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Ch 27-1 Mollusks p. 585

phylum: Molluska (soft)

• 600 mya: adaptive radiation

• Classes: 7: > 100 000 sp

• ocean trenches → mountain tree tops

• sand grain sized snails → 20 m squids

development:

-phyla shares: similar embryological development

- ex: trochophore larva p. 586t fg 27-2

-free living: swim & feed on tiny plants

- also present in segmented worms: phyla Annelida:

earthworms: ancestral relatedness

- has coelom: true body cavity: organs originate as

outgrowths of tissue called mesoderm which allows

- better development of internal organs

body plan: common parts: p. 586b

soft-bodied animals with an internal or external shell

foot: soft / fleshy muscular tissue: mouth & feeding structures, locomotion

mantle: delicate tissue covering most of body (cloak) → shell

Shell: calcium carbonate secretion

visceral mass: where internal organs (guts) are located

classification: 7 classes

based upon type of foot

& shell


feeding: -very diverse: herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, detritus feeders, parasites

-possible structures:

radula: tongue with teeth p. 578

gills: filter feeders: cilia on gills filter food: phytoplankton, zooplankton from

water ex: clams, oysters, scallops p. 591

respiration:

-aquatic mollusks: cilia sweep water through incurrent pores across gills hanging

in mantle cavity → diffusion of CO2 and O2

-land mollusks:

modified mantle cavity has moistened, wrinkled mantle (primitive lung) →↑ surface area: lined with blood vessels

-must live in damp, dark, humid, areas: diffusion occurs best

internal transport: for nutrients & gasses

-open circulatory system: organs sit in a pool of

blood

-blood, simple heart, some vessels, blood sinuses

(cavities where organs sit bathed in blood)

-only for sessile or slow moving mollusks: not very

efficient

-closed circulatory system: heart, vessels

fast-moving squid & octopi

excretion

- anus: undigested solids → feces

- nephridia: simple blood filters (primitive kidney):

cellular metabolic wastes (liquids)

ex: ammonia in urine

response: Nervous System

-simple: sessile & inactive mollusks eg clams

-small ganglia (group of nerve cells) near mouth

-few nerve cords

-simple sense organs / receptors: chemo, touch,

ex; statocysts (balance), ocelli (light)

-complex: active mollusks: octopi, tentacled mollusks

-brain well developed

-long term memory, trainable: reward & punishment, shapes & texture

-octopi: more intelligent then some vertebrates

complex eyes, chromatophore (colour change)

-reproduction: much variation

-separate sexes

-external fertilization: eggs & sperm released into water → trochophore larva → snails, two-shelled mollusks

-internal fertilization: fertilization inside female ex: tentacled mollusks & some snails

few hermaphrodites: exchange sperm some snails

few sex changers ex oysters



Ch 27-1 Mollusks p. 585

phylum: ____________ (soft)

• 600 mya: _____________ radiation

• Classes: 7: > 100 000 sp

• ocean trenches → mountain tree tops

• sand grain sized snails → _____ squids

development:

-phyla shares: similar ______________development

- ex: _________________ larva p. 586t fg 27-2

-free living: swim & _________on tiny plants

- also present in segmented worms: phyla

__________: earthworms: ancestral relatedness

- has __________: true body cavity: organs originate

as outgrowths of tissue called ______________which

allows better ____________of internal organs

body plan: ______________ parts: p. 586b fg 3

_________-bodied animals with an internal or external __________

________: soft / fleshy ____________tissue: mouth & feeding structures, locomotion

mantle: delicate tissue covering most of body (cloak) → _________

_________: calcium carbonate secretion

___________mass: where internal ___________(guts) are located

____________: 7 classes

based upon type of

_________& shell


_________:

-very diverse: herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, detritus feeders, parasites

-possible structures:

___________: tongue with teeth p. 578

________: filter feeders: cilia on gills __________food: phytoplankton,

zooplankton from water

ex: clams, _________, scallops p. 591

___________:

-aquatic mollusks: cilia sweep water through incurrent pores across

________hanging in mantle cavity → ______________of CO2 and O2

-land mollusks:

modified ___________cavity has moistened, wrinkled mantle (_________lung)

→↑ surface area: lined with ____________vessels

-must live in ____________, dark, humid, areas: ___________occurs best

__________transport: for nutrients & gasses

-_____ circulatory system: organs sit in a pool of blood

-blood, simple heart, some ____________, blood

________(cavities where organs sit bathed in blood)

-only for sessile or _________moving mollusks: not

very efficient

-________circulatory system: heart, vessels

fast-moving squid & octopi

_________

- ________: undigested solids → feces

- ________: simple blood filters (primitive kidney):

cellular __________wastes (liquids)

ex: ammonia in _________

response: ___________System

-simple: sessile & _________mollusks eg clams

-small _________(group of nerve cells) near mouth

-few nerve cords

-simple sense organs / receptors: chemo, touch,

ex; __________(balance), ocelli (light)

-complex: ______mollusks: octopi, tentacled mollusks

-_______well developed

-long term ___________, trainable: reward & punishment, shapes & texture

-octopi: more intelligent then ___________vertebrates

complex eyes, chromatophore (colour change)

-reproduction: much variation

-__________sexes

-_________fertilization: eggs & sperm released into water → _____________larva → snails, two-shelled

mollusks

-___________fertilization: fertilization __________female ex: tentacled mollusks & some snails

few hermaphrodites: ______________sperm some snails

few sex ______________ ex oysters


Diversity: p. 590

Phylum: Molluska

1) Class: Gastropoda (stomach-foot)

-muscular foot on ventral side

shell varieties:

-coiled shell: pond snails

-coiled shell with ventral cover

-simple dorsal plate: limpets, abalones

no shells:

-land slugs (p. 590 t): nocturnal

-ink glands: sea hares p 591 fg 27-9

-fast swimmers: sea butterflies

-poisonous &/or nematocysts from eating cnidarians: nudibranchs (sea slugs)

p 590br

2) Class: Bivalvia (2-

valve = shells)

-2 shells hinged

together by powerful

muscles

-No: head, tentacles,

radula

-ex: clams: burrow

in mud or sand

-size: tiny – 1.9m giant

clam

- oysters: mantle

glands → mother of pearl secretion → shell → pearl or curios p. 592fg 27-10 (impurity)

- scallops: short distance fast movers p. 591m

-muscles: → attach to objects by a sticky thread secretion

-filter feeders: p. 591bL

water → incurrent siphon → gills filter out food →

nutrients moved to mouth by cilia

-bio-monitors: concentrate dangerous pollutants & microorganisms in their tissues


3) Class: Cephalopoda (head-foot)

-tentacled mollusks p. 592 - 593

- octopi, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus

- size 2cm-20m

structure: head is attached to foot

foot divided into 8 tentacles: have suckers

diversity:

-nautilus: oldest: 500 mya

-only cephalopods with external shell (fill with gas

to control buoyancy) ie. submarine

-many (90) tentacles: no suckers

-cuttlefish

+2 slender arms with suckers at end

small internal shell

coiled or plate-like (cuttlebone) birds sharpen

beaks

-squids

+2 arms

tiny internal shell (pen)

very fast: jet propulsion

ink vid

-octopus no shell

8 arms

ink

venom

beak near mouth

shape changer

colour changers: (chromatophores)

-locomotion swim &/or crawl quickly

jet propulsion (siphon)

ink dispersal (dark & bad taste)

-ecology fill all ecologic niches (role of organism in food web)

ex: parasite to carnivore

filter feeders bio-concentrate pollutants → environmental indicators

do not get cancer: medicine

-negative human relationships

-destroy crops (snails & slugs)

-shipworms (bivalve): destroy wood (ships & docks) in aquatic areas

-filter feeders (bivalves) bio-concentrate pollutants & dangerous bacteria, viruses, & protists → toxic for human

-consumption ex: red tides (poisonous) HW: kt & e 27

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ZQH2Uzpew&feature=related


Diversity: p. 590

Phylum: ____________

1) Class: _____________ (stomach-foot)

-muscular foot on _____________side

shell varieties:

-coiled shell: pond snails

-coiled shell with ventral cover

-simple ____________ plate: limpets, abalones

no shells:

-land slugs (p. 590 t): ____________

-__________glands: sea hares p 591 fg 27-9

-fast swimmers: sea ____________

-poisonous &/or ________________from eating cnidarians: ____________(sea

slugs) p 590br

2) Class:___________

(2-valve = shells)

-2 shells hinged

together by

_______muscles

-_______: head,

tentacles, radula

-ex: __________:

burrow in mud or

sand

-size: tiny – 1.9m giant

clam

- ___________: mantle glands → mother of pearl secretion → shell → pearl or curios p. 592fg 27-10 (impurity)

- _______: short distance fast

movers

-_________________: → attach to

objects by a sticky thread secretion

-_____________feeders: p. 591bL

water → incurrent __________ → gills filter out food → nutrients moved to

mouth by __________

-____________: concentrate dangerous pollutants & microorganisms in their ___________


3) Class: ______________ (head-foot)

-tentacled mollusks p. 592 - 593

- octopi, squid, __________, nautilus

- size 2cm-20m

structure: head is ____________to foot

foot divided into 8 ____________: have suckers

diversity:

-_________________: oldest: 500 mya

-only cephalopods with ________________shell

(fill with gas to control buoyancy) ie. submarine

-many (90) tentacles: _______suckers

-____________

+2 slender arms with suckers at end

small internal shell

coiled or plate-like (____________) birds

sharpen beaks

-_______________

+2 arms

tiny internal shell (pen)

very fast: jet propulsion

ink

-___________ no shell

8 arms

ink

venom

__________near mouth

shape _____________

colour changers: (____________________)

-locomotion swim &/or ____________quickly

jet propulsion (______________)

ink dispersal (dark & bad taste)

-ecology fill all ecologic niches (role of organism in food web)

ex: parasite to carnivore

filter feeders bio-___________ pollutants → environmental ____________

do not get _____________: medicine

-_____________human relationships

-destroy __________(snails & slugs)

-______________(bivalve): destroy wood (ships & docks) in aquatic areas

-filter feeders (bivalves) bio-concentrate pollutants & dangerous bacteria, viruses, & protists → toxic for human

-consumption ex: ________________(poisonous)

HW: kt & e 27


Ws 27-1 Mollusks Note Equivalent p. 585 Name: Block: Date:

1) How many species in this phyla?

2) List the habitats of mollusks.

3) Give the size range of this phylum

4) 2 characteristics that unify mollusks in the same phyla are ? fg 27-2 p. 586

5) Define Mollusk.

6) List the 4 basic body parts of a mollusk. Fg 27-3 p 586

7) What is the difference between the visceral mass and the mantle?

8) What 2 characteristics are used to group members of this phyla into different classes?

9) Describe 2 different ways some mollusks feed using a radula. Fg 27-4 p. 587

10) Describe the different way an octopus feeds as compared to a clam.

11) Gills can serve 2 purposes. What are they?

12) Explain the difference in the way a land snail breaths compared to an aquatic mollusks?

13) Why do most land snails and slugs live in moist dark places?

14) This phylum has a major evolutionary advancement in the development of an advanced respiratory and circulatory system. What is

the main function of these systems?

15) What is the difference between an open and a closed circulatory system?

16) What is a sinus?

17) Why do some organisms require a closed circulatory system only?

18) Where does undigested food go and what is this waste called?

19) Where does ammonia come from and why must it be eliminated?

20) What is the function of nephridia? What organ does this resemble in humans? (not in book)

21) Describe the nervous system of mollusks that live inactive life styles.

22) Which are the smartest mollusks? What can they be compared to intelligence wise?

23) What part of there nervous system is advanced?

24) Explain separate sexes.

25) Explain external fertilization.

26) Define hermaphrodite.

27) Define internal fertilization.

28) What unusual thing can oysters do?


Ws p590 27-1 Mollusks and Annelids Note Equivalent Name: Block: Date:

1) Class name of snails, slugs and their relatives?

2) What phylum does this class belong to?

3) Lesser known (exotics) gastropods examples are (4)

4) What does “gastro” “pod” mean?

5) Why are the organisms in this class called gastropods?

6) Give 2 examples of how shell-less gastropods protect themselves.

7) Match each of the 4 pictures on pg 590-91 with the appropriate gastropod.

8) Class bivalvia: list the common organisms.

9) Give 2 characteristics of this class.

10) All bivalves start their life out as a motile________________ larva. P. 586

11) Which bivalve has the giant penis? (aquarium)

12) The 2 most important functions of the mantle is to produce which 2 substances?

13) How does a pearl form?

14) List the 14 basic structures of a typical bivalve from fg 27-10.

15) Class cephalopoda: list 4 most common organisms in this class.

16) Why are these creatures called cephalopods?

17) The common characteristic in the cephalopods are?

18) How are the nautilus and squid similar to each other?

19) 2 ways the nautilus are different form the other cephalopods are?

20) What structure have most cephalopods lost through evolution?

21) Which cephalopod has completely lost its shell?

22) 3 possible methods of cephalopod locomotion are?

23) 2 methods of protection are?

24) Bivalves are environmental indicators (index species). How do these organisms accomplish this task for us?

25) What disease does the phylum Molluska never seem to get? Why is this important to us?

26) List 3 problems that some humans have with some organisms from the phylum Molluska.

27) Define what you think “bio-concentration” might mean based on the reading from the last part of the last paragraph on p. 593.


Sec. 27-2 p. 594

Phylum: Annelida (ringlike)

-wormlike, 9000 sp

-repeating segments

-bristles

-moist soil, fresh water, sea

(most)

-size: 0.5 mm – 3m long

Feeding: 2 opening digestive

tract fg 14

-mouth

-pharynx: muscular organ that can extend out mouth

-function is species specific ie.

grabbing: jaws fg 13

tear: leaves

pump: in soil & detritus (vacuum)

suck: blood or tissue

-esophagus: tube

-crop: storage

-gizzard: grinds up food

-intestine: digestion & absorption of nutrients

-anus

-1st segment specialization fg 15

tentacles

filter feeding

-Respiration

-aquatic: gills

-terrestrial: moist skin: diffusion

cuticle (thin covering) &

mucous covered skin: prevents drying

out or will die

-Internal Transport fg 16

-closed circulatory system

-dorsal blood vessel: blood to head

-ventral blood vessels: blood away

from head

-ring vessels: each segment:

connecting dorsal & ventral vessels

-multiple hearts: anterior end

-Excretion of wastes

solids: anus

metabolic (cellular): nephridia

-Nervous system: well developed

-brain: on top of gut at anterior end -ventral

nerve cord: length of body

-ganglia: to each segment: muscle co-ordination

-aquatic free living: advanced sense organs

sensory tentacles, statocysts, chemo-receptors, occeli: light detectors, vibration detectors

-earthworms: very few senses


-protection: species dependant

-swimming, burrowing, claws,

calcium carbonate tubes, poisonous

bristles

-movement: muscles: longitudinal

and circular (lengthen & shorten)

-reproduction: sexual: cross fertilization

separate sexes, external fertilization: eggs & sperm are released into water ie. moon phases triggers release

-hermaphrodites and internal fertilization

-worms pair up & exchange & store sperm receptacles

-clitelum secretes -

mucous ring where

eggs & sperm are

released and fertilized

-mucous ring →

cocoon which protects

fertilized eggs in

ground → hatch

Diversity: 3 classes

1) Class Polychaeta (many-bristles): most are marine

worms

-paired padded appendages with bristles on each body segment

-habitat: corral, sand, mud, rocks, made tubes open water

2) Class Oligochaeta (few-bristles)

-habitat: soil, fresh water

- earthworms (night-crawlers)

-detritus feeder → castings (feces)

-tubifex worms: tropical fish food

3) Class Hirudinea

¾ external parasites: blood & body fluids of host

¼ carnivores: soft bodied invertebrates

moist, tropical

most: freshwater

-feeding

-suckers at anterior & posterior: host & substrate

muscular proboscis

razor sharp teeth

→ 2 secretions:

anti-coagulant (prevent blood clotting )

anesthetic

suck up hosts blood

some: feed once / year

symbiotic bacteria aids in blood digestion

Ecology

polychaetes & their trocophore larvae: ocean

zooplankton (food web)

Oligochaetes: soil conditioners (recycle nutrients)

aerate soil & loosen soil for water passage for roots



Sec. 27-2 p. 594

Phylum: Annelida (________)

-wormlike, 9000 sp

-repeating ____________

-bristles

-moist soil, fresh water, sea

(most)

-size: 0.5 mm – _______long

Feeding: 2 opening digestive

tract fg 14

-mouth

-pharynx: muscular organ that can ________out mouth

-___________is species specific ie.

grabbing: jaws fg 13

________: leaves

__________: in soil & detritus (vacuum)

suck: blood or tissue

-esophagus: tube

-__________: storage

-__________: grinds up food

-intestine: digestion & _______________of nutrients

-anus

-1st segment ____________fg 15

tentacles

filter feeding

-Respiration

-aquatic: _________

-terrestrial: moist _______: diffusion

-______________ (thin covering) &

mucous covered skin: prevents drying

out or will die

-Internal Transport fg 16

-_________circulatory system

-________blood vessel: blood to head

-ventral blood vessels: blood

___________from head

-__________vessels: each segment:

connecting dorsal & ventral vessels

-multiple _________: anterior end

-Excretion of wastes

solids: ___________

metabolic (cellular): nephridia

-Nervous system: well developed

-_________: on top of gut at anterior end -

ventral nerve ___________: length of body

-______: to each segment: muscle co-ordination

-aquatic ____________ living: advanced sense organs

sensory tentacles, statocysts, chemo-receptors, occeli: light detectors, vibration detectors

-earthworms: very few senses


-____________: species dependant

-swimming, burrowing, claws,

calcium carbonate tubes, poisonous

bristles

-_________: muscles: longitudinal

and circular (lengthen & shorten)

-reproduction: sexual: ____________fertilization

separate sexes, ____________fertilization: eggs & sperm are released into water ie. moon phases triggers release

-hermaphrodites and ____________fertilization

-worms pair up & exchange & store sperm receptacles

-___________secretes

mucous ring where

eggs & sperm are

released and fertilized

-mucous ring →

________which

protects fertilized eggs

in ground → hatch

Diversity: 3 classes

1) Class __________ (many-bristles): most are

marine worms

-paired padded appendages with bristles on each body segment

-__________: corral, sand, mud, rocks, made tubes open water

2) Class ______________(few-bristles)

-habitat: soil, fresh water

- earthworms (night-_____________)

-detritus feeder → ___________(feces)

-tubifex worms: tropical fish food

3) Class _______________

¾ external ___________: blood & body fluids of host

¼ ___________: soft bodied invertebrates

moist, tropical

most: freshwater

-feeding

-suckers at anterior & posterior: host & substrate

muscular proboscis

razor sharp teeth

→ 2 ______________:

anti-___________ (prevent blood clotting )

________________

suck up hosts blood

some: feed once / year

_________bacteria aids in blood digestion

Ecology

polychaetes & their trocophore larvae: ocean

__________ (food web)

Oligochaetes: soil _____________(recycle nutrients)

___________soil loosen soil for water passage for roots


Ws 27-2a Annelids p. 594 NAME block: Date:

1. Where do the 9000 sp of segmented worms live?

2. What is another name for segmented worms?

3. Where do most annelids live?

4. Give the phylum name for segmented worms

5. List 3 characteristics of the phylum Annelida

6. What does the Latin word annellus mean?

7. The range of sizes are….

8. What separates the annelid’s body segments?

9. Define pharynx.

10. What can some annelids do with their pharynx?

11. What are often attached to the front pharynx of a carnivorous annelid?

12. Fg 27-13 shows….

13. Why is the front of the pharynx coated with mucous in detritus feeding annelids?

14. What does an earthworm pharynx do?

15. The function of the pharynx in a leech is to…

16. Fg 27-15 left. How does the spaghetti worm feed?

17. Fg 27-15 right. How does the plume worm feed and breath?

18. Fg 27-14. List the parts of the digestive tract.

19. Where does the feather duster live?


20. Why does the skin of annelids need to be moist?

21. What is the purpose of a cuticle for terrestrial annelids?

22. Which direction does blood flow in the blood vessels?

23. What are ring vessels?

24. The 2 ways blood moves through an annelid are:

25. Where does solid waste leave the animal?

26. Where does the liquid waste that is removed by the nephridia originate?

27. The location of the brain is….

28. Give the function of each pair of small ganglia located at each segment.

29. List 4 sense organs commonly found in free-living marine annelids.

30. Tube dwelling annelids do what when there light detectors detect a shadow?

31. What do earthworms do when they are threatened?

32. How do marine fanworms avoid predators?

33. What do marine fireworms do when attached?

34. Why do u think the organism in fg 27-17 is called a paddleworm?

Documents

Ch 27 notes & 27-2 start.doc5/8/19 Page 3 of 18 · C:\Users\rannas\Desktop\new folder jan 2019\Biology 11 a Prentice Hall\27 mollusks and annelids\note\Ch 27 notes & 27-2 start.doc5/8/19