Ch12.IntrotoOrganicChemistry:Alkanes

Chem30B

WhatisOrganicChemistry?

•  OrganicCompounds:Containcarbonasprimarycomponent.(ContainC-Hbond.)§  Biologicalmolecules(proteins,nucleicacids,carbohydrates,lipids)

§ Manymodernmaterials(plasHcs,syntheHcfibers),medicine

•  InorganicCompounds:Majoritydonotcontaincarbon(ThosethatcontainClackC-Hbond,eg.CaCO3,CO2.)

OrganicCompounds:WhatisSpecialaboutCarbon?

1.  Istetravalent(forms4bonds)

2.  Bondsstronglytoitselfthroughcovalent

bonding—thuscanformlongchainsorrings3.  BondsstronglytoelectronegaHveelements(like

N,O,andhalogens),toformpolarcovalentbonds

Chloromethane, CH3Cl

OrganicCompounds:WhatisSpecialaboutCarbon?

4.  CanformmulHplecovalentbondsbysharingmorethan2electrons(doublebonds,triplebonds)

5.  Formscompoundswithspecific3Dshape(Csinglebondsareorientedtoward4cornersoftetrahedron)

*BecauseofthesebondingproperHes,anextraordinarynumberofcarboncompoundsexist!

ComparisonofGeneralProperHes:Organicvs.InorganicIonicCompounds

Organic Inorganic(Ionic)Solubility Mostarenonpolarà

insolubleinwater.Mostaresolubleinwater.

ElectricalConducHvity

Whensolubleinwater,arepoorconductorsofelectricity.

Whensolubleinwater,aregoodconductorsofelectricity.

Physicalstates Canbegas,liquid,orsolidatroomtemp

Allaresolidsatroomtemp

MelHngandBoilingPoints

RelaHvelylow

Veryhigh

Organicvs.InorganicCompounds

NaCl

InorganicIonicCompound•  Strongionicbonding

between+and–ions•  MelHngpoint:801°C•  Boilingpoint:1413°C•  Solubilityinwater:Yes

Hexane

OrganicCompound•  Covalent(nonpolar)bondingwithinmolecule,but

•  WeakLondondispersionforcesbetweenmolecules

•  MelHngpoint:-95°C•  Boilingpoint:69°C•  Solubilityinwater:No

OrganicCompoundFamilies:FuncHonalGroups

FuncHonalgroup:anatomorgroupofatomsresponsibleforthecharacterisHcproperHesandbehaviorofanorganiccompound.AllowsclassificaHonoforganiccompoundsintodisHnctchemicalfamilies.

Probs

SomeOrganicCompoundFamilies

SomeOrganicCompoundFamilies

CategoriesofOrganicCompoundFamilies

(Refer to Handout: Families of Organic Compounds.)

1.  Hydrocarbons (contain only carbon and hydrogen): Alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic

2.  Single bonds only, carbon bonded to electronegative atom: Alkyl halide, alcohol, ether, amine

3.  Carbonyl compounds: Aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, anhydride, ester, amide

4.  (Sulfur-containing compounds: thiol, sulfide, disulfide)

Foreachfamily,wewilllearnits…

1.  Structure2.  Nomenclature3.  ReacHons4.  Physical/chemicalproperHes

Exprobs