Ch 1 - Slides - Lifespan Development

8/18/2019 Ch 1 - Slides - Lifespan Development

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Defining Development

The science of human development…

- seeks to understand how and why people of all

ages and circumstances change or remain thesame over time.


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Defining Development

Growth is…

multidirectional

multicontextual

multicultural

multidisciplinary

plastic


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Understanding How and Why

Scientific method – Way to answer questions that requires empirical

research and data-ased conclusions.

!ive asic steps of the scientific method – "egin with curiosity and pose a question.

– Develop a hypothesis.

– #est the hypothesis.

– Draw conclusions.

– $eport the results.


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#he Scientific %ethod

& sixth and crucial step-replication-is often needed

efore the scientific community accepts

conclusions.

Replication – $epetition of a study' using different participants


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(rocess' )ot (roof

"uilt into the scientific method*in questions' hypotheses' tests' and

replication*is a passion for possiilities' especially unexpected

ones.


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#he )ature-)urture Deate

Nature – +eneral term for the traits' capacities' and limitations

that each individual inherits genetically from his or her

parents at the moment of conceptionNurture

– +eneral term for all the environmental influences that

affect development after an individual is conceived


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#he ,ife-Span (erspective

Life-span perspective – &pproach to the study of human development that

takes into account all phases of life' not ust

childhood or adulthood.


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&ge $anges for Different Stages of Development


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Development is multidirectional. – ver time' human characteristics change in every direction.

Several maor theorists descrie stages of development/discontinuous process01

!reud' 2rickson' (iaget.

thers view development as a continuous process.


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(atterns of Developmental +rowth


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,ife-Span (erspective

Development is multidirectional.

3ritical period – #ime when a particular type of developmental growth

/in ody or ehavior0 must happen if it is ever going tohappen

Sensitive period – #ime when a certain type of development is most

likely to happen or happens most easily' although itmay still happen later with more difficulty


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Development is multicontextual.

2cological-systems approach – 4n the study of human development' the person

should e considered in all the contexts andinteractions that constitute a life.


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2cological systems /"ronfenrenner0

2ach person is affected y many social contexts

and interpersonal interactions.

#hree nested levels surround individuals and affect

them.

&pproach later named ioecological theory.


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#he 2cological %odel


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Development Is

multicontextual.

Historical context

3ohort1 &ll persons ornwithin a few years of one

another5 group defined

y the shared age of its

memers

2xample1 &ttitudes

aout same-sex

marriage


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Socioeconomic context – &ffected y national and historical texts

–4s more critical in some urisdictions than others

– 4ncludes pervasive context of S2S

Socioeconomic status /S2S0 – (erson6s position in society as determined y income'

wealth' occupation' education' and place of residence


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Development Is multicultural.

3ulture – (atterns of ehavior passed from one generation to

the nextSocial construction

– 4dea ased on shared perceptions' not on oective

reality

–%any age-related terms' such as childhood'adolescence' yuppie' and senior citi7en' are social

constructions.


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Socioeconomic Status and Human Development

+loally and locally' socioeconomic status is one of the most accurate predictors

of health. (overty rates and level of education almost always correlate with

health indicators /such as mortality0 in ust aout every phase of the life span.


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+loal #rends

#he United )ations categori7es nations as more' less' or least developed' ased

on economic growth. &s indicated here' a nation6s economic status correlates

closely with irth rate' which itself correlates with levels of female literacy.

#his is a rough guide. !or example' fewer neworns die in their first year in the

United States than in nations with high poverty rates' ut the U.S. infant mortality

rate is higher than 88 other nations' some /such as (ortugal and +reece0 with

lower average income.


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4nfant %ortality in the U.S.

&out two-thirds of infant deaths in the United States occur within the first

9: days of life. #he single iggest cause of infant death in the UnitedStates is preterm irth.


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Development Is Multicultural.

Difference-equals-deficit error – %istaken elief that a deviation from some norm is

necessarily inferior to ehavior or characteristics thatmeet the standard

;ygotsky1 +uided participation – 4s universal process used y mentors to teach cultural

knowledge' skills' and haits – 3an occur through school instruction' ut more often

it happens informally

– 2ntails culturally different goals


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Development Is

multicultural.

2thnic group – (eople whose ancestors

were orn in the sameregion and who often share

a language' culture' and

religion

$ace

– +roup of people who are

regarded y themselves or

y others as distinct from

other groups on the asis of

physical appearance


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Development 4s multidisciplinary.

&ll important human characteristics are epigenetic. – $eferring to the effects of environmental forces on the

expression of an individual6s' or a species6' geneticinheritance

Some epigenetic influences impede development5

others facilitate it.

–#he inevitale epigenetic interaction etween genesand the environment /nature and nurture0 is illustrated

on the next slide.


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&n 2pigenetic %odel of Development

)otice that there are as many arrows going down as thereare going up' at all levels.

&lthough development egins with genes at conception' it

requires that all four factors interact.


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Multidisciplinar

research on depression

Depression –

4s partly genetic'iochemical' and

neurological

– 4s also developmental

– ,eads to etter

treatment

– "roadens and deepens

the scientific perspective

Lin!s to depression – ,ow serotonin

– 3aregiver depression

– S&D

–%alnutrition

– &nthropology

– Diseases

– Disruptive social interaction

–!ather asence

– Silings

– (overty

– ,ow cognitive skills


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Why<

4nterpretation of these data depends on the interpreter6s assumption. #he lowrates in =apan could e caused y something wonderful in =apanese culture*

close human onds' for instance. r it could e something negative*

repression of emotions' perhaps' which would reduce the rate of diagnosed

depression' ut not the rate of actual depression. &s with the results of most

research' data often raise new questions.


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Development Is plastic.

(lasticity denotes two complementary aspects of

development.

–Human traits can e molded

– (eople maintain a certain duraility of identity

Dynamic systems1 Human development is viewed

as an ongoing' ever-changing interaction.

– "etween the physical and emotional eing and

– "etween the person and every aspect of his or her

environment' including the family and society


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Development is plastic.

Dynamic systems approach – "uilds on the multidirectional' multicontextual'

multicultural' and multidisciplinary nature ofdevelopment

– Urges consideration of all the interrelated aspects'

every social and cultural factor' over days and years


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Development is plastic. – (lasticity emphasi7es that people can and do change'

that predictions are not always accurate

–

%ore accurate predictions could improve preventionof developmental prolems.

Three insi"hts advance #enefits of prediction. – )ature and nurture

–Sensitive periods

– Differential sensitivity


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Using the Scientific %ethod

$cientific %#servation – $equires the researcher to record ehavior

systematically and oectively

–

%ay e done in a naturalistic setting such as a home'school' or other pulic place

– %ay e done in a laoratory


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$tatistical measures often used to anal&e research results – 2ffect si7e

– Significance

– 3ost-enefit analysis

–dds ratio

– !actor analysis

– %eta-analysis

'ho (articipates) – !or all these measures' the characteristics of the people who

participate in the study /formerly called the suects' now called theparticipants0 are important' as is the numer of people who are

studied.

– #his also is presented with statistics.


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*xperiment – $esearch method in which the researcher tries to

determine the cause-and-effect relationship etween

two variales

Independent varia#le – ;ariale that is introduced to see what effect it has on

the dependent variale

Dependent varia#le – ;ariale that may change as a result of whatever new

condition or situation the experimenter adds


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*xperimental "roup – Suected to the particular treatment or condition /the

independent variale0

–

3omparison group /also called a control group0 – Does not receive the experimental group treatment


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The $urve – 4nvolves collection of information from a large numer

of people

–

(resents challenges in acquiring valid information – (roduces answers that are influenced y the wording

and the sequence of the survey questions


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4 !orgot<

4f this were the only data

availale' you might

conclude that ninth-

graders have suddenly

ecome more sexuallyactive than twelfth-

graders.

"ut we have 9> years of

data*those who areninth-graders now will

answer differently y

twelfth grade.


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Studying Development over the ,ife Span

+ross-sectional Research – +roups of people of one age compared with people of

another age

Lon"itudinal Research – 3ollecting data repeatedly on the same individuals as

they age

+ross-se,uential Research

–Study several groups of people of different ages /across-sectional approach0 and follow them over the

years /a longitudinal approach0


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Which &pproach 4s "est<


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Which &pproach 4s "est


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?ui7 on 3orrelation


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3autions from Science

uantitative research – (rovides data that can e expressed with numers'

such as ranks or scales.

ualitative research – 3onsiders qualities instead of quantities.

– Descriptions of particular conditions and participants6

expressed ideas are often part of qualitative studies.


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2thics

2ach academic discipline and professional society

involved in the study of human development has a

code of ethics.

@ &n Institutional Review oard /IR0 ensures that

research follows estalished guidelines and remains

ethical.

@ (articipation is voluntary' confidential' and harmless.

@ $esearch suects must give informed consent-

understand the research procedures and any risksinvolved.

Documents

Ch 1 - Slides - Lifespan Development