRP6 gender budget 20

Box1 CRP6 research components 4


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Introduction

Social attributes such as gender, wealth, age,ethnicity, migration status and religion can confersystematic disadvantages by making it difficult forsome groups and individuals to access public andprivate mechanisms of resource allocation or decisionmaking. In this strategy, we set out possibilities forstrengthening how we address gender concerns inthe CGIAR Research Program on Forests, reesand Agroforestry (CRP6). Te strategy focuses onthe management support processes and structures

needed to improve the quality and volume ofgender-responsive research in the CRP6, and isclosely aligned with the CGIAR Consortium’sgender strategy. It synthesises gender-relevantresearch questions, outcomes and associated impactpathways that have been identified across CRP6’sfive research components. It recognises, however,

that gender-based disadvantages may not always bethe most urgent in all settings and that substantialdifferentiation can exist among men and womenand not only between them. Tus, while thisstrategy is clearly marked out as a gender strategy,our agenda is broader. We envision that a carefuluse of participatory methodologies, including inproblem framing, provides good scope for locatingthe most salient features of disadvantage in eachresearch setting and for ensuring their inclusion in

the research and action process. Overall, this strategyviews gender integration in research as a fundamentalpart of doing good science and approaches genderintegration as a cross-cutting theme, which integratesgender analysis and research into each of the fivecomponents/research programmes of the CRP6.


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Rationale

Despite a wealth of studies demonstrating thecritically important roles women play in managingforests, agroforestry and tree genetic resources,

women’s contributions remain underappreciated. Women are traditionally the main collectors offuelwood, medicinal and aromatic plants and othernon-timber forest products (NFPs) from forest andagroforestry landscapes (Shanley and Gaia 2001,Colfer 2005). Teir participation in decision makingat household and community levels, although

limited, has been demonstrated to improve forestregeneration (Agarwal 2007, 2009), increase cropyields, improve financial management (Acharya andGentle 2006) and prioritise funding for pro-poor andempowerment programmes (Komarudin et al . 2008).

Women in forest communities can generate morethan 50% of their income from forests, compared

with about one-third for men (World Bank et al .2009). Non-timber forest products (NFPS) areparticularly important for women. In Cameroon,for example, close to 90% of NFP traders in upto 25 markets were women, while in other cases

women have been found to earn up to 30% of theirincomes from NFPs (Ruiz Perez et al . 2002, Lemenih2003). In Asia, the sale of NFPs such as wild fruitsand vegetables often provides the only source ofcash available to landless women (Carr and Hartl2008). Similar results are evident in agroforestry,

where women derive substantial cash benefits fromindigenous fruits and vegetables (Kiptot and Franzel2012). Women’s control over income correlatespositively with improved food intake and childnutrition status (Kennedy and Peters 1992, Engle

1993, Hoddinott and Haddad 1995, Smith et al .2003). Recent global surveys of the Poverty andEnvironment Network show that women are theprimary collectors of wild foods, especially in Africaand Asia (Sunderland et al . under review). Wild foodssupply micronutrients, which are often deficient inlocal diets (Howard and Nabanoga 2007). Tey alsofill gaps during times of food shortage.

Although the policy environment for addressinggender inequity has improved over the past decade,

women continue to be disadvantaged by insecureaccess and property rights to forest, trees and landresources (Quisumbing et al . 2001, Meinzen-

Dick et al . 2010), by discrimination and male biasin the provision of services including credit andtechnology (Place 1995) and by exclusion fromdecision making at household, community andnational levels. Global comparative analyses confirmthe general low levels of women’s participation,

which have been demonstrated by numerouscase studies across different settings over the pasttwo decades. Women participate much less thanmen in forest user groups, where decision rules

regarding forest use, management and benefitdistribution are made (Sunderland et al . under review,Coleman and Mwangi 2013). In addition, forestuser groups with high proportions of women, asagainst gender-balanced groups, or groups withhigher proportions of men, perform less well onkey governance indicators (Mwangi et al . 2001, Sunet al. 2011). Carefully crafted longitudinal studiesshow that there is a threshold percentage below

which women’s effectiveness in leadership of forestuser group committees declines, and that there aresignificant gains to forest sustainability with women’s

participation in forest governance (Agarwal 2007,2009). In agroforestry and tree management, theresults are mixed (Kiptot and Franzel 2012). Overall,however, women disproportionately bear the costs oftree and forest management, realise only a fractionof the benefits and tend to be enlisted for decisionmaking only when forest and tree resources aredegraded (Agrawal and Chhatre 2006). Moreover,

women’s lack of formal education, employment andpersonal networks makes them poorly placed toinfluence resource allocation or research (Crewe and

Harrison 1998, Ferrier 2002).

Changes in tree cover and loss of community accessto forests and trees can thus have a disproportionatelyadverse impact on women, with indirect impacts onhouseholds, and, consequently, on the livelihoods ofup to 5–10 times as many people. Gender equity inthe forestry and agroforestry sector can contributeto the achievement of broader social and economicgoals, including the Millennium Development Goals.

Clearly, research suggests that effective genderinclusion can not only enhance the prospects forsustainable forest and tree management, but can


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Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 3

also provide a solid foundation for more equitablebenefit distribution, and household food securityand nutrition. It enhances the credibility of policyand practice and allows for better targeting ofinterventions. However, significant knowledge gaps

also exist (Mai et al . 2011, Kiptot and Franzel 2012).Tese include:1. understanding the effectiveness of the recent

wave of tenure reforms aimed at strengthening women’s rights to forest and tree resources;

2. identifying gender-differentiated implications ofglobal processes such as climate mitigation andadaptation, and large-scale land acquisitions, onresource access, livelihoods, opportunities and ongender relations;

3. designing and implementing strategies for the

gender-equitable distribution of forest and treebenefits, including distribution of incomesbetween men and women;

4. designing organisational incentives andstrategies for enhancing gender-responsive policyimplementation;

5. identifying cultural taboos influencing the useand management of forests and trees, includingtree planting and the adoption of innovativetechnologies; and

6. increasing women’s participation influence alongthe value chains of forest and tree products, and

their control of incomes and related benefits.

As elaborated in the following sections and in Annex I, gender research in the CRP6 will seek toaddress many of these knowledge gaps. In particular,the integration of gender in research is aimed atachieving one overriding outcome across the global

settings and contexts where CRP6 and its partnersare operational. Tis outcome is:

Women are better empowered, and genderequality in decision making and control over

forest, tree and agroforestry resources use,management and benefits is improved.

Te achievement of this outcome will be trackedusing the following measurable indicators, which

will be further refined and tested in the lifespan ofthe strategy:1. gender equality in decision making and control

over forest, trees and agroforestry resources andrelevant value chains results in increased incomesand benefits for women;

2. the number of women newly empowered to plantand manage forests, agroforests and tree (FA)resources in programme countries;

3. incomes from forest, trees and agroforestry goodsand services controlled by women and men haveincreased such that gender inequality in incomefrom these goods and services has decreased by atleast 30%;

4. at least 20–30% of women and their familieshave improved health conditions or have areduced incidence of common illness due tonutritional deficiency in CRP6 programme

countries;5. 20–30% of members elected/appointed to forest

management committees are women; and6. 10–15% of women in programme areas have

control (i.e., stronger rights) over FA resourcesat household and community levels.


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Goals and objectives

CRP6 (see Box 1 below for a description of researchprogrammes) is designed to make a significantcontribution toward the vision and strategicobjectives articulated in the CGIAR’s StrategicResults Framework by: • enhancing the contribution of forests,

agroforestry and trees to production andincomes of forest-dependent communities andsmallholders;

• conserving biodiversity, including the

genetic diversity of trees, through sustainablemanagement and conservation of forestsand trees;

• maintaining or enhancing environmentalservices from forests, agroforestry and trees inmultifunctional and dynamic landscapes;

• reducing emissions of greenhouse gases andaugmenting carbon stocks through bettermanagement of forest- and tree-based sources

while increasing local and societal resiliencethrough forest-, agroforestry- and tree-basedadaptation measures; and

• promoting the positive impacts and reducing thenegative impacts of global trade and investmentas drivers of landscape change affecting forestlands, agroforestry areas, trees and the well-beingof local people.

Te CRP6 approaches gender integration as a cross-

cutting theme, which integrates gender analysis andresearch into each of the five components/researchprogrammes. Gender analysis and research in theCRP6 seek to:1. generate an understanding of key institutional,

cultural and attitudinal contexts that entrenchinequity across a relevant set of issue areas inthe CRP6 research components, for example,adoption of technologies and practices, orparticipation and influence in decision making orknowledge and priorities;

2. identify policies, technologies and practices that

will enhance gender equity in the access, useand management of forests and trees, and thedistribution of associated benefits; and

3. offer guidance on how to avoid or mitigatenegative impacts associated with relevantprocesses at multiple levels.

Tese three research goals will be achieved throughfour clusters of interrelated outcome categories thatcut across the five CRP6 components (see able 1and Figure 1). Tese outcome categories are:

1. the knowledge, preferences and priorities of women (and men) are reflected across therelevant decision chains, including in theidentification of research priorities;

2. the differential effects of policy processes, globalor otherwise, including marketisation of forestsand tree resources, on men and women areidentified and mitigated;

3. the differential capacities to adopt materials,methods and knowledge are accounted for duringinterventions; and

4. the equitable participation in and influence overdecision-making processes is enhanced.

Box 1. CRP6 research components

1. The needs of smallholder producers, with

emphasis on enhancing the productivity of trees

on farm and improving smallholder access to

markets for forest and tree products

2. The needs of forest managers at forestmanagement unit level, with emphasis on

improved technical and governance approaches

to conserving forest ecosystems and their

genetic resources

3. The needs of landscape-level planners

and relevant stakeholders, with emphasison mechanisms (such as payments for

ecosystem services) for capturing the value of

environmental services and for negotiating

trade-offs among competing conservation and

development objectives

4. The needs of policy makers and land managersseeking to include forests, trees and agroforestry

in climate change adaptation and mitigation

strategies

5. The needs of policy makers and land managersseeking to ensure that the impacts of globalised

trade and investment flows are beneficial to

forests and the communities that depend onforests for their livelihoods


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RegulationsInformal norms

Access to resourcesIdeal normsEducationCash

Economic rolesDemographicsDomestic rolesPower dynamicsEconomic alternatives

Past Future

Macro

Micro

Meso

Figure 1. Gender box: A framework for the analysis and synthesis of gender in forest, tree and agroforestry systems

able 1 illustrates the gender-related outcomes thatcut across the five CRP6 components.

Tese outcomes target both practical and strategicgender needs and interests, and will form the basisfor the CRP6-wide synthesis of gender-specificresearch results, lessons learned, and good practice.Frameworks to support hypothesis testing andsynthesis across these categories will be developed

in close consultation with the CGIAR CRP-widegender network.

Gender-relevant research questions in the CRP6are elaborated in Annex I. However, the followingare some aspects of on-going gender-relevantresearch in the CRP6 research portfolio that capturerecent trends.

Component 1: How can women’s participation andbargaining power in NFP (and other products)value chains be improved in order to reduce inequityin household benefits? What kinds of platforms cansupply timely market information and feedback,especially to women?

Component 2: What are the preconditions forgender-equitable participation and benefits in forestrehabilitation and reforestation schemes? Howcan gender-specific knowledge be integrated intosilvicultural practice?

Component 3: What are the gender-specificimpacts of the implementation of payments forenvironmental services (PES) schemes? What

approaches, including timing, sequencing and overalldesign of PES negotiation processes are necessary forensuring gender-equitable and effective participation?

Component 4: What are the differential impacts ofclimate change and related initiatives in adaptationand mitigation on women’s and men’s tenure rightsand livelihoods? How can climate negotiation andplanning processes be structured, sequenced andtimed to allow for the effective representation and/orparticipation of women and disadvantaged groups?

Component 5: How are benefits of (formal andinformal) access and use of forest resources linked toglobal trade differentially distributed between men


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6 Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

Table 1. Consideration of gender differentials and equality across the research components

Theme Issues across research components Key research strategies

Knowledge,preferences andpriorities reflected

in identification ofresearch topics

Priorities for tree and forest species, traits, land usesand products (C1–C5)

Value chains and enterprise opportunities for tree

and forest products (C1, C2)Priority resources and mitigated impacts in climatechange adaptation (C4)

Specific priorities of women: postharvest processing(C1, C2), bioenergy for household consumption (C4),fruit trees (C2)

Participatory research andidentification of topics

Sex-disaggregated data

Gender analysis for understanding theunderlying factors

Negative impactsidentified andavoided/mitigated

Trade-offs between land uses and livelihoods,and displacement of user groups during foresttransitions (C3), market integration (C5), paymentsfor environmental services (PES) (C3) and REDD+projects (C4), and conservation actions (C2)

Policies and strategies on tenure rights (C1–C5),

ecosystem management (C2, C3), REDD+ (C4), tradeand investment flows (C5) and conservation (C2)

Impacts of climate change (C4), loss of ecosystemservices (C3) and biodiversity (C2) on prioritysystems, products and services




Knowledge sharing and toolsdevelopment

Differential accessand ability to adoptmaterials, methodsand knowledgeaccounted for inactivities

Access to and control of land and tree resourcesduring changing land uses, policies andmarkets (C1–C5)

Approaches and tools in ecosystem and treemanagement (C1–C3)

Approaches and tools in climate change adaptationand mitigation projects (C3)

Targeted extension and training approaches (C1–C4)

Access to inputs, markets and market informationon forest and tree products (C1, C5), PES (C3) andREDD+ (C4)




Participatory scenario building

and planningKnowledge sharing and toolsdevelopment

Outcome mapping

Equitableparticipation in andability to influencedecision-makingprocesses enhanced

Obtaining and securing tenure rights duringintensification (C1), forest transitions (C3), marketintegration (C5), development of markets forecosystem services (C3) and REDD+ (C4), andconservation actions (C2)

Negotiation power on land uses and trade-offswith external actors: local and national authorities(C1–C5), market actors and industries (C1–C5),international climate policies (C4) and conservationNGOs (C2, C3)

Design of policies and strategies for tree andecosystem management (C1–C3), PES (C3),climate change mitigation and adaptation (C4),trade, investment and land acquisition (C5) andconservation (C2)

Distribution of incomes from tree and forestproducts (C1, C2, C5), PES (C3) and REDD+projects (C4)

Reconciling needs and managing conflictsin resource use within households andcommunities (C1–C5)



Alliances built with policy andadvocacy communities

Knowledge sharing and tools

developmentSex-disaggregated data


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and women? What measures are needed to safeguardthe rights of women and other vulnerable groupsfrom large-scale commercial investments? What kindsof institutional arrangements are required to linkmeasures and actions at the local level to national and

transnational networks in order to make internationaltrade and investment more accountable andcognizant of local-level differentiation and impacts?

While the four cross-cutting outcome categoriesmentioned earlier (knowledge and priorities, effectsof policy processes, differential adoption, andparticipation and influence) are illustrative of some of

the gender-relevant topics of concern for the CRP6, we have developed an analytical framework that will not only guide scientists and partners in theirresearch work, but will also provide a sound basisfor synthesising CRP6’s ‘gender story’. Tis gender

framework summarises the range of gender-relevantvariables in the social, political, economic andcultural domains (including scale and time horizon),as well as their interactions, and offers guidancefor more systematic inquiry and action (Colfer,2013: http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-82.pdf ). Te ‘gender box’ illustratesour gender framework (Figure 1).

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Impact pathways

Social and political change can occur throughmultiple avenues, such as through improvedknowledge and technology, collective organisationand mobilisation or contestation. Research andaction in the CRP6 will make use of these variousavenues for strengthening access of women andother disadvantaged groups to benefits and decisionmaking in forest, tree and agroforestry research.Te impact pathway in Figure 1 illustrates how theoutputs and outcomes under each theme contribute

to each other in achieving the outcomes. Teachievement of this impact pathway is conditionedon a careful mix of research, advocacy, training andcapacity building as well as on innovations in policyand practice. A series of partnerships and carefullycrafted iterative processes are envisaged. For example,problem identification and research priorities will beestablished jointly with national-level partners, suchas government ministries, university departments(e.g., Departments of Women and Gender Studies),and NGOs active in the forestry sectors at nationaland subnational levels. Representatives from each of

these organisations will advise the research and actionprocess, will review findings, identify entry pointsfor policy and practice, and define possibilities andresponsibilities for implementation. We anticipatethat bringing in implementing actors at such an earlystage will foster joint ownership, coproduction and

joint responsibility for outcomes and learning.

Activities for transitioning from outputs to outcomes will include:

• collaboration with government ministries, NGOs

and women’s organisations;

• gender-differentiated cost–benefit analysesof impacts;

• awareness raising and capacity building for women and men; and

• the use of pilot projects to demonstrate the valueaddition of increased attention to gender.

ransforming outcomes to impacts willfurther include awareness campaigns; strategiccommunication of success stories; advocacy for

equitable resource allocation and for the acquisitionand securitisation of land or forest rights; andstrengthening of women’s forums. While CRP6research teams will undertake global disseminationand outreach, all national-level partners willundertake the same among their networks andconstituents at national level through workshops andadvocacy campaigns.

o increase the likelihood of learning at each phase ofthe research cycle, the effectiveness of the interlinkedprocesses leading to impacts will be monitored

and evaluated (see the ‘Monitoring and evaluation’section below for further details). However, theseeming linearity of the impact pathway may failto reflect that single outcomes can have multipleimpacts; that partnerships developed across multiplechannels and governance levels can amplify impacts;or even that learning and feedback can prompt arethinking of methodologies and problem analysis.Te linear representation is illustrative (Figure 2).


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Figure 2. Gender impact pathway

Outcome Changes

Enhanced access of

women and other

disadvantaged

groups to bene ts at

all levels

Output

K n o w l e d g e u s e r s i n v o l v e d f r o m t

h e o u t s e t : d

e v e l o p e r s o f r e s o u r c e a n d l a n d u s e s t r a t e g i e s , s t a t e

o

c i a l s , e x t e n s i o n p l a n n e r s a n d

p r o v i d e r s , c o n s e r v a t i o n o r g a n i s a t i o n s

Impact

I n

u e n c e g a i n e d

K n o w l e d g e a n d

p r i o r i t i e s r e c o g n i s e d

A c c e s s a n d a b i l i t y t o

a d o p t e n h a n c e d

N e g a t i v e i m p a c t s

a v o i d e d

Di erential impacts of

conservation

interventions,

governance reforms

and emerging global

challenges on men’s

and women’s accessand rights to resources

are analysed,

established and

communicated

Di erential access and

ability to adopt assets,

approaches and

knowledge in resource

and land use are

analysed and

communicated

Women’s and men’s

knowledge and

priorities for species,

traits, products,

services, technologies

and approaches are

identi ed, analysed and

communicated

Women’s capacity to

recognise their

strengths and ability to

argue for their needs

enhanced. Other landusers and authorities

are sensitized to

women’s expertise and

needs

State o cials, investors, donors and other

actors account for negative impacts in the

development and implementation of

conservation strategies, climate change

mitigation/adaptation strategies and

reforms

Operational

strategies ,

agendas and

resource

allocation in

forestry and

extension

services

re ect

increased

sensitivity to

gender,including

di erential

priorities and

knowledge

Policies and strategies for

safeguarding and

strengthening men’s and

women’s rights and claims

crafted and implemented by

state o cials, investors,

donors and other actors

Improved

representation

of women in

forest

management

committees,

user groups

and farmers

organisations

New

opportunities

for

enhancing

women’s

roles in

resource use

and land

management

recognised

and tapped

Men and women are

increasingly aware of

their individual and

complementary roles

and rights to resources

and opportunities, and

use them for

defending and

reconciling their rights

and claims

Women gain

con dence andexperience in

putting forth their

position and views

Reconciliation of

needs of resource

users and more

equitable

distribution of

bene ts

Trade-o s

between land

uses, land use

changes and

livelihoods of

vulnerable

groups and therelated con icts

are reduced

Access to

appropriate

inputs and

adoption of

resources and

knowledge

improved

Quantity and

quality of forestproducts and

services and

sustainability of

resource

management

improved

Gender roles, their

complementarity

and the

underlying factors

better understoodand opened for

negotiations and

re-evaluations

Increased

livelihood

opportunities

and security for

women

Women are

empowered to

gain control over

their own lives

and assume

important roles

in land and

resource

management


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Activities

We deploy gender analysis methods, partnerships andalliances, knowledge sharing, and adaptive learningto effectively incorporate gender in the researchcycle in CRP6. Tese approaches will be applied incombination at each phase of the research cycle forhighest impact (Figure 3).

A. Collection of sex-disaggregated data and gender

analysisTe regular and consistent gathering of sex-disaggregated data on various aspects of the forest,tree and people interface is mandated and non-negotiable. Such data will help in identifying men’sand women’s differentiated perceptions, experiences,contributions and priorities; for example, during thetargeting and priority setting phase of the research

cycle. It will ultimately help in defining interventionsthat will enhance gender equity both at the levels ofresearch design and when facilitating the adoptionof outputs.

Researchers will consistently employ genderanalysis as a tool to provide in depth informationon gender differentiation, and, in particular, toidentify institutional, cultural and attitudinal factorsunderpinning differentiation. Gender analysis will

identify options and priorities for transforminginequality, and will identify the roles andresponsibilities of relevant stakeholders in realisingthese options and priorities. Although genderdifferentiation is inherently a localised experience, theanalysis of conditioning factors will highlight featuresof institutions (including markets, policies and legalregimes) at multiple governance levels that influencelocal-level outcomes (research design).

Figure 3. Approaches for achieving gender inclusion (red boxes) at each phase of the research cycle (blue boxes)

Gender-

disaggregated data

and analysis

Adaptive

learning

Parterships and

alliances

Knowledge

sharing

Targeting

and priority

setting

Research

design and

implemetation

Facilitating

adoption of

outputs

Priorities,

experiences,

constraints

identified

Effectiveness of

interventions

analyzed, indicatorsfor gender inclusion

identified

Priorities setting

improved, awareess

created, action

mobilized

Value of gender

inclusion, policy impacts

communicated

Monitoring

and

evaluation


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Participatory approaches are well suited forenhancing inclusiveness, especially of disadvantagedgroups, to allow better representation of multipleviews, which improves people’s capacity to act ontheir own behalf and to promote learning. We

will pursue multiple methodologies to generateinsights into the gender-relevant policy problemsand core research questions identified in eachcomponent of CRP6. Quantitative householdsurveys will be used to establish household-leveleffects and responses. Intra-household surveys

will be encouraged in line with recent advances ingender research that demonstrate that preferences,resources and overall access can differ between menand women within households. Experimental gamesmay be used to facilitate the isolation and analysis

of specific variables of interest. However, we willplace a premium on the application of participatorytechniques that hold great promise for inclusion,learning and empowerment. (Note that participantsat the Javana CRP6 gender methods workshopendorsed participatory techniques but pointed outseveral downsides that needed to be taken intoaccount from the outset such as the possibility thatparticipation may mask power relationships oreven burden men and women further.) AdaptiveCollaborative Management, which combines aseries of participatory techniques for problem

identification and resolution such as participatoryaction research, focused group discussions, transect

walks, participatory mapping and outcome mapping, will form a methodological pillar for gender analysisin CRP6. We will add an historical dimension to ouranalysis in order to illustrate the dynamic nature ofhow women may gain or lose authority in the useand management of and control over forest and treesand their products and services. For an historicalanalysis of gendered access to markets, see Wardelland Fold (in press).

Because the nature and magnitude of genderedoutcomes may vary depending on cultural andsocial norms, research will be conducted in differentsettings. Each CRP6 component has not onlyidentified specific gender-related research questions(see Annex I for a detailed listing of gender researchquestions per component), but has also identifiedgeographic priorities, spanning Africa, Asia andLatin America, where culture and social norms maydiffer. Moreover, sentinel landscapes, which will beestablished in diverse settings, provide an opportunityfor monitoring change and assessing impacts ofspecific policy interventions and/or practices. Data

collection methodologies will be both qualitative andquantitative and data analysis will range accordinglyfrom statistical techniques (including regressions) tointerpretation of norms, conventions and practicesto identify the underlying mechanisms that lead to

visible actions and outcomes.

Component and project leaders will encouragemultidisciplinary research teams—comprising bothmale and female researchers—to work with both menand women. raining programs and workshops willenable CGIAR centre researchers and their partnersto shift from collecting sex-disaggregated data tocomprehending the dynamics of gender relations.raining sessions and workshops will be conductedat least once per year and will be targeted at building

analytical skills, increasing exposure to the rangeof data gathering methods and types of researchquestions, building targeted partnerships for impact,and sharing good practice (note that a Gendermethods manual/toolkit has been developed forresearchers and partners, which is accompanied byan Occasional Paper on methods for more advancedusers (Manfre and Rubin, 2012: http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BCIFOR1203.pdf ;Colfer and Minarchek, 2012: http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-80.pdf )). Teseare available in English, French, Spanish and Bahasa

Indonesia. Emphasis will be placed on disaggregatingthe generalised categories of ‘men’ and ‘women’,in order to capture other salient attributes such as

wealth, ethnicity, age, religion, and marital status, which may also drive differentiation, depending onthe social and political setting (research design andimplementation).

B. Partnerships and alliances toenhance gender inclusiveness

Since gender inequality is rooted in societalrelationships, broad changes are necessary for closingor narrowing the gender gap. Research teams willbuild alliances with both policy and advocacycommunities, within and across sectors and acrossgovernance levels, to ensure the adoption of researchoutputs and improve impacts. Strengthening linksto advocacy networks and platforms (includingmedia and women-focused civil organisations) iscritical for raising awareness of gender-related issuesand for mobilising action toward gender inclusion(facilitation of adoption of outputs). Moreover,these links will increase the likelihood that problem

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identification and prioritisation are gender-sensitised (targeting and priority setting ).

On the research front, we will seek to partner withthe International Center for Research on Women

(ICRW). Researchers will also explore opportunitiesfor learning among peers in the CGIAR networkand with other CRPs such as CRP2 where genderedrights and access to natural resources, genderedresource management and gendered access to marketsare prominent themes (research design, monitoringand evaluation).

At national and supranational levels, currentpartnerships will be strengthened and new onessought with women’s farming or forest organisations,

forest users’ federations, women-focused civilsociety organisations and local media. Partnerships with the Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations, International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment and the International Land Coalition

will provide further opportunities for creating andstrengthening contacts with local organisations.Te governments of many developing countrieshave established gender or women’s ministries anddepartments; we will seek to partner with themin addition to gender sections in forestry andagriculture ministries. Similarly, national universities

are increasingly establishing departments of genderand/or women’s studies. Specific attention will bepaid to creating opportunities and encouragingpartnerships between the various partners of theCRP6 and gender-specific organisations. Suchnetworks will strengthen the women’s organisations(especially at national and local levels), allowidentification of complementarities and enhance theuptake and adoption of research outputs (researchdesign and implementation, facilitation of adoptionof outputs).

At the international level, cooperation will bestrengthened with FAO’s Gender Program, IFAD,ILC, Women Organizing for Change in Agricultureand NRM (WOCAN) and Te World ConservationUnion (IUCN). Tese organisations have stronglinks with regional and national networks thatprovide advocacy for gender equity in resource useplanning, policy formulation, access to resources andinformation and benefit sharing. We will also seekto build partnerships with the newly mandated UN

WOMEN (facilitation of adoption of outputs).

C. Knowledge sharing forgender-responsive policy andpractice

Te third step (closely related to the second) will

include systematic documentation and disseminationof knowledge generated through gender-responsiveresearch. Such documentation will include goodpractice guides, training guides, policy briefings andscientific articles spanning different aspects of genderin forest, tree and agroforestry use and management.Documentation will articulate the interconnectionsbetween new behaviours and success and willprovide insights into how changes promoting genderequity can be embedded into ongoing structuresand practices.

Research teams will regularly share findings amongCRP6 researchers, communities, practitioners andpolicy makers to become and remain informedabout the importance of supporting gender equitablepractices to enhance both the productivity andsustainability of forest resources. Such dissemination

will continuously clarify the value addition of genderand reinforce attention to gender perspectives(facilitation of adoption of outputs). In addition tothis strategy document and research results, productscompleted in 2012 included works on methods and a

conceptual framework. In 2013, additional products will document key research findings across worldregions, synthesising what is known about gender-based constraints related to forest managementand group governance, and “good practices” toovercome or reduce them. Te CRP6 Genderfocal points will work with the different Centers’communication teams to prepare an annual calendarof events at which time gender research-relatedmaterials would be appropriately disseminated. Forexample, preparing an overview of research results for

publication coinciding with International Women’sDay annually on 8 March or preparing a blog aboutgender and forestry issues in preparation for WorldForest or Agriculture Day. Concerted efforts will bemade to identify important outlets that can furtherdisseminate the results of CIFOR gender-relatedresearch to other gender specialists. Other socialmedia will also be utilised, e.g, witter, witter chats,Facebook and blog posts.


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D. Adaptive learning for gender-responsive research and analysis

Researchers will develop and track indicators tocapture inclusion, to improve gender equity, to

evaluate the effectiveness of programmes, projectsand interventions, and to improve data collectionand analysis systems. Tese indicators will spanthe breadth of forestry and agroforestry concerns;including, representation in planning and decision-making processes, property rights, access to

technologies and services, income distribution,market access and innovation systems. We will selectand apply appropriate quantitative and qualitativeindicators to assess and communicate the truemagnitude of impacts. Such assessments will allow

for a critical analysis of activities and outputs and forthe incorporation of new knowledge into existingand anticipated phases of research (targeting andpriority setting to monitoring and evaluation).See the section ‘Monitoring and evaluation’ forfurther details.


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Capacity for gender research and analysis

participating centres as well as 10% of the CRP6director’s time. Over the next 3 years, the gendertheme will recruit four postdoctoral fellows at 100%of their time.

Capacity for gender analysis and research in theCRP6 is uneven within and across participatingcentres (see able 2). At CIFOR, only approximately17 scientists (16 at Te World AgroforestryCentre, ICRAF) have the capability to conduct

gender-responsive research. Tese individuals arecurrently implementing various aspects of gender-responsive research and action, from the collectionof gender-disaggregated data to gender analysis andreporting. Several have published gender-focusedpapers in the past 2 to 4 years. At CIFOR, mostof this capability is concentrated in two researchcomponents: Component 1 (Smallholder producers)and Component 4 (Climate change adaptation andmitigation), drawing scientists from the Forests andGovernance and Forests and Livelihoods Programs.

Overall capacity for gender analysis and researchis concentrated. In CIFOR, for example, out of atotal of 79 science staff, only 26 are social scientists

Table 2. Capacity for gender research and analysis in the CRP6

PhD Masters Level of gender analysis and knowledge

Scientist CIFOR 8 4 High

ICRAF 8 Medium to low

Bioversity (1)* 1 Medium to low

Associate CIFOR 4 Very high

ICRAF 6 Medium to low

Postdoc CIFOR 1 Low

ICRAF 1 High

Total 22 10

Consultant CIFOR 1 1 Very high

ICRAF 1 High

Bioversity 1 Very high

CIFOR: 17 individuals, 2 non-social scientists = 15 social scientists

ICRAF: 16 individuals, 2 non-social scientists = 14 social scientistsBioversity: 2 individuals, 1 social scientist, 1 non-social scientist; 1 social scientist to join in early 2013

TOTAL= 35

Te CRP6 approaches gender integration as a cross-cutting theme, which seeks to integrate genderanalysis and research questions into each of the fivecomponents, rather than have a specific, isolatedcomponent that is focused only on gender. A cross-cutting thematic approach demands a high levelof involvement and a higher capacity for genderanalysis, research and reporting among scientists.Consequently, the CRP6 gender theme will initiallyfocus on building capacity for gender analysis and

research, to boost the capabilities of componentsand will be the main avenue through whichscientific, conceptual and methodological leadershipand coordination is provided towards integratinggender concerns in research. Because leadership willeventually transition to the component leaders (fromthe gender focal points) as knowledge and skillsfor gender integration are more broadly acquiredand practised by scientists, our capacity-buildinginitiatives will also target those science managers andleaders who are mandated with team building andoverall science direction.

Currently, the CRP6 gender theme covers up to 20%of the contribution of three senior scientists, in three


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(excluding associates and consultants). Of the 26social scientists, 11 have some capacity for genderintegration and only 10 can be termed as havinga high level of capacity with both the capability ofcollecting sex-disaggregated data, performing gender

analysis and reporting on it. For CIFOR, because thiscapacity is concentrated in two research components(i.e., climate change and smallholder producers),and not across all five research components, thereis currently a capacity gap. Tis holds true for allcentres participating in the CRP6. At the initiationof the CRP in 2011, Bioversity International’s ForestGenetic Resources (FGR) Programme did not havesocial scientists with gender research expertise. Ascoping study was commissioned in 2012 to assessopportunities and approaches for integration of

gender analysis and gender research in the researchprogramme. Following the recommendations ofthe scoping study, Bioversity will recruit a genderspecialist in 2013 to work full time with the FGRProgramme and the CRP. In addition, Bioversity willannounce three to four gender research fellowshipsin 2012 and 2013 to support integration of genderconsiderations in ongoing and new research of theFGR Programme. Over the short and mediumterm, capacity will be increased and strengthenedin various ways: i) recruitment (up to four genderspecialists at the PhD level will be hired in the first 2

years of the CRP6); ii) training of current scientists;and iii) targeted deployment of gender-specialistconsultants. We anticipate that these efforts will payoff over the longer term leading to at least a doublingof current capacity. In addition, and in consultation

with human resources and centre managementcommittees, we envisage that recruitment processesfor social science positions will incorporate and assessfor gender integration capabilities.

Tus we place a premium on building capacity

among researchers and their partners in various ways.Since the start of the CRP6, three training workshopsin gender concepts and analysis have been deliveredfor a total of 125 researchers, managers and partners.

At least 1 training session per year will be conductedfor the next 3 years, and will be varied to targetdifferent thematic interests and levels of knowledge.

Annual self-assessment and reviews among scientists will be encouraged; however, we plan to conducttraining needs assessments every third year to captureemerging issues and to assess advancement towardgender literacy.

Materials to support scientists in analysis andreporting on their gender research are an importantpart of our capacity-building programme. Annotatedbibliographies, illustrated methods guides andmanuals, and tools, translated into different

languages, will be available both in print andelectronically on the CRP6 website within the firstyear and will be updated annually. In addition,syntheses and reviews of key thematic issues suchas participation, knowledge, bridging research andpolicy, women’s leadership, gender dynamics alongthe forest transition curve, etc. will be producedin the first 1–2 years of the programme in order toprovide scientists and research partners with state-of-the-art thinking and information on these key issues.Capacity building activities will be coordinated with

the CGIAR gender network to add value and toleverage resources and capability across CRPs.

Each participating centre faces unique opportunitiesand constraints. We thus adopt a flexible approachto the implementation of the gender strategy inresponse to these specificities. For example, whileall centres prioritise training and mentorship, andthe joint design of training tools and instruments,each centre will deliver the training programmebased on the level of scientists’ knowledge and skills.Moreover, centres will follow their own approaches

for building and sustaining partnerships to supportgender research and action. Tis also allows forexperimentation with knowledge to action linkages,the identification of good practice, the sharing of itand eventual adoption CRP6-wide.

Linkages with the AWARD programme will becreated to access women’s leadership courses toincrease women’s leadership in the workplace, as wellas with other CRP gender programmes in addressingkey gender questions that cut across CRPs. Te

gender capacity building programme will includesuch elements as individual centre- and CRP6-level workshops, seminars, conferences, training sessionsfor women’s leadership, methods and indicatorsdevelopment, and exchange visits. Te programme

will also include mentoring of young gender scientistsand investments in postdoctoral fellowships to attractbright young men and women into gender research.

A succession plan for gender research must also beincluded to ensure that trained gender scientists arerecognised and rewarded so as to sustain institutionalcapacity of gender-responsive research.


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Monitoring and evaluation

We place emphasis on the proposalstage because gender is most effectivelyincorporated at the research design stage withthe identification of research questions andthe subsequent identification of methods,activities, personnel and budgets.

• the extent to which research outputsproduced by components: − are based on sex-disaggregated data sets

and the extent to which the definition of

target populations accounts for genderdisparities − employ gender analysis − are co-produced with gender-specialised

partners − are disseminated to reach relevant

networks and actors, including feedbackto communities explaining findings andhow information can be used includingpossible follow-up actions

− influence policy, practitioners, orresource users’ knowledge and/or actions

3. Impact analysis. Tis will focus on project sitesand sentinel landscapes to establish the extent to

which gender-responsive research has achievedthe CGIAR system’s strategic results of povertyreduction, enhancing food security, improvinghealth and nutrition, and environmentalsustainability. For example, participants at the

Javana gender methods workshop indicated that:i) the strategy should allow for the tracking ofunexpected/unintended outcomes; and ii) impact

analysis should be explicit about the storiesbehind any change, noting in particular thatalthough some changes may occur, they may notbe easily measurable. We will focus on trackingthe following impacts:• Gender equality in decision making about

and control over forests, agroforestry and treeresources and relevant value chains results inincreased incomes and benefits for women.

• Women’s increased control over forests,agroforestry and tree resources enhancesfamily nutrition and health.

• More secure tenure and rights for men and women increase access to diversified andimproved food and tree species/varieties.

CRP6 has developed a Monitoring Evaluation andImpact Assessment (MEIA) strategy that frames ourapproach to MEIA. We have produced seven draftIntermediate Development Outcomes (IDOs), tobe finalised in 2013, allowing us to monitor andassess our progress in achieving the System LevelOutcomes. Although six of these IDOs are relevantto gender, we have crafted one specific IDO thatcaptures the end-goal of our investments in genderintegration in research and action:

‘Women are better empowered and genderequality in decision making and control

over resource use, management and benefitsis improved’.

We will monitor gender integration at three levels:1. Gender integration processes. Tis will focus

on identifying the effectiveness of the processelements of delivery, for example, whethertraining and capacity-building initiatives arerelevant; whether the mechanisms of delivery

are responsive to differences in knowledge, skillsand thematic interests; component needs andoutputs; whether gender-relevant knowledge andskills are being built; and whether a congenialatmosphere for gender research support has beenestablished. Tis will draw heavily from scientistsand partners’ self-evaluations and feedback.

2. Outputs. Tis will determine whether ourstrategy and approach to gender integrationin research and action is effective in changingscientists’ behaviour. We will track and measure

the following aspects:• the extent to which gender is incorporated

into new proposals, bearing in mindthat not all subject matter is amenable togender analysis. Gender guides for proposaldevelopment and assessment will bedeveloped that provide concrete examples ofhow the following elements of our strategy

will be taken into account in methods,activities and budgets:

− collection of gender-disaggregated data − application of gender analysis − inclusion of gender-relevant

delivery partners − gender-responsive knowledge sharing


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• Gender equality in participation andinfluence over resource use decisions andbenefits increases investments in sustainableresource management and reducesdegradation.

Tis three-tier monitoring and evaluation planreflects the procedural and substantive elementsof our impact pathway. It articulates a frameworkfor monitoring and evaluating progress towardsgender integration/implementation of this genderstrategy and more broadly accomplishing the gender-specific aims of the CRP6. As discussed below, it

will include internal, continued self-assessments which will contrast planned activities with results.It also includes independent, periodic, and strategic

assessments.

Implementing the monitoring andevaluation plan

Tis plan will be implemented through existingorganisational structures and processes.

Each capacity-building programme will be requiredto administer a standard evaluation form that

will be jointly designed by gender focal points at

participating centres. Post-training evaluationsare commonly administered to all participants. Inaddition, the number and type of requests for genderanalysis support made by both scientists and theirpartners, as well as the number of downloads ofgender materials on the CRP6 (and centre) website

will be tracked.

Gender integration at the proposal stage will bemonitored through the donor liaison’s office inthe finance and administration department. A

dedicated database, which will capture specificinformation on gender integration in key elementsof the proposal, will be queried and analysed once ayear. Te aim is to increase the number of researchproposals integrating gender in research questions,activities and budgets, keeping in mind that someproposals may not necessarily or feasibly addressgender matters.

Te monitoring of research outputs will beconducted by gender focal points, who will maintaina central database at ICRAF of existing researchprojects and outputs. Tis will be closely coordinated

with component leads and the Information ServicesGroup of each centre and will be conducted once

each year. Te aim is to track changes in the numberof outputs that a) collect gender-disaggregateddata; and b) systematically analyse and explaintrends patterns.

Results of the above will be shared with scientistsat annual meetings/science weeks scheduled byeach centre every September/October. CIFOR,for example, schedules a gender technical sessionat each annual meeting. Tis provides a forumfor encouraging dialogue on accomplishmentsand constraints, how gender integration effortsmight be improved, and what further support willbe needed in the following year. Tese forums

will be supplemented by targeted focused groupdiscussions and short surveys in order to generate

deeper insights into successes, constraints andimprovement measures.

Impact evaluation will be closely coordinated withthe Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessmentteam of the CRP6, which has developed principlesto guide the process and for which the organisationhas ring-fenced a budget line within each researchproposal. Te Monitering & Evaluation (M&E)task force of the CGIAR Gender Network willprovide additional support to impact evaluation.However, we will also encourage scientists to build

into their research and implementation, a monitoringand evaluation scheme. Tis is currently beingimplemented by the ‘Gender, tenure and communityforestry in Uganda and Nicaragua’ project fundedby the Austrian Development Agency and will beused to inform CRP6 gender MEIA efforts. Within-project monitoring allows for the monitoringand evaluation of immediate outcomes (changesin behaviour of resource users or policy makers;improvements in knowledge), which can be collectedat shorter time periods such as annually or twice

per year. We anticipate that longer term impacts(changes in key indicators specified) will be evaluatedat least twice in the 10-year life of the CRP6. Besidesstandard evaluation of specified indicators, impactevaluations will identify the following: • short and longer term risks and their mitigation • necessary adjustments to gender research and

implementation by delivery partners, includingbudget implications

• lessons learnt and how to distill good practices inresearch and implementation

Feeding the findings of impact evaluation back toresearchers and practitioners will be given priority.

We will use existing channels commonly used for


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sharing information among scientists and with policymakers and practitioners. Tese include annualmeetings and targeted communications to partnerssuch as partner networks/distribution lists, policybriefs, and international forums such as CIFOR’s

annual Forest Days and ICRAF’s Agriculture/Biodiversity Day.

Indicators, frequency of collection and collectionmethods have been summarised (able 3). A majorshortcoming is that these indicators are mostlyquantitative. However, we will employ qualitativeindicators that speak to mechanisms and inter-linkages. For example, the institutional conditionsthat allow for increased numbers of women indecision-making positions will be documented.

Incentives to encourage successful gender integration will be jointly negotiated between managers andscientists during the annual performance appraisalprocess. Possible incentives include supplementalfunding, targeted training and presentations atinternational forums as well as showcasing effectiveintegration efforts in the outcome stories ofannual reports.

Budget presentation

About 10% of the CRP6 component budget(excluding the gender cross-cutting theme) isdedicated to gender research and analysis (able 4).

Tese figures are indicative, based on ourPerformance Implementation Agreement for thecross-cutting themes and on the rolling 3-yearoperational plan for gender-relevant research withincomponents. Tey are in our current operational plan(OP 2012–2014) and must be considered estimates.Te next iteration of the plan (OP 2013–2015) will

have more reliable figures accompanied by a specificannual programme of work. Te gender cross-cuttingtheme has a separate budget of USD 3 427 711 overthe same time period.

Management systemTe gender cross-cutting theme is under thesupervision of the CRP6 director and this themeand associated activities are coordinated by agender coordinator, with focal points in each ofthe participating centres (i.e., CIFOR, ICRAF,Bioversity, CIA. Te CRP6 director is designated

with oversight of the management and budgets of

the cross-cutting gender theme. Centre gender ‘focalpoints’ (CIFOR, ICRAF, Bioversity, CIA) reportto the gender coordinator. Gender focal points fromeach centre form a working group to support genderanalysis and ensure that gender issues are addressed in

all activities of CRP6 in line with the gender strategy.Tey will develop criteria for assessing analytical workand conduct quality assurance reviews. Tey willbuild a CRP6-wide approach to gender integration,but each of them will also participate in variouscapacities in a cross-CGIAR gender network forguidance, support and sharing of good practice.

Rotational leadership/coordination is applied toensure that responsibilities and opportunities areshared amongst the focal points from each centre

during the strategy period. Annual work plans areplanned openly and shared amongst the focal points; joint centre activities will be also encouraged tobuild collaboration and collective action in achievinggender-responsive goals and objectives. Semi-annualand annual reports from focal points are required,and are reported to the gender coordinator andultimately to the CRP6 director.

At centre level, the focal points are responsible forimplementing annual work plans with reportingresponsibilities both to the CRP6 gender coordinator

and to centre management, respectively. Centres mayhave different structures for implementing gendercross-cutting activities as well as gender research inthe components, but the idea of creating ‘GenderImplementing eams’ (GIs) is being considered. TeGIs, headed by the centre focal point will then beresponsible for ensuring delivery of gender-responsivegoals and objectives of the CRP components. Withthe right capacity and support, the GIs can evolveinto a formal feature of the CRP6 management andoperational structure.

While it may appear as though a disproportionateshare of the responsibility for gender integration isconcentrated in gender focal points and the CRP6director, the responsibility is broader and embeddedin centre management and operational structures andprocesses. Component leaders, who took the leadrole in identifying gender-relevant research questions(see Annex I), and who have allocated close to 10%of component budgets to gender-related researchand action activities, have a responsibility to ensurethat component research and research outputs arereflective of this investment. Similarly, programmedirectors (who bear overall responsibility for science


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Table 3. Summary of monitoring and evaluation plan

What will bemonitored?

Indicators Data collectionmethods

Frequency Responsibility

Genderintegrationprocess

Percentage of projects generatinggender-disaggregated data

Number of projects that use gender-disaggregated data for targetingand priority setting

Database search Annual Gender focal points


Number of scientists and partnerstrained

Participants list andsurveys

Annual Gender focal points


Number of scientists and partnerstaking advantage of mentoringprogrammes

Participants list andsurveys

Annual Gender focal points


Percentage of projects withmonitoring and evaluationcomponents/indicators

Whether targeting addresses genderdifferentiation

Whether priority setting for researchplanning included gender-relatedcriteria

Database search Annual Gender focal points

Outputs Number of reports/policy briefs/InfoBriefs that are based on gender-disaggregated data and genderanalysis

Reading reports Biennial Gender focal points;Component leaders

Outputs Number of partners using/referringto gender-related information inreports, policy briefs, etc.

Scientist self-evaluation;surveys

Biennial Gender focal points;Component leaders

Outputs Changes in capacity of partners Scientist evaluations;surveys of partners

Biennial Gender focal points;Component leaders

Impacts Income from FAT1 goods andservices controlled by women andmen has increased such that genderinequality in income from thesegoods and services has decreasedby at least 30%

Surveys 3–5 years CRP6 director; CRP6MEIA team; Genderfocal points

Impacts At least xx women and their familiesbenefit from FAT products for foodsecurity for xx additional days duringthe dry season

Surveys 3–5 years

Impacts 20–30% of members elected/appointed to forest managementcommittees are women

Surveys 3–5 years

Impacts 10–15% of women in programmeareas have control (i.e., strongerrights) over FAT resources athousehold and community levels

Surveys 3–5 years

1 Forest, Agroforestry and Tree resources


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direction and budget allocations) review research

proposals and appraise scientist performance annuallyand bear responsibility for gender integrationin programmes and in the science. Te yearlyperformance appraisal processes provide an as yetuntapped and promising avenue for the diffusionof responsibility to individual scientists. Finally,centre boards of trustees have a responsibility forensuring that a centre’s science and management

goals and strategies are achieved in an effective and

rigorous manner.

Overall, this strategy views gender integration inresearch as a fundamental part of doing good science(and development). Te success of this strategy restson embedding gender integration in processes andstructures that animate each centre’s science.

Table 4. CRP6 gender budget

CRP 6 Annual budget for gender research and analysis by component and year

Gender 2012 2013 2014

C1 1 161 272 1 411 628 1 665 143

C2 943 342 1 095 691 1 190 840

C3 1 289 598 1 586 500 1 866 892

C4 3 176 911 3 362 517 3 573 243

C5 546 364 624 323 690 340

TOTAL 7 117 487 8 080 659 8 986 458

Cross-cutting gender 906 604 1 309 573 1 211 535


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Empirical analysis from East Africa andLatin America. International Forestry Review 13(2): 205–19.

Sunderland, ., Achdiawan, R., Angelsen, A.,Babigumira, R., Ickowitz, A., Paumgarten, F.,Reyes-García, V. and Shively, G. Under review.Myths and realities about men, women andforest use: A global comparative study.

World Bank, FAO and IFAD. 2009. Gender inagriculture sourcebook. Te International Bankfor Reconstruction and Development, Te

World Bank, Washington, DC.


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Annex IGender-specific research questions across the

five componentsBroad research questions(Component 1, Theme 1)

Gender-specific aspects of thequestion

Examples of science outputs

How does one increaseinvestment in species-specifictree improvement using genericdomestication techniques forpriority NTFP and tree species toensure quality planting materialis available?

What interventions (e.g., policies)can improve women’s access toimportant NTFP and tree species forgermplasm collection and use?

New/improved tree and crop germplasm

NTFP and tree domestication strategies

What approaches, tools andmethods can be used to adapttree and forest managementtechniques to the scales,resource types, objectives andopportunities of smallholdersand community forestmanagers?

How does one ensure thatpromotion and domestication ofhigh-value NTFP and tree speciesare based on men’s and women’sdifferentiated preferences (productsand species)?

Best practice guidelines

Forest and tree management tools

How and why do different treespecies x management optionsconfer affordable sustainabilitybenefits for farmers in termsof higher soil and water

productivity in the medium tolong term?

How do gender-differentiatedroles and control of resourcesaffect species and managementpreferences and ultimate choices?

What changes in women’s control

of tree and land resources arenecessary for their preferencesto prevail in decisions abouttree planting, retention andmanagement?

Development of associative tree ideotypesand hence system-compatible treegermplasm

Tools for matching trees and tree mixturesto sites and circumstances

How can innovativemanagement techniques beused to improve NTFP and treeuse to diversify farming systemsand enhance rural livelihoods?

How does the introduction ofinnovation or intensification affectgender roles or differential access toresources and benefits?

Tools for promoting tree diversity on farmsand in farming landscapes

How can innovativemanagement techniques (locally

derived and science based) beidentified, tested and evaluatedmore efficiently?

How do knowledge and preferencesof women and men differ in relation

to choices of tree species andmanagement options?

Databases of scientific and localassessments of tree attributes that confer

productivity gains and system compatibility

Which farmer, forest and treemanagement skills can beenhanced with respect toestablishment, protection,spacing, thinning, selection,pruning, coppicing, harvesting,irrigation and fertilisation?

How does one considergender roles and targetedtraining in different forest/treemanagement activities to promotecomplementarity of skills, especiallyin labour-scarce households?

Forest and tree management manuals

Databases

Demonstration sites

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Broad research questions(Component 1, Theme 2)


Examples of science outputs

What improved methods andrapid appraisal tools can be

used to analyse the actual andpotential value of forest and treeproducts for poor and womenfarmers and for subsector andvalue chains (including inputs,nurseries)?

How does one increase women’sparticipation in value chains and

reduce inequity in householdbenefits?

Appraisal tools should be gendersensitive and inclusive.

Rapid appraisal tools of market chains

Viability and profitability studies

Value chain reports

Fair pricing guidelines

What scaling-up and novelextension approaches areeffective in promoting thespread of knowledge andmaterials (e.g., seed), particularlyamong women and the poor,are sustainable and help build

capacities of communitiesto access information andinnovate? How does theimpact of innovative extensionapproaches vary by commodity,by land use system, by socialsetting and by region?

How does one ensure that scaling-up and extension approachesand interventions are specificallytargeted to cultural and genderdifferences, according to men’s andwomen’s different participation incommodities, land use systems and

social settings?

Novel extension approaches

Scaling-up protocols

Rural resource centres

What are key marketinginterventions for helpingfarmers improve returnsfrom NTFP and agroforestryenterprises and improve

smallholder competitiveness?How should the interventionsbe sequenced?

Collective marketing enablessmallholders to ‘break into’ themarket, but gender relations canbreak down the collective if notattended to.

Marketing strategies

Franchising options

Outgrower schemes

What are the multiplicationand deployment systems forimproved tree germplasm thatensure genetic integrity, providedisease-free planting material,and are adapted to various localconditions?

Are the methods of multiplicationaccessible for both menand women?

Cultivar multiplication and deploymentsystems for tree crops identified andevaluated

Locally adaptable tree seed and seedlingsystems and means of selecting appropriatemodels for different settings, developedand tested for both high-value and high-volume species

What innovative and sustainable

ways can be devised andimplemented to improve thesupply of market information,technical assistance andappropriate finance todifferentiated, local end-usersof forest- and tree-basedproduction systems?

Community-based market

information platforms areinnovative and can be effectivein supplying timely marketinformation and getting feedback,but conflicts of interest andpower relations between menand women in mixed platformsneed investments in repairs andmaintenance.

Market information systems

Information hubsMicrocredit schemes

Decentralised extension approaches

Demonstrations

How can certification of goodagricultural practices andsustainable timber practicesincentivise farmers to modify

their tree-planting decisions?

How does one improve women’sparticipation in value chains andreduce inequity in householdbenefits?

Appraisal tools should be gendersensitive and inclusive.

Certification checklists

Generic criteria

Publications

Annex I. Continued


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Broad research questions(Component 1, Theme 3)


Science outputs

How can multilevel governanceinstitutions best work to

enhance local rights andlivelihoods?

How can women participateeffectively in multilevel governance

institutions and what is needed toovercome barriers to participation?

Tools for facilitating collaboration necessaryfor multilevel governance

Approaches for analysing multilevel andpolycentric governance systems

Tools for overcoming barriers to women’sparticipation

What mechanisms can improvesmallholder and communityaccess and control over forestand tree resources?

How does one build bargainingpower and confidence amongwomen in seeking equitable accessand control over forest and treeresources in mixed environments?

How does one link local women’sorganisations to national andinternational movements to

increase their voice and strengthentheir rights and access toforest resources and to marketopportunities in forest and treeproducts?

How can property rights andsecurity for women best beenhanced, particularly with regardto common or communal property?

Generic tools for analysing access in thecontext of legal pluralism; synthesis of localexperience and emerging patterns; andanalysis of factors that foster or constrainm

Documents

CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry - Gender Strategy