Chapter 22 World War I, 1914-1918

Military Alliance

s

Arms Race

Rivalry over

colonies

Nationalism

Major Causes

of WWI

THE WAR BEGAN WITH THE ALLIES VERSUS THE CENTRAL POWERS AND SIX NEUTRAL NATIONS

CENTRAL POWERS AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

GERMANY

BULGARIA

TURKEY

ALLIES FRANCE

UNITED KINGDOM (AND ALL OF HER COLONIES)

ITALY RUSSIA

JAPAN ROMANIA

SERBIA GREECE

PORTUGAL

NEUTRAL NATIONS SPAIN SWITZERLAND NORWAY SWEDEN BELGIUM DENMARK

HOW DID MOST AMERICANS FEEL ABOUT JOINING THE WAR IN EUROPE?MOST PEOPLE WANTED TO REMAIN NEUTRAL BECAUSE:

THEY FELT THAT IT WAS NOT OUR FIGHT

EUROPE WAS TOO FAR AWAY

WAR WAS EXPENSIVE

DIVIDED LOYALTIES SINCE WE TRADED WITH BOTH GERMANY AND GREAT BRITAIN (AND FRANCE) AND DID NOT WANT TO SEVER TIES WITH EITHER ONE BY FIGHTING AGAINST THEM

WHY DID THE U.S. ULTIMATELY JOIN THE WAR ON THE SIDE OF THE ALLIES?

•THE U.S. HAD MORE MONEY INVESTED IN ENGLAND THAN GERMANY

•PART OF THE MOTIVATION WAS RACIAL: THE PREFERENCE FOR BRITISH ANGLO-SAXONS OVER GERMAN TEUTONICS

•THE ELITE IN THE EAST HAD NEVER SEVERED TIES WITH ENGLAND

•UNCERTAINTY OF U.S. INTERESTS IN A GERMAN-DOMINATED EUROPE

•FRANCE WAS A FRIEND SINCE THE U.S. WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

•THE U.S. WANTED TO HELP BRITAIN BECAUSE THE GOVERNMENT WAS CLOSEST TO A DEMOCRACY

•WILSON’S MORAL DIPLOMACY POLICY

•BRITISH PROPAGANDA

•LUSITANIA

•ZIMMERMAN NOTE

SUBMARINES, CALLED “U-BOATS” BY THE GERMANS, WERE USED TO SINK SUPPLY SHIPS

LUSITANIA SUNK, 1915

BRITISH PASSENGER SHIP SUNK BY A GERMAN U-BOAT IN 1915. MORE THAN 1,000 PEOPLE KILLED INCLUDING 128 AMERICANS.

THE SUSSEX PLEDGE

AFTER THE GERMANS SANK THE UNARMED FRENCH SUSSEX IN MARCH 1916 (THE AMERICANS ON BOARD WERE INJURED BUT NONE WERE KILLED), PRESIDENT WILSON DEMANDED THAT THE GERMANS STOP SINKING MERCHANT SHIPS WITHOUT WARNING OR THE U.S. WOULD SEVER DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH GERMANY. GERMANY AGREED AND THAT LASTED UNTIL JANUARY OF 1917 WHEN THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT, DUE TO CIVILIAN STARVATION FROM THE BRITISH BLOCKADE AND HOPING FOR A QUICK END TO THE WAR, ANNOUNCED UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE.

FEBRUARY 1, 1917 GERMANY ANNOUNCED THEY WOULD RESUME THEIR U-BOAT CAMPAIGN AND SINK ALL (INCLUDING AMERICAN) SHIPS IN THE WAR ZONE. MANY GERMANS WERE STARVING FROM THE BRITISH BLOCKADE AND THE GERMAN MILITARY BELIEVED THEY COULD FORCE THE BRITISH TO SURRENDER IN A FEW MONTHS, BEFORE THE U.S. WOULD ENTER, AND WIN THE WAR. WILSON CLUNG TO THE HOPE THAT GERMANY WOULD NOT ACTUALLY ATTACK U.S. SHIPS, HOWEVER IN MARCH FOUR UNARMED MERCHANT SHIPS WERE SUNK, WITH 36 LIVES LOST. ZIMMERMANN NOTE (1917)

On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America. If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement. . . . You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.

Alfred Zimmermann, German Foreign Minister 1916

•FROM 200,000 TO 4,791,172 IN ARMED FORCES •32 NEW CANTONMENTS AND CAMPS BUILT FOR 40,000 SOLDIERS EACH AT A COST OF $262M. (PANAMA CANAL COST $375M.) •2,800,000 DRAFTED - SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT MAY 19 •42 DIVISIONS SENT TO FRANCE - 2,084,000 MEN MAY 1, 1917 - ARMY EXPANSION ACT

REQUIRED ALL MALES BETWEEN THE AGES OF 21-30 (LATER CHANGED TO 18-45) TO REGISTER FOR THE DRAFT

ABOUT 24 MILLION MEN REGISTERED, 23% OF TOTAL POPULATION

ABOUT 11,000 WOMEN VOLUNTEERED AS NURSES, CLERICAL WORKERS AND TELEPHONE OPERATORS

SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT MAY 18, 1917

THE UNITED STATES ENTERED THE WAR CONGRESS DECLARED WAR APRIL 6, 1917

COMMITTEE FOR PUBLIC INFORMATION: CREATED BY PRESIDENT WILSON TO SPREAD PRO-WAR PROPAGANDA LED BY JOURNALIST GEORGE CREEL

EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON THE HOMEFRONT

EXAMPLES OF ANTI-GERMAN SENTIMENT DURING WWI

•MANY AMERICAN SCHOOLS STOPPED OFFERING INSTRUCTION IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE.  •CALIFORNIA'S STATE EDUCATION BOARD CALLED GERMAN A LANGUAGE OF "AUTOCRACY, BRUTALITY, AND HATRED”. •SAUERKRAUT BECAME "LIBERTY CABBAGE" •SALOONKEEPERS REMOVED PRETZELS FROM THE BAR •ORCHESTRAL WORKS BY BACH, BEETHOVEN, AND BRAHMS VANISHED FROM MUSIC PROGRAMS, INCLUDING THAT OF THE NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC •MANY GERMAN AMERICANS WERE BADGERED, BEATEN, AND SOMETIMES KILLED.

DURING WORLD WAR ONE, LAWS WERE PASSED THAT SEVERELY RESTRICTED PEOPLE’S RIGHTS WHO SPOKE OUT AGAINST THE WAR EFFORT

LED TO 6,000 ARRESTS AND OVER 1900 PROSECUTIONS WERE MADE UNDER THE LAWS

CIVIL LIBERTIES RESTRICTED DURING THE WAR

SCHENCK V. U.S.

•CHARLES SCHENCK, GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE AMERICAN SOCIALIST PARTY, OPPOSED TO THE WAR, MAILED 15,000 PAMPHLETS TO RECENT DRAFTEES THAT CLAIMED THAT THE DRAFT WAS A VIOLATION OF THE 13TH AMENDMENT’S PROHIBITION OF SLAVERY AND TO PETITION FOR REPEAL OF THE DRAFT.

•HE WAS ARRESTED AND CONVICTED FOR INTERFERING WITH MILITARY RECRUITMENT UNDER THE ESPIONAGE ACT. HE ARGUED THAT HE WAS EXERCISING HIS FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT TO FREE SPEECH.

•THE SUPREME COURT UPHELD THE CONVICTION IN 1919 AND JUSTICE HOLMES RULED THAT FREEDOM OF SPEECH COULD BE RESTRICTED WHEN THE WORDS PRESENTED A “CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER”. HE USED THE EXAMPLE OF YELLING “FIRE!” WHEN THERE WAS NONE IN A CROWDED THEATER.

INCOME TAX CREATED IN 1913 Amendment XVI The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

BONDS: THE GOVERNMENT BORROWS MONEY WAR SAVING STAMPS: COST BETWEEN 25 CENTS AND $5, THE GOVERNMENT PRINTED BOOKLETS AND WHEN THEY WERE FULL THEY COULD BE TURNED IN FOR BONDS

HOW DID THE U.S. GOVERNMENT PAY FOR THE WAR?

THERE WERE FOUR MAJOR LIBERTY LOAN DRIVES WHICH AMASSED GREAT AMOUNTS OF MONEY FOR THE WAR EFFORT. PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS, LIKE THE RED CROSS AND THE Y.M.C.A. ALSO HELD FUND RAISING EVENTS. CELEBRITIES MOTIVATED PEOPLE TO GET INVOLVED IN THE LOAN DRIVES

WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD

•CREATED BY PRESIDENT WILSON AND HEADED BY BERNARD BARUCH

•TO INCREASE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND COORDINATE DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES

•THE GOVERNMENT TOOK OVER ALL FACTORIES AND RAN THEM LIKE ONE BIG FACTORY 

•THE BOARD INSTRUCTED THE FACTORIES ON WHAT TO PRODUCE, HOW MUCH TO PRODUCE, AND THE COST OF THE ITEMS

•WOMEN'S BLOUSE FACTORIES MADE SIGNAL FLAGS

•RADIATOR MANUFACTURERS MADE GUNS

•AUTOMOBILE FACTORIES MADE AIRPLANE ENGINES

•PIANO COMPANIES MADE AIRPLANE WINGS

NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD

•HEADED BY EX-PRESIDENT TAFT WAS FORMED TO UNIFY LABOR POLICIES AND SERVED AS THE COURT FOR LABOR DISPUTES

•PRESIDENT WILSON HOPED TO PREVENT STRIKES AS THEY COULD STOP PRODUCTION OF MUCH NEEDED GOODS FOR THE WAR

•DURING THE WAR THERE WERE OVER 6,000 STRIKES, AND THE NWLB HEARD OVER 1,000 CASES

•THE NWLB ALSO WORKED TO IMPROVE WORKING CONDITIONS:  AN EIGHT-HOUR WORKDAY WAS ESTABLISHED IN SOME AREAS, AND STANDARDS FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE ESTABLISHED

FOOD ADMINISTRATION

•HEADED BY FUTURE PRESIDENT HERBERT HOOVER, NEVER IMPOSED SPECIFIC RATIONS BUT RELIED UPON VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION

•RATION: TO LIMIT THE AMOUNT OF FOOD OR RESOURCES PEOPLE CAN USE

•FAMOUS SLOGAN “FOOD WILL WIN THE WAR – DON’T WASTE IT”

•THE U.S. HAD TO PROVIDE FOOD FOR ITS OWN CITIZENS AS WELL AS THE ALLIED COUNTRIESFUEL ADMINISTRATION

•HEADED BY HARRY A. GARFIELD, SON OF THE MURDERED PRESIDENT

•DESIGNED TO CONTROL AMERICA’S USE OF FUEL SINCE IT WAS NEEDED OVERSEAS

•AS WITH THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION, AMERICANS WERE ASKED TO VOLUNTARILY CONSERVE THEIR USE OF FUEL 

•LIGHTLESS NIGHTS AND GASLESS DAYS WERE OBSERVED 

•DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME WAS OBSERVED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN U.S. HISTORY IN ORDER TO CUT BACK ON THE USE OF FUEL AND ELECTRICITY.

WAR TRADE BOARD

CONTROLLED IMPORTS AND EXPORTS DURING THE WAR

ISSUED LICENSES TO SHIPPING COMPANIES, LIMITED THE NUMBER OF IMPORTS FROM NEUTRAL COUNTRIES BORDERING GERMANY, AND FORBADE CITIZENS TO PATRONIZE COMPANIES THAT HAD TIES TO ENEMY NATIONS

WOMEN TOOK THE JOBS LEFT BEHIND BY THE MEN

EACH STAR REPRESENTED A SON FIGHTING IN THE WAR

ARMISTICE SIGNED: “AT THE 11TH HOUR, OF THE 11TH MONTH, ON THE 11TH DAY”

NOVEMBER 11, 1918 WWI ENDS

Country Dead Wounded POW/MIA Total Mobilized

Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 7,800,000

Belgium 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 267,000

British Empire 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 8,904,467

Bulgaria 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 1,200,000

France 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 8,410,000

Germany 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 11,000,000

Greece 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000 230,000

Italy 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 5,615,000

Japan 300 907 3 1,210 800,000

Montenegro 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 50,000

Portugal 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 100,000

Romania 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 750,000

Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 12,000,000

Serbia 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 707,343

Turkey 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 2,850,000

US 116,516 204,002 0 320,518 4,734,991

TOTALS 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,746,419 37,464,404 65,418,801

1914 1919

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

ISSUES TO BE SETTLED

TERRITORIAL ADJUSTMENTS

REPARATIONS

ARMAMENT RESTRICTIONS

WAR GUILT

LEAGUE OF NATIONS GEORGE ORLANDO CLEMENCEAU WILSON

WANTED TO MAINTAIN TRADE RELATIONS WITH GERMANY BUT WANTED COLONIES

WANTED LAND PROMISED DURING WWI

WANTED TO PUNISH GERMANY AND PREVENT FUTURE INVASION

WANTED 14 POINTS AND FAIR PEACE FOR ALL

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE “BIG FOUR”

THE SENATE REFUSED TO RATIFY THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

SENATOR HENRY CABOT LODGE LED THE FIGHT AGAINST THE TREATY

WILSON NEGOTIATED THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES WITHOUT ANY INPUT FROM THE SENATE WHICH LED TO BITTERNESS. CABOT AND OTHERS ARGUED AGAINST JOINING AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION THAT MIGHT HAVE VETO POWER OVER U.S. ACTIONS.

CARTOON SHOWS WILSON TRYING TO PROTECT THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS FROM THE SENATE.

WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF WWI IN AMERICA?

•U.S. BECAME A WORLD SUPERPOWER

•U.S. ECONOMY GREW DURING THE WAR, ALTHOUGH IT DID GO INTO A RECESSION SHORTLY THEREAFTER

•BIRTH OF AN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT

•BIRTH OF ANTI-AMERICANISM WITHIN THE COUNTRY

•U.S. CULTURE WAS STARTING TO SPREAD ABROAD

•BIRTH OF BLACK EMPOWERMENT MOVEMENT

•WOMEN WORKED OUTSIDE THE HOME IN HUGE NUMBERS

•BIRTH OF ANTI-COMMUNISM

RED SCARE EVENTS IN RUSSIA AND EUROPE AND MASSIVE STRIKES AT HOME LED TO A FEAR THAT THE U.S. WOULD BE THE NEXT TARGET OF COMMUNISTS

PALMER RAIDS

A. MITCHELL PALMER

AS A RESULT OF THE PALMER RAIDS HUNDREDS OF IMMIGRANTS WERE FORCIBLY DEPORTED TO THEIR HOME COUNTRIES

“SHIP OR SHOOT”