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Ch. 13 Key Issue 2. Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?. Models of Urban Structure. Not distributed randomly; cluster depending on social status generalizations Each model can be applied to determine why people live where they do in a city Concentric zone Sector - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ch. 13 Key Issue 2
Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?
Models of Urban Structure
• Not distributed randomly; cluster depending on social characteristics– generalizations
• Each model can be applied to determine why people live where they do in a city – Concentric zone– Sector– Multiple nuclei
Concentric Zone Model (CZM)
• E.W. Burgess• City grows in “rings”
1. CBD- non residential2. Transition- industry/poorer housing3. Working class homes- older homes4. Better residences- newer homes, middle
class5. Commuters zone- suburbs for CBD
workers
CZM
• Invasion and Succession–New immigrants move to the oldest
housing near the center of the city and pushed earlier groups outward (towards suburbs)–Cycle would repeat itself: poor immigrants
to the center, wealthy can then move outwards
Sector Model
• Homer Hoyt• City develops and expands out in sectors
(wedges)• Certain areas are more attractive for
activities– Industry along transportation lines–High income housing along water
Multiple Nuclei Model
• Harris and Ullman• City revolves around more than one
center (node)• Activities either attract to or avoid
certain nodes–University will attract different services
than airport• Incompatible activities avoid clustering–High-class housing and industry
Applying the Models
• Social area analysis–Using census data to map out what
neighborhoods various types of people live• Combine the models to get the most
accurate representation of why people live in certain areas of a city–People prefer to live near others with
similar characteristics
Applying the Models***
• Concentric Zone (2 Families)– Same ethnicity and income– Home owner likely in outer ring – Renter likely in an inner ring
Darker rings outside represent the suburbs (homeowners) in the commuter’s zone
Applying the Models
• Sector Model (2 families)–Both own homes–Higher income family will live in different
sector than lower income family
Dark wedge extending from CBD represents high-income house holds
Applying the Models • Multiple Nuclei– Same racial or ethnic background likely to live near
each other – Growth of automobile and suburbs creates “Urban
realms”- independent regions tied to a “suburban downtown”• Daily activities of many people occur within a
limited section of the larger city– You don’t always go to DT St. Pete for long range
services!
• Cities are made up of small "realms" which are self-sufficient urban areas with independent focal points (nodes).
Minorities occupying nodes- possibly in zones 3 or 4 of the model
Applying the Models• Each model represents certain characteristics
of a city better:– Homeowner vs renter (CZM)– Incomes (Sector)– Ethnicity (MN)
• Combining them puts the entire picture together
• We can now identify in which part of Dallas a 1) high income, 2) Asian-American 3) homeowner most likely lives
1. High Income
2. Non-Hispanic/African-American (Asian-American?)
3. Homeowner
What about a:1) home-owning 2) low-income 3) African American family?
Applying the Models Outside North America
• America urban areas differ from others in the world– European cities– LDCs
Models in European Cities• Wealthy still live in inner rings, not jut
suburbs• Sector model: wealthy extend out in a wedge
from CBD– Live closer to palace (historically); or in restored
older buildings (now)• Low income residents more likely on the
outskirts of city– Historical vertical segregation in cities: wealthy
on bottom floors, poor in basement or attic– Poor moved closer to factories with Industrial
Revolution, away from wealthy
European Cities• Effects of low income displacement– Face longer commutes to cities from suburbs on
public transportation– Inhabitants are displaced residents from the
cities (persons of color, new immigrant from Africa and Asia)
• Europe encourages high rise apartments in suburbs– Prevent suburban sprawl seen in US– Attract tourists to historic inner city
Models in LDCs
• Poor in suburbs, wealth in inner city and extending wedge–Remnant of European colonial policies
Cities Since Independence• Migrating towards cities to find work– Squatter settlements• LDCs cannot handle population growth and
high migration • Few services/bad infrastucture (schools,
roads, sewers)• Griffin and Ford- Latin American City Model– Wealthy inhabit a sector (spine), service
attractive to wealthy will cluster here• Transportation lines• Physical factors: high elevation, views,
beaches