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Ch. 23Section 2
Revolution Brings Reform
and Terror
The Assembly Reforms FranceThe Rights of Man
National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens
Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!”
A State-Controlled ChurchNational Assembly seizes church lands, turns clergy into public officials
This action alarms many peasants, who are devout Catholics
The Declaration of the Rights The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenof Man and of the Citizen
August 26, August 26, 17891789
• Liberty!
• Property!
• Resistance to oppression!
• Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.
The Declaration of the Rights The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of Man and of the Citizen
Posed New DilemmasPosed New Dilemmas
1.1. Did women have equal rights with Did women have equal rights with men?men?
2.2. What about free blacks in the What about free blacks in the colonies?colonies?
3.3. How could slavery be justified if all How could slavery be justified if all men were born free?men were born free?
4.4. Did religious toleration of Protestants Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political and Jews include equal political rights?rights?
Louis Tries to EscapeLouis, worried about his future,
attempts to leave FranceRevolutionaries catch the royal
family near the Austrian Netherlands border
Forced to return back to Paris
The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793
Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI
Marie Marie AntoinettAntoinett
e e and the and the Royal Royal
ChildrenChildren
The Royal Family Attempts to The Royal Family Attempts to FleeFlee
Divisions DevelopA Limited Monarchy
In September, 1791 Assembly finishes new constitution
Stripped king of much of his authorityCreated Legislative Assembly
New body created to pass lawsHad ability to approve/reject declarations of war
Factions Split France Major problems including debt, food
shortages remain Assembly split
Radicals-(left) Opposed monarchy Wanted sweeping changes in government
Moderates-(center) Wanted some changes in government
Conservatives-(right) Limited monarchy Few changes in government
Émigrés-nobles who flee country, want Old Regime back in power
San-culottes - lower class who want more change from the Revolution
War and ExecutionProblems with other countries
Austrians and Prussians want Louis in charge of France; France declares war (Legislative Assembly)
France at War – summer of 1792 Prussian forces soon threaten to attack
Paris Parisian mob jails royal family, kills guards Mob breaks into prisons, killing over 1,000,
many of whom support the king Pressured by the mob, Legislative
Assembly deposes the king, then dissolves, new legislative body forms National Convention takes office in September,
forming French republic
Jacobins Take Control Radical political
organization behind the 1792 governmental changes
After a close vote, Louis XVI found guilty of treason and beheaded by guillotine
The JacobinsThe JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House
They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.
Started as a debating society.
Membership mostly middle class.
Created a vast network of clubs.
The War ContinuesFrench army wins great victory
against Prussians and AustriansIn 1793, Britain, Spain, and
Holland join forces against France
National Convention forces draft of 300,000 to reinforce army
The Terror Grips France
Divided CountryNot all people in France support all
changes of the Revolution
Robespierre Assumes Control
Maximilien Robespierre – Jacobin leader rules France for a year
Becomes leader of the Committee for Public Safety, a dictator
Reign of Terror – Robespierre’s rule, which includes killing many opponents
Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies and Marie Antoinette
85% of those killed are middle or lower class
Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed
28%
31%
25%
8%
7%
End of the Terror Another Change in Government
In July 1794, Robespierre arrested, executed
Terror results in public opinion shifting away from radical beliefs
Moderate leaders write new constitution Two-house legislature and five-man
Directory restore order New government makes Napoleon
Bonaparte commander of armies
““Triumph of the Third Triumph of the Third Estate”Estate”