Ch 11 Cardiovascular System

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ch 11 Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System: The Heart 1. State the function of the cardiovascular system and its components.2. Describe the location of the heart in the body and identify its major anatomical areas on an appropriate

model or diagram. 3. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart. 4. Compare and contrast the pulmonary and systemic circuits. 5. Explain the operation of the heart valves. 6. Name the functional blood supply of the heart. 7. Name the elements of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart and describe the pathway of impulses

through this system. (SA node, AV node…)8. Define systole, diastole, stroke volume, and cardiac cycle. 9. Define heart sounds and murmur. Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels 11. Compare and contrast the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. 12. Identify the body's major arteries and veins.13. Define blood pressure and list factors affecting and/or determining blood pressure. 15. Define hypertension, atherosclerosis and varicose veins & describe possible health consequences of

these conditions. 16. Describe the exchanges that occur across capillary walls. 17. Name the fetal vascular modifications, or "fetal shunts," and describe their function before birth. 18. Explain how regular exercise and a diet low in fats and cholesterol may help maintain cardiovascular

health.


Just to get you thinking about what you already know about the cardiovascular systemWrite a paragraph that explains what you think the function of the cardiovascular system is, it’s parts, and anything you know about the structure of the parts. (Think about things you’ve learned this year that you can apply to this and include them.)

Draw a picture of the heart and label it.Here’s a little something to get you in the mood:


Functions & Parts?• Open heart surgery video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zxqj1BcBpIgExplanation of bypass surgery:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WM_tcf5Ogy0Video of off-pump bypass surgery:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGzyhuCs43o

Your heart pumps 6 L of blood from your heart to you blood vessels & back over 1000 times / day!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zxqj1BcBpIg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WM_tcf5Ogy0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGzyhuCs43o


Learning the part of the heart

• Practice:• External:

http://wps.aw.com/bc_marieb_ehap_8/25/6528/1671273.cw/index.html

• Internal:http://wps.aw.com/bc_marieb_ehap_8/25/6528/1671273.cw/index.html




The Cardiovascular System – Goal 1

•Consists of ______& blood ________• Function of heart is to______________• Function of blood vessels is to ________blood around body

•The functions of the cardiovascular system•To deliver_____,_______, hormones to tissues•To remove ______& other ______from tissues

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.1a

Midsternal line

2nd rib

Diaphragm

(a)

SternumPoint ofmaximalintensity(PMI)

Location – Goal 2

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.1c

Superiorvena cava

Pulmonarytrunk

Diaphragm

(c)

Aorta

Left lung

Pericardium(cut)

Apex ofheart

Parietalpleura (cut)

Goal 2


The Heart – Goal 2•Location

•Thorax between the _____in the inferior___________

•Orientation•Pointed ______directed toward left______•Base points toward right_______

•About the size of your ______


Heart Anatomy External - Goal 2


The Heart: Coverings – Goal 2•Pericardium—a double-walled ____•Video showing pericardium getting cut during surgery•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hchNmUsx7hQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hchNmUsx7hQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hchNmUsx7hQ


The Heart: Chambers – Goal 2•Right and left side act as separate _____•___ chambers

•2 ________•Receiving chambers

•Right atrium•Left atrium

•2 _________•Discharging chambers

•Right ventricle•Left ventricle

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.5

RightventricleMuscularinterventricularseptum

Leftventricle

Interventricular septum

Separates the two _________

Interatrial septum Separates the two______

The Heart: Septa Goal 2


The Heart: Associated Great Vessels – Goal 2• Arteries

• Aorta• Leaves_____ __________

• Pulmonary arteries• Leave______ __________

• Veins• Superior and inferior venae cavae

• Enter ______ _________• Pulmonary veins (four)

• Enter ________ ________

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3b

Superior vena cava

Right atrium

Right pulmonary veins

Fossa ovalis

Right atrioventricularvalve (tricuspid valve)

Right ventricle

Chordae tendineaeInferior vena cava

(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves.

Aorta

Left pulmonary artery

Left atrium

Left pulmonary veins

Pulmonary semilunar valveLeft atrioventricular valve(bicuspid valve)Aortic semilunar valve

Left ventricle


Myocardium

Visceral pericardium

Right pulmonary artery


Links to practice sites:

•http://wps.aw.com/bc_marieb_ehap_8/25/6528/1671273.cw/index.html




The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation – Goal 3 & 4• Systemic circulation

• Blood flows from the _____ side of the heart through the ______ tissues and back to the _____ side of the heart

• Pulmonary circulation• Blood flows from the _____ side of the heart to the ______ and back to the _____ side of the heart.


Blood Flow Through the Heart – Goal 3• ________and ________ venae cavae dump blood into the _______

________• From right atrium, through the ________ valve, blood travels to the

________ ____________• From the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart as it passes through

the ___________ semilunar valve into the ___________ trunk• Pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary ________ that

carry blood to the ________

Continued on next page…


Blood Flow Through the Heart – Goal 3• _________ is picked up and _______ ________ is dropped off by

blood in the lungs.• Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the four _________

_______.• Blood enters the left ______ and travels through the _________ valve

into the left _____________• From the left ventricle, blood leaves the heart via the _______

semilunar valve and aorta• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rguztY8aqpk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rguztY8aqpk


• In both the pulmonary and systemic circulations, the exchange of _________, nutrients, and _________ products occurs in the capillaries that join arterioles to venules

The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation – Goal 3 & 4


The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation – Goal 3 & 4


The Heart: Valves – Goal 5


The Heart: Valves – Goal 5•Allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent ___________

•Four valves in heart•Atrioventricular (AV) valves—between _____and__________•___________ valve (right side of heart) •__________ (mitral) valve (left side of heart)

•Semilunar valves—between ventricle and ______•Pulmonary semilunar valve•Aortic semilunar valve


Superior vena cava

Right atrium


Fossa ovalis


Right ventricle



Aorta


Left atrium



Left ventricle


Myocardium




The Heart: Valves – Goal 5• AV valves

• __________ in place by chordae tendineae (“heart strings”)

• ________ during heart relaxation and ________ during ventricular contraction

• Semilunar valves• _________ during heart relaxation but _________ during ventricular contraction

• Notice these valves operate __________ of one another to force a _____-way path of blood through the heart


•Blood in the 4 chambers of the heart does not nourish the myocardium… so what does?

Cardiac Circulation - Goal 6


Cardiac Circulation - Goal 6• Cardiac circulation supplies the myocardium with blood.• The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system consisting of

• Coronary __________—branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with _______________ blood

• Cardiac _________—drain the myocardium of blood• Coronary sinus—a large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins

• Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus


Homeostatic Imbalance – Goal Bonus• Angina pectoris – crushing pain from __________ blood flow to myocardium. May be experienced when heart beats at a rapid pace (coronary flow occurs when heart is relaxed but if heart is beating rapidly there is little relaxation time) This is a warning that should not be ignored.

• Myocardial infarction (aka “heart attack” or “coronary”) – ________ of oxygen deprived heart cells.


• Women are more likely than men to have the “other” signs of a heart attack.

• Call 911 – get to the hospital as quickly as possible.


The Heart: Conduction System – Goal 7• Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

• Heart muscle cells contract, without______ ________, in a regular, continuous way (Indiana Jones video below)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBIdcUxdgo0• Special tissue sets the pace

• Sinoatrial node = SA node (“_________”), is in the right _______

• Atrioventricular node = AV node, is at the junction of the atria and _____________

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBIdcUxdgo0


Superior vena cava

Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)

Atrioventricular(AV) node

Right atrium

Bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

Left atrium

Atrioventricular(AV) bundle(bundle of His)

Purkinje fibers

Interventricularseptum

The Heart: Conduction System – Goal 7


Homeostatic Imbalance – Goal Bonus •Heart block—damaged AV node releases ventricles from control of the SA node; result is in a slower heart rate as ventricles contract at their own rate

• Ischemia—lack of adequate _______ supply to heart muscle

•Fibrillation—a ______, uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle•Video that shows various types of arrhythmias

•http://www.bupa-intl.com/health/factsheets/H/Heart-block#tabContainer

http://www.bupa-intl.com/health/factsheets/H/Heart-block

http://www.bupa-intl.com/health/factsheets/H/Heart-block


Homeostatic Imbalances – Goal Bonus

•Homeostatic imbalance (continued)•Tachycardia—______ heart rate over 100 beats per minute

•Bradycardia—______ heart rate less than 60 beats per minutes


The Heart: Cardiac Cycle & Heart Sounds – Goal 8

• Atria contract _____________• Atria relax, then ___________contract• Systole = ventricular____________• Diastole = ventricular _____________


The Heart: Cardiac Cycle & Heart Sounds Goal 8 & 9Cardiac cycle—events of one complete heart beat

Heart Sounds:• ____ - Atrioventricular valves close causes first heart sound• ____ - Second heart sound is heard as semilunar valves close

• Murmur – _______ heart sounds due to leaky valves or other issues.


The Heart: Cardiac Output – Goal 8 (SV)•Cardiac output (CO)

•Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in one minute

•Determined by SV x HR•Stroke volume (SV)

•_________ of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction (each heartbeat)

•About 70 mL of blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat

•Heart rate (HR) •Typically 75 beats per minute


The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate• Increased heart rate

• Crisis• Low blood pressure

• Hormones• Epinephrine• Thyroxine

• Exercise• Decreased blood volume

• Decreased heart rate• Parasympathetic nervous system• High blood pressure or blood volume• Decreased venous return


Blood Vessels: The Vascular System – Goal 11• Transport blood to the tissues and back to heart.

• Carry blood _______ from the heart

• Arteries• Arterioles

• Exchanges between tissues and blood

• ___________ – one cell thick

• Return blood _______ the heart

• Venules• Veins - valves


Artery(a) Vein


Venous Aids for the Return of Blood to the Heart – Goal 11•To assist in the movement of blood back to the heart:•Larger veins have _______ to prevent backflow

•__________ muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart

Valve (open)

Contractedskeletalmuscle

Valve (closed)

Vein

Direction ofblood flow


Truecapillaries

(a) Sphincters open; blood flows through true capillaries.

Vascular shuntPrecapillary sphincters

Terminal arteriole Postcapillary venule



Major Arteries – Goal 12


Major Veins – Goal 12


Anterior

Optic chiasma

Middle cerebral artery

Internal carotid arteryMammillarybodyTemporal lobe

Occipital lobe

Cerebral arterialcircle (circle of Willis) • Anterior communicating artery• Anterior cerebral artery• Posterior communicating artery• Posterior cerebral arteryBasilar artery

Cerebellum

Posterior(a)

PonsVertebral artery

Frontal lobe



Superior vena cava

Foramen ovale

Inferior vena cavaHepatic vein

Ductus venosus

Hepatic portal vein

Umbilical veinFetal umbilicus

Umbilical cord

Umbilical arteries

Ductus arteriosusPulmonary artery

Pulmonary veins

Inferior vena cava

AortaCommon iliac artery

External iliac arteryInternal iliac artery

Urinary bladder

Placenta

KEY: High oxygenation Moderate oxygenation Low oxygenation Very low oxygenation


Fetal Circulation

•Fetus receives exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes through the placenta

•Umbilical cord contains three vessels•Umbilical vein—carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus

•Umbilical arteries (2)—carry carbon dioxide and debris-laden blood from fetus to placenta


Fetal Circulation – Goal 17 Blood flow bypasses the lungs

• Foramen ovale - ____________________

• Ductus arteriosus connects the aorta and pulmonary trunk (becomes ligamentum arteriosum at birth)


Left common carotid arteryLeft subclavian arteryAortic arch

Ligamentum arteriosum

Left pulmonary arteryLeft pulmonary veins

Left atrium

Auricle of left atrium

Circumflex artery

Left coronary artery in coronary sulcus (left atrioventricular groove)

Left ventricle

Great cardiac vein

Anterior interventricularartery (in anterior interventricular sulcus)

Apex

Brachiocephalic trunkSuperior vena cava


Ascending aorta

Pulmonary trunk


Right atrium

Right coronary arteryin coronary sulcus (right atrioventricular groove)

Anterior cardiac vein

Right ventricle

Marginal artery

Small cardiac veinInferior vena cava

(a)


Superior vena cava

Right atrium


Fossa ovalis


Right ventricle



Aorta


Left atrium



Left ventricle


Myocardium




Blood Pressure – Goal 13•Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure blood exerts in large________•Systolic—pressure at the peak of ventricular __________

•Diastolic—pressure when ventricles _______•Write systolic pressure first and diastolic last (120/80 mm Hg)

•Pressure in blood vessels ________ as distance from the heart increases

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0IngUYN2OA&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0IngUYN2OA&feature=related


120

100

80

60

40

20

0−10

Systolic pressure

Diastolicpressure

Pres

sure

(mm

Hg)

Aor

ta

Art

erie

s

Art

erio

les

Cap

illar

ies

Venu

les

Vein

s

Vena

e ca

vae


Blood pressure120 systolic70 diastolic(to be measured)

Brachialartery

(a) The course of the brachial artery of the arm. Assume a blood pressure of 120/70 in a young, healthy person.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6saTO8_o2g

Measuring Blood Pressure





Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors – Goal 13•BP is blood pressure

•BP is affected by age, weight, time of day, exercise, body position, emotional state


Variations in Blood Pressure•Normal human range is variable

•Normal•140 to 110 mm Hg systolic•80 to 75 mm Hg diastolic

•Hypotension•Low systolic (below 110 mm Hg)•Often associated with illness

•Hypertension•High systolic (above 140 mm Hg)•Can be dangerous if it is chronic


Capillary Exchange – Goal 16•Substances __________due to concentration gradients•Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood•Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the cells•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yBMY9Wj7z0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yBMY9Wj7z0


Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System – Goal 15

• Aging problems associated with the cardiovascular system include

• ______ ________– valves weaken & blood pools in veins

• Progressive atherosclerosis – _______ builds up inside artery walls & can result in thrombosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GL37q6euND4

• Loss of elasticity of vessels leads to hypertension

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GL37q6euND4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GL37q6euND4


Varicose veins

Documents

Ch 11 Cardiovascular System