Ch 14, Sect. 1 Renaissance Writers & Artists Origins of the Italian Renaissance Renaissance said to have started in Italy Reminders of Roman Glory Trade

Ch 14, Sect. 1

Renaissance Writers & Artists

Origins of the Italian Renaissance• Renaissance said to have started in Italy• Reminders of Roman Glory• Trade had rekindled in the Italian city-states (cultural diffusion)• Rich merchants became patrons of the arts

The Humanities• Interest in Greek & Roman literature• Studied ancient literature to explore its great achievements• Scholars who stressed study of grammar, rhetoric, History & poetry from classic texts were called Humanists.• Emphasized education, important to know how things worked.• Humanism - The study of human potential and achievement


Ch 14, Sect. 1

Writers of the Italian Renaissance• Francesco Petrarch – sought continuity with classical authors – mimicked style• Study of Greeks & Romans known as Classical Education• Early humanists remained dedicated to Christian teachings• Niccolo Machiavelli - wrote The Prince, which described government in practical terms (lacked moral approach)• Baldassare Castiglione – wrote The Book of the Courtier, which e explained the expected conduct of a refined courtier• Writers of the Renaissance wrote in the vernacular, not classic Latin

Machiavelli

Artists of the Italian Renaissance• Medieval art dealt primarily with religious themes,• Renaissance artists dealt with realism in life & non-religious themes• New artistic techniques helped realism- Perspective – allowed illusion of depth• 2 artists, Giotto & Masaccio, important realist painters used light & shadow• Sofonisba Anguissola – female artist, tolerated as pursuing a womanly virtue• Leonardo da Vinci - painter, sculptor, engineer, architect & scientist painter “The Last Supper”, & the “Mona Lisa”• Michelangelo Buonarroti – Fresco in Sistine Chapel, stone carving “David”• Raphael - painted frescoes in papal chambers, famous madonnas• Titian- “The Assumption of the Virgin” noted for drama, rich colors


Ch 14, Sect. 1

The Northern Renaissance

• Humanism spread from Italy to northern Europe• Printing – Johannes Gutenberg first European to use movable type, printed The Bible – important advancement in spread of ideasWriters -• Desiderius Erasmus – known as a Christian Humanist who believed Humanism & Christianity were harmonious•Thomas More - wrote Utopia, which describes imaginary society of equality & perfection. (in Greek means “no place”) •William Shakespeare – most prominent literary figure of the period, excellent characters based on human traits


Ch 14, Sect. 1

Thomas More

William Shakespeare


Ch 14, Sect. 1

Northern Renaissance Artists

• In Flanders group of painters developed their own distinct style, known as The Flemish School• Perfected the use of oil painting on canvas• Hubert & Jan van Eyck, religious masterpieces• Pieter Brueghel – Peasant painting, rural scenes• Albrecht Durer – German Artist known for copper engravings & woodcuts- printed illustrations.

Pieter BrueghelAlbrecht DurerJan van Eyck

The Protestant ReformationOrigins of the Reformation

• Humanists believed Church had lost sight of spiritual mission• New emphasis on personal faith & spirituality• Catholic Church sold indulgences to raise money (Johann Tetzel)• Indulgence – pardons from punishment for sin.• Martin Luther – protested Tetzel’s misuse of indulgences,

posted 95 Theses on church door at Wittenberg. (1517)felt the sole religious authority was the Bible, not church leadersused printing press to spread information (1520)Pope Leo X declared him a heretic & excommunicated him (1521)At a special meeting (Diet) at city of Worms he was banished While banished he translates Bible into German Followers became known as Lutherans

• Eventually religious reformers became known as Protestants

Ch 14, Sect. 2

The Protestant Reformation

Ch 14, Sect. 2

The Spread of Protestantism

• Other reformers disagreed with both Catholic church & Luther• Peace of Augsburg 1555, German princes can choose own church• Many new sects (religious groups) formed in Germany & Switzerland• Most sects died out, one exception was the Anabaptists, did not believe that infants needed baptism (modern day Mennonites)• Anglican Church– became Church of England

Although many reformers in England this break was more politicalKing Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Pope said noInfuriated Henry withdrew from Catholic churchCreated new church called Anglican, or Church of EnglandParliament officially set up church, with king as its leader Henry grants his own divorce Eventually Protestant doctrines were adopted in the church

The Catholic Reformation

Ch 14, Sect. 3

Calvin & Calvinism

• Huldrych Zwingli- Vicar at Zurich Cathedral influence by Erasmus• Developed group of followers, stirred up reform• met with Luther re: 95 Theses, • agreed on doctrine, disagreed on form of worship• Killed in battle with Catholics 1531

• John Calvin (French protestant) carried on Zwingli’s work•Developed written set of beliefs – Institutes of the Christian Religion•Believed in Predestination –salvation predetermined for the elect•Religion became known as Calvinism, was official religion of Geneva•Geneva became a Theocracy •In France Calvinists were known as Huguenots•French considered Huguenots a threat to national unity, civil wars broke out, resulted in Edict on Nantes (freedom of worship)•In England they were called Puritans


Ch 14, Sect. 3

The Counter-Reformation• Catholic Leaders recognize threat of Protestants & need to protect Catholics

• Attempted to create more spiritual approach• appointed more devout & spiritual leaders• Also used Spanish Inquisition tactics – torture, burnings at stake• Established Index of Forbidden Books

• Council of Trent attempt to define Catholic beliefs•Banned sale of indulgences•Refined discipline procedure for clergy•Emphasized need for sacraments & ceremonies (Pomp & Splendor)•Forgiveness can only be granted through church clergy •Salvation depends on ceremonial acts as well as faith


Ch 14, Sect. 3

Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation

• The Catholic Church had become much more aggressive Better-educated priests, more forceful, dedicated Old religious orders revised their rules New religious orders formed, such as Jesuits (Society of Jesus) Established like a military unit, organized by Ignatius Loyola missionaries converting nonmembers & re-converting Catholics stressed education, founded colleges, combined humanism w/religion from 1530’s – mid-1600’s period of religious wars in Europe


Ch 14, Sect. 3

Results of Religious Upheaval

Emergence of many new churches in EuropeIn Italy Protestant not too successful, but Catholic reform was strongEmerging protestant churches often backed by governmentsCreated new birth in education, both church & secularIncreased personal faith in BibleDid not increase tolerance of other ideasDecrease in power of PopeIncreased in strength of national governments

Culture & Daily Life

Ch 14, Sect. 4

Magic & Witchcraft

• People believed the world was filled with spirits• They felt whenever anything remarkable happened it was through spirits• Much superstition & ignoranceWitches•Often they were wise men or women who explained phenomena •If people liked them they were considered “good” witches•If they were disliked they were considered “evil” witches•Many people accused of witchcraft were old, helpless, or disabled•Anyone who may have committed an offense knowingly or not•Witch hunting at a fever pitch from mod 1500’s to mid 1600’s•They were hunted & killed, often by burning


Ch 14, Sect. 4

Forms of Recreation

• Long work hours left little time for recreation• People gathered socially for some chores, drinking, sewing, & yarning• Sometimes they played Skittles• Occasionally troupes of actors performed • Church declared many holidays for a variety of celebrations• They also used celebrations to act out displeasure with rulersViolence & Protest• Harsh treatment for anyone who upset tradition or sensibilities• Women often led protests• People were clannish, and objected to intrusions or impositions


Ch 14, Sect. 4

Printing & Spread of Knowledge

• Broadsides– singles sheets with royal decrees, or sensational events• Carried from village to village by peddlers•Almanacs (predictions of weather, calendars, maps, & other info) most common book

• Translated Bibles traveled & were read publicly• Catholics & Protestants encouraged schools- allowing spread of their ideas• Many primary (elementary) schools were opened

Changes in Daily Life• Standard of Living increased (measure of their quality of life)• Population had rebounded since Black Death (1/3-1/2 population had died)

• As population increased, inflation increased (rise in prices of goods)• Diet was poor; little meat & fish, cheese & eggs were important• Housing – Brick & stone common in cities, rural cottages thatch roofed• Decline in traditional culture – more people in cities, more sophisticated attitudes & way of life

The Scientific Revolution

Ch 14, Sect. 5

The “Why” of it• early scientists had general interests• the word “science” simply meant knowledge in early RenaissanceExperiments & Mathematics• European ideas on universe came from Romans & Greeks• Humanism sparked thought, questioning, & experimentation• nothing was believed unless it could be proven mathematically• transformation in thinking known as Scientific Revolution• developed verifiable, repeatable experiments – Scientific Method• logical deductions from self-evident principles


Ch 14, Sect. 5

Astronomy, Physics, & Anatomy• Ptolemy – (Hellenistic Era) Astronomer, developed Geocentric Theory• Copernicus - astronomer, developed Heliocentric Theory• 1543 – published “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres”• Johannes Kepler – used mathematics to prove heliocentric theory

•discovered orbits were ellipses, not true circles• Galileo Galilei – astronomer, developed telescope,

• visual proof of heliocentric theory, • wrote – Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World• Called before The Inquisition forced to renounce findings

• Andreas Vesalius – Flemish scientist, studied anatomy•wrote – On the Fabric of the Human Body

• William Harvey – studied human circulatory system, heart’s function


Ch 14, Sect. 5

Triumph of Science• Scientific “Orders” helped promote spread of science

•Rome – Accademia dei Lincei•London – Royal Society•Paris – French Academy of Science

• Descartes - wrote Discourse on Method, •everything had to be proven, except obvious•I think, therefore I am

•Francis Bacon – everything must be proved, •repeatable experiments & observation

• Isaac Newton – linked earlier work (Copernicus, Galileo, & Kepler) • wrote- The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy • laws of motion and universal gravitation


Ch 14, Sect. 5

Triumph of Science

Other scientific discoveries• Calculus developed- Newton & Leibniz• Microscope invented – van Leeuwenhoek• Living cells identified- Robert Hook, using microscope• Modern chemistry founded- Robert Boyle• Oxygen identified – Joseph Priestly, named by Antoine Lavoisier• People of 1700’s considered their times the “Age of Enlightenment”

van Leeuwenhoek Microscope

Documents

Ch 14, Sect. 1 Renaissance Writers & Artists Origins of the Italian Renaissance Renaissance said to have started in Italy Reminders of Roman Glory Trade