Ch. 11 The World in Flames ( ) Sec. I.America and the World. Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo ( ) Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt Pres. Harry S. Truman (1945) V.I. Lenin Gen. Secretary, Joseph Stalin (1922) Prime Minister, Benito Mussolini ( ) Chancellor Adolf Hitler, Fhrer ( ) U.S.A.U.S.S.R.ItalyGermanyJapan England Prime Minister, Winston Churchill (1940) A.V.I. Lenin Leader of the Bolsheviks (1917). The Bolsheviks small faction of Marxist party called Russian Social Democrats. Under (Vladimir Ilyich Ulianov) Lenin, Bolsheviks were dedicated to revolution. Between , Lenin spent time outside Russia (Zurich) and returned with German help after Revolution (Germ hoped Lenin would create disorder). Slogans: Peace, Land, Bread, Worker control of production and All power to the Soviets promised end of war; redistribution of land to the peasants; transfer of factories and industries from capitalists to committees of workers. B.Joseph Stalin 1926, Became new Soviet dictator (Communist). Started as Bolshevik, caught Lenins eye after bank robbery to get $ for cause. Not a great speaker or writer, but very organized Comrade index-card. Like Hitler, one of greatest mass murderers in history, killed almost 25 mill people. Leon Trotsky head of the Petrograd soviet and dedicated revolutionary. Nov. 6, 1917, Bolsheviks seized the Winter Palace (seat of provisional govt). Bolsheviks soon renamed themselves the Communists. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918) - Lenin (who promised peace) signed the treaty with Germany which gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic provinces. Trotsky and Kahlo, Mexico City, 1937. 1.Five-Year Plan economic goals for 5-year periods; agricultural to industrial. 2.Collectivization private farms eliminated (govt owned; peasant farmers). 1.Five-Year Plan economic goals for 5-year periods; agricultural to industrial. 2.Collectivization private farms eliminated (govt owned; peasant farmers). Emphasized armaments & capital goods (heavy machinery); oil & steel production. Millions more in cities/factories as housing declined; millions had pitiful conditions. Propaganda to keep workers content sacrifice to create new socialist state. Many peasants resisted, hording food or killed livestock; Stalin increased program. By 1930, 10 million peasant households were collectivized; by 1934 nearly 26 million farms were collectivized into 250,000 units. Anyone who resisted programs were sent to forced labor camps in Siberia. The collectivization campaign in the USSR, 1930s. The slogan reads: "We kolkhoz farmers are liquidating the kulaks as a class, on the basis of complete collectivization." The collectivization campaign in the USSR, 1930s. The slogan reads: "We kolkhoz farmers are liquidating the kulaks as a class, on the basis of complete collectivization." Famous propaganda poster 3.Great Purge Stalin removed all opponents. Bolsheviks, army officers, diplomats, union officials, party members, intellectuals, and many ordinary citizens given a trial and sentenced to death or to Gulag. Estimated 8 mill arrested; millions sent to camps; never returned; others executed. Made divorce more difficult (Communists made easier); family as small collective. An estimated 14 million Soviets died during Stalins purges. C.Benito Mussolini 1926, Italian fascist. 1.Fascism (aggressive nationalism) political philosophy that glorifies the state over the individual; strong central govt led by a dictator. C.Benito Mussolini 1926, Italian fascist. 1.Fascism (aggressive nationalism) political philosophy that glorifies the state over the individual; strong central govt led by a dictator. Established the first European fascist movement. In 1919, Mussolini created new political group the Fascio di Combattimento, or League of Combat, where fascist is derived. Started out as a socialist, but expelled from party, and then started Fascism. Depression, high inflation, and agricultural & industrial strikes in Italy. Mussolini used the Blackshirts who were armed fascists and attacked socialist offices, newspapers, & labor unions. Middle-class industrialists and agricultural landowners both objected to strikes and supported Mussolinis fascist movement (due to economic problems). Middle class fear of socialism, communism, and disorder pushed them to fascism. 2.Nationalism used patriotic feelings to gain support. Italians angry over not getting more land after the war (as promised by Allies). Demanded more land and won many converts to fascism. Prime Minister 1922, demanded to be given power (or else march on Rome). King Victor Emmanuel III gave in. Suspended any publication that criticized the government, monarchy, or Catholic Church; given powers to make laws by decree; police given unrestricted authority to arrest & jail anyone for nonpolitical / political crimes. 1926, Fascists outlawed other parties. 1926, established secret police (OVRA) to monitor political activities & enforce govt policies (not as brutal as Nazis). 1926, ruled as Il Duce The Leader. Controlled all media for propaganda Mussolini Is Always Right. Rewrote textbooks to reflect fascist propaganda. Never had total control like Hitler/Stalin (Muss retained some old institutions/ independent armed forces were maintained; Victor Emmanuel still king. Maintained traditional attitudes to women as fundamental mission in life. 1929, recognized sovereignty of Vatican City and only religion (Church also recognized Italy and urged support for fascism). Hitler was student and admirer of Mussolini. Sound familiar?? D.Hitler and Nazi Germany. 1.Adolf Hitler 1933, German Chancellor. D.Hitler and Nazi Germany. 1.Adolf Hitler 1933, German Chancellor. Hitlers ideas were based on racism/bigotry and German nationalism. His totalitarian state was widely accepted, but German Jews and minorities were persecuted. Born in Austria but had a mystical belief in the German nation. Went to Vienna to be an artist but rejected by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. Spent 4-years on the Western Front in WWI. 1919, Hitler gets involved in politics. Joins little-known German Workers Party, a right-wing nationalist party in Munich. By 1921, Hitler taken control of party, renamed the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP, or Nazi). In beginning, Hitler was a terrible public speaker, but was coached on oration by an Austrian Jew. Now known as a powerful orator, using emotions, theatrics & voice commands to help in propaganda. Within 2 years, party grew to 55,000 people. Also had 15,000 people in the party militia, known as the SA (Storm Troopers, Brown shirts after the color of their uniform). a)Mein Kampf wrote book in jail (his movement & ideas). i. Extreme nationalism. ii. Anti-Semitism. iii. Anti-Communism. iv. Social Darwinian theory. a)Mein Kampf wrote book in jail (his movement & ideas). i. Extreme nationalism. ii. Anti-Semitism. iii. Anti-Communism. iv. Social Darwinian theory. Beer Hall Putsch quickly crushed. In prison, realized he needed to gain power by legal means, not overthrow. Wrote that mass meetings were important because individuals who feel weak & uncertain become intoxicated with the power of the group (manipulated). Social Darwin struggle (the right of superior nations to lebensraum (LAY-buhnz-rowm) - living room through expansion). 1932, six million Germans unemployed; made extremist parties attractive. 1932, had 800,000 members & largest party in the Reichstag (Germ parliament). Create a new Germany. Appeals of national pride, national honor, and traditional militarism struck an emotional cord with listeners (angry over Treaty of Versailles & economy). Reichstag had little power. Hitler supported by right-wing elites: industrial leaders, landed aristocrats, higher bureaucrats & military officers to save them from Communism. Most Americans have forgotten that Hitler came to power legally. He and the Nazi Party were elected democratically in a time of great national turmoil and crisis. They themselves had done much to cause the turmoil, of course, but that's what makes the Bush comparison so compelling. 1933, Hitler made Chancellor to create a new govt. (Hindenburg gave-in). Enabling Act Hitlers legal seizure of power (2/3 passed the Reichstag). Gave the govt power to ignore the Constitution for 4-years to deal with countries problems. Hitler no longer need Reichstag or Hindenburg; was a dictator. Moved quickly to bring all institutions under Nazi control. Civil Service purged of Jews and democratic elements. Trade Unions were dissolved. All other political parties were abolished (Nazis only legal political party). E.Militarists Gain Control of Japan , Japan invades Manchuria, a resource-rich part of China. E.Militarists Gain Control of Japan , Japan invades Manchuria, a resource-rich part of China. F.America turns to Neutrality. 1.Neutrality Act of 1935 Illegal for U.S. to sell arms to any country at war. F.America turns to Neutrality. 1.Neutrality Act of 1935 Illegal for U.S. to sell arms to any country at war. Despite FDRs emphasis on internationalism, most Americans felt they did not want to be involved in another war in Europe. The U.S. Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts (laws) beginning in Aug 1935 in response to American antiwar sentiment. After start of Spanish Civil War in 1936 (General Franco & Spanish fascists led rebellion), the Neutrality Act expanded to not sell arms to either side in a civil war. Germany and Italy sent arms to Franco. Germany & Italy sign Rome-Berlin Axis agreement (1936); Next month: Germ, Italy & Japan sign Anti-Comintern Pact to fight Communism. Cash-and-carry basis if a country wanted to buy arms from the U.S. The Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Agreement, 1940. 2.Internationalism FDR supports idea that trade between nations creates prosperity and prevents war. 1937, Japan launched a full attack on China, since no one declared war, the Neutrality Act (1937) did not apply. FDR authorized arms sales to China.