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Ch. 3 & 9 Study Guide Slides for Quiz. Ch. 3 Sensation & Perception. Sensation The experience of sensory stimulation Perception The process of creating meaningful patterns from raw sensory information. Absolute threshold The minimum amount of energy that can be detected 50% of the time - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ch. 3 & 9
Study Guide Slides for Quiz
Ch. 3Sensation & Perception
•Sensation–The experience of sensory stimulation
•Perception–The process of creating meaningful patterns from raw sensory information
• Absolute threshold–The minimum amount of energy that can be detected 50% of the time
–The absolute threshold is the point where something becomes noticeable to our senses.
•Sensory Adaptation–An adjustment of the senses to the level of stimulation they are receiving
•Difference Threshold–The smallest change in stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time
–Also called the just noticeable difference
•Weber’s Law–States that the difference threshold is a constant proportion of the specific stimulus
–Ernst Weber a 19th century experimental psychologist
•Weber’s Law– Imagine holding a five pound weight and one pound was added.
–Most of us would notice this difference.
–But what if we were holding a fifty pound weight?
–Would we notice if another pound were added?
•Signal Detection Theory–Have you ever been in a crowded room with lots of people talking?
–Difficult to focus on any particular stimulus
–Sensory challenges–Important Data vs. Background–Detect what we want to focus on and ignore/minimize everything else.
Extrasensory Perception•Refers to extraordinary
perception such as– Clairvoyance – awareness of an
unknown object or event– Telepathy – knowledge of someone
else’s thoughts or feelings– Precognition – foreknowledge of
future events
•Research has been unable to conclusively demonstrate the existence of ESP
Hearing Disorders
•About 28 million people have some form of hearing damage in the U.S.
•Can be caused by– Injury– Infections–Explosions–Long-term exposure to loud noises
Smell
• Women have a better sense of smell than men• Anosmia
– Complete loss of the ability to smell
•Pheromones– Form of communication– Provide information about identity– Provide information about sexual receptivity
Taste
•Four basic tastes–Sweet–Salty–Sour–Bitter
•Recent discovery of fifth taste–Umami
Kinesthetic Senses
•Kinesthetic senses provide information about speed and direction of movement–Stretch receptors sense muscle stretch and contraction
Vestibular SensesVestibular Senses
•Vestibular senses provide information about equilibrium and body position– Fluid moves in two vestibular sacs– Motion sickness may be caused by
discrepancies between visual information and vestibular sensation
Physiological and Social roots
Survival
Theories
Primary emotional criteria:1) Evident in all cultures 2) Contribute to survival
3) Distinct facial expression 4) Evident in nonhuman primates
fear - anger - pleasure
These & cross-cultural identification analyses = six generally agreed
upon fundamental, primary emotions:
Happiness, Surprise, Sadness, Fear, Disgust, Anger
Ch. 9
Basic Emotions
•Fear•Surprise•Sadness•Disgust
•Anger•Anticipation
•Joy•Acceptance
Robert Plutchik (1980) proposed that there are eight basic emotions
Plutchik’s Basic EmotionsVisual #1
Plutchik’s Basic EmotionsVisual #2
Basic Emotions•Some have criticized
Plutchik’s model as applying only to English-speakers
•Revised model of basic emotions includes:–Happiness–Surprise–Sadness–Fear–Disgust–Anger
Theories of Emotion• James-Lange theory
– Environmental stimuli bring on physiological changes that we interpret as emotions
•Cannon-Bard theory– Environmental stimuli elicit emotions
and bodily responses simultaneously
•Cognitive theory– Environment gives us clues that help
us interpret physiological reaction
Theories of Emotion
Nonverbal Communication of Emotion
•Voice quality•Facial expression•Body language
–Posture and the way we move communicates information
•Personal space•Explicit acts
–For example, slamming doors
Nonverbal Communication of Emotion
•Some examples–Face Flushing & Blushing–Crying–Yawning–Self-comforting–Etc.
Instincts
•Inborn, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species
•Human behavior is not easily explained by instincts because–Most important human behavior is learned
–Human behavior is rarely inflexible
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
• Intrinsic motivation– Motivation for a behavior is the
behavior itself– Children playing is an example
• Extrinsic motivation– Behavior is performed in order to
obtain a reward or to avoid punishment
– A bonus program is an example