Ch 19 Notecards

These really for last year’s book ch 25- After you do the notecards for that, will be this year’s notecards

Industrial Revolution• Who: British, Europeans• What: an age where machine-made goods

increased the output of goods• Where: England, then Europe, then the rest of

the world• When: Mid-1700s• Why: transformed the way people worked-

from home to factories, changed every aspect of life from agricultural to industrial with factories

Crop Rotation• Who: Agricultural Farmers• What: a system of agriculture where every year

the farmer rotated or changed the crop he planted to restore the soil

• Where: England, Europe• When: 1700s• Why: part of the Agricultural Revolution;

improved older agricultural methods which made food supplies increase and living conditions improve

Industrialization

• Who: British & Europeans• What: the process of developing machine

production of goods • Where: England, & Europe• When: 1700s• Why: this led to a shift for all aspects of life-

farm production to factory prod.; rural living to city living; villages to cities; individually made goods to mass produced goods

Factories

• Who: Wealthy owners• What: large buildings with large machines

near rivers for waterpower. • Where: England, Europe• When: Mid-1700s• Why: these factories mass-produced goods for

selling = life of the worker changed = society changed

Section 2: Industrialization

• Industrialization changed everything about life & society…

• Industrial cities grew = Urbanization• Living conditions = decreased– cramped city

living (think Slums)• Working conditions = decreased• Society/Social pyramid = changed!!

Urbanization

• Who: Europeans• What: a period of city building and the

movement of people to cities. • Where: (you can figure it out by now…)• When: 1800-1850• Why: The growth of the factory system = a

shift in where people worked and lived = people moved from the rural areas to the city = urban areas doubled or quadrupled in this time

• Urbanization led to a change in society and who was at the top of the pyramid…

• It created a new….

Middle Class

• Who: (You know this one)• What: an Industrial Age social class made up of

skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers.

• Where: (You know this one too…)• When: 1800-1850• Why: With Industrialization, the social pyramid

changed = factory owners grew wealthier than the old landowners & aristocrats = they were at the top = they had the wealth & power

The OLD pyramid

The NEW pyramid

Section 3: Industrialization Spreads

• Industrialization started in Britain then spread to Europe then spread to USA…

• When it got to the USA people developed “corporations” which were businesses owned by “stock-holders” who shared ownership… so instead of one factory owner owning a factory.. Groups of rich people would own one factory IF they owned “STOCK” which was a share in the ownership..

• This lead to the STOCK MARKET!! People can NOW buy shares in any company they want and have a piece of “ownership” in that corporation..

Section 4: Reforming the Industrial World

• Industrialization created a WIDE gap between the rich & poor

• FACTORY OWNERS wanted gov’t to STAY OUT of their business affairs (don’t want regulations on how to run their factories, etc)

Vs• REFORMERS want gov’t TO interfere so the

conditions of the poor improve!

• These 2 views of how factories should be run led to different economic philosophies (or ideas.)

• The first philosophy-type is the “Factory Owners”

• ……such as…..

Laissez- Faire

• Who: Adam Smith• What: economic policy that let owners of

industry & business set the working conditions without gov’t interference; a free market unregulated by the gov’t.; means “Let do”

• Where: Britain, Europe• When: 1776• Why: the belief was that the economy would

prosper if the gov’t stayed out of trade & economy

• This idea was introduced by…….

Adam Smith• Who: Scottish professor• What: wrote “The Wealth of Nations” that

defended free market, or Laissez- Faire• Where: Scotland• When: 1776• Why: he said economic freedom = economic

progress; he supported ‘Laissez-Faire’ based on the ideas- 1.people work for their own good, 2. competition = better products, 3. Supply & Demand; his ideas led to Capitalism

• His ideas were supported by other economists….

• = more ideas of how the economy should be….

• …..such as…….

Capitalism

• Who: Thomas Malthus & David Ricardo• What: an economic system in which the

factors of production are privately owned & money is invested to make a profit

• Where: Britain, Europe, USA• When: late 1700s• Why: wanted less gov’t interference in

economy, higher profit, & cheap labor; Most of the world is this today- ESP the USA!!

• Now, the other side said “Gov’t should play a part in the Economy to make sure the businesses are being fair”

• These theories are supported by the “Factory Workers”

• …. Such as….

Utilitarianism• Who: Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill• What: idea that people should judge ideas,

institutions, & actions based on their utility, or usefulness.

• Where: England, then Europe• When: late-1700s• Why: this philosophy fought for “the greatest

good for the greatest number of people”; John Stuart Mill applied this to the factories- the worker should have rights and not live a deprived life. = factory reform

• Also, another “for the worker” philosophy is going to become SUPER popular and is still around today…

Socialism• Who: Industrial Reformers• What: a system where the factors of production (aka

the machines & factories) are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

• Where: Germany• When: 1800s• Why: this idea grew out of a positive view on human

nature, a belief in progress, and concern for social justice; this idea says the gov’t should plan the economy instead of free-capitalism; they thought gov’t controlling the economy = end of poverty & social equality

• Could you imagine our gov’t controlling the economy??

• Fixed prices… • No small businesses that you can just start up

and make money….

• Hmmm…. • So this idea leads to an EXTREME view, or radical

Socialism…

Karl Marx

• Who: German Journalist• What: created Marxism, an extreme form of

socialism- which explained the cycles of social classes (“Dialectical Materialism”)

• Where: Germany• When: 1818-1883• Why: This social cycle theory’s last stage was

Communism which was a big thing in WWI, WWII, & The Cold War- aka the rest of history!!

• (notice how he’s from GERMANY??? Hint Hint)

So, his theory went like this:

• The lower class “Proletariat” (as he called them) would always revolt against the upper class

• UNTIL • A classless society developed (“Communism”) • (look at the cycle on the last slide of the ppt)

• All the lower class ppl obv like this idea, right? A Classless society! = WHOA!! AWESOME!!! HECK YEA- GIMME THAT!!!.........

• Well……. Great IDEA…. BUT…. • Throughout the rest of history, we will learn it

won’t ever work… • BUT we had to learn that through WWI, WWII,

and the COLD WAR…

• So, Stay tuned!

Dialectical MaterialismBourgeoisie (upper class)

• #1: Kings & Nobles vs. • = New phase… • #2: Landowners

vs. • = New Phase… • #3: Factory OWNERS vs. • = New Phase… • Communism!

– Factory workers are in charge, own the means of production = Classless society

Proletariat (lower class) • Peasants = Revolt & become

new Bourgeoisie! • Peasants = Revolt & become

the new Bourgeoisie! • Factory Workers = Revolt &

become the new bourgeoisie!

This year’s book’s Notecards:

Anesthetic

• Who: American Dentist• What: drug that prevents pain during surgery• Where: USA• When: 1830-1855• Why: this was one of the new

inventions/scientific firsts that happened as a result of the Industrial Revolution; this helped improve the medical field & improved surgeries

enclosure• Who: rich landowners• What: the process of taking over and consolidating

land formerly shared by peasant farmers• Where: GB• When: 1700s• Why: rich landowners wanted to take land from peasants &

create larger fields that would be cultivated more efficiently = British Parliament made legislation to force this = peasants lost land BUT= farm output increased = profits & progress = less workers = peasants forced to the city to find work

James Watt

• Who: Scottish engineer• What: made improvements to Newcomen’s

steam engine• Where: Scotland• When: 1764• Why: his improved engine became a key power

source to the IR( Industrial Rev); opened the door to operating machines & powering locomotives & steamships

smelt

• Who: Darby family• What: a type of iron that is separate from it’s

ore• Where: England• When: 1709• Why: this was a new method of producing iron = less $$ &

better quality = was used to produce parts for the engine; helped with the making of machines & engines for the IR = spread widely & eventually bridges & railroads were made out of it

Capital

• Who: European investors• What: money used to invest in enterprises• Where: Europe• When: 1600s-1700s• Why: the European business class accumulated

this money from growing overseas trade = they took their capital ($$) and invested it in enterprises to make more money = helped make the IR spread rapidly & successfully

Enterprise

• Who: European capitalists• What: a business organization in an area like

shipping, mining, railroads, faactories• WherE: Europe• When: 1700s• Why: businessmen would invest their capital

into these businesses = made the economy grow & prosper = made the IR spread & more industry

Entrepreneurs

• Who: European capitalists & businessmen• What: those who manages and assumed the

financial risks of starting a new business• Where: Europe• When: 1700s• Why: they invested their capital into new

enterprises = grew the economy & they became very wealthy = helped the IR spread rapidly

Putting out system

• Who: peasants• What: the system of the “cottage industry”;

cotton cloth industry at home • Where: GB• When: 1600s• Why: raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who

spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes; skilled artisans then finished & dyed the cloth; this was the beginning of the division of labor

Eli Whitney

• Who: American inventor• What: invented a machine called the cotton gin that

separated the seeds from the raw cotton at a fast rateWhere: America

• When: 1793• Why: this process solved the problem of the time

consuming cleaning cotton task = cotton production increased exponentially as a result of this invention = more industry & factories

Turnpikes

• Do this one on your own! Pg. 428

Liverpool

• Do this one on your own pg. 429

Manchester

• Do this one on your own pg. 429

Tenement

• Who: poor city dwellers, factory workers• What: multi story buildings divided into

apartments• Where: European & American cities• When: 1800s• Why: vast numbers of poor ppl packed into city slums that

had tenements; they lived in tiny rooms, no running water, no sewage or sanitation- waste & garbage was thrown into streets= contaminated drinking water = rapid disease

Labor Union

• Who: factory workers• What: workers’ organizations• Where: Europe, America• When: 1800s- now• Why: these wanted to initiate worker reforms- more

pay, & better working conditions; the 1st ones were secret b.c. they were illegal; these groups would riot to get what they wanted = eventually became legal & now protect the workers’ rights against the factory owners

Thomas Malthus• Who: British Economist• What: wrote “An Essay on the Principle of

Population” where he wrote about the conditions of the IR

• Where: you can figure it out• When: you can figure it out• Why: he studied crowded slums, hungry families, unemployment

as a result of the IR = concluded that poverty was unavoidable b.c. the pop was increasing faster than the food supply; he started a new way of thinking- trying to understand the changes of the IR

Jeremy Bentham

• Who: British philosopher & Economist• What: advocated for Utilitarianism• Where: GB• When: 1800• Why: he believed all laws or actions should be

judged by their utility (usefulness); strongly supported individual freedom which he believed guaranteed happiness; he saw the need for some limited government in some instances

Means of Production• Who: the workers• What: the farms, factories, railways, and other

large businesses that produced and distributed goods

• WherE: Europe• When: 1800s• Why: those that owned the means of production owned the

wealth- Socialists felt that the workers worked the means of production so they should own it- not the factory owners

Robert Owen

• Who: Welsh Mill owner• What: set up a Utopian model community where

his workers lived and worked together• Where: Wales, England

When: 1800Why: he believed that his Utopian community where all work was shared & all property owned together = no difference b.n rich and poor, no fighting; he campaigned against child labor & encouraged labor unions

Proletariat

• Who: the working class• What: the “have-nots”, working class people• Where: Europe, America• When: 1800-1900s• Why: Karl Marx theorized about the history of

class struggles b.n the haves and have-nots; he predicted this group would take control of the means of productions & create a classless, communist society = that would end the struggle

Social Democracy

• Who: German Socialists, Karl Marx• What: a political idealogy in which there is gradual

transition from Capitalism to Socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system

• WherE: Germany, Europe• When: 1860s• Why: for much of the 1900s, revolutionaries around the world

would adapt Marxist ideas to their own situations & needs (i.e. Stalin, Hitler, etc.)