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CH 5-1 NOTES
THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
The French and British Clash
Western Expansion• In the mid-1700s, the colonial population
was increasing rapidly, nearly doubling every 25 years.
• Birth rates were rising.
• Immigrants from England, Ireland, Germany, and other countries were settling in colonial America.(Immigrants — people who enter a new country to settle)
• As the population grew, settlers pushed west in search of more land.
Background:
• - English colonies were looking to expand into the Ohio River valley.
• - This valley was already claimed by the FRENCH who built major fortifications to keep the British and others out.
• - The countries of Britain and France had been enemies for centuries.
• - The French were helped by the Native Americans, who felt they had a better chance of remaining on their land with the French in control.
Native American and French Reaction
Native American Response
• As white settlers migrated into Indian territory, the Indians were forced to relocate into lands already occupied by other Native American groups.
• The Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Choctaws put up a powerful struggle to block westward colonial expansion.
Native American and French Reaction
French Actions
• In 1752, the French built Fort Presque Isle in Pennsylvania and attacked and killed the men defending an English trading post in the Ohio Valley.
• By the early 1750s, it became clear that Pennsylvania would become the setting for a struggle between the colonists, Native Americans, and the French.
• Virginia sent in the militia and demanded that the French surrender their territory.(Militia= volunteer soldiers)
• - The colonial militia was led by George Washington.
• - Washington was forced to surrender.
• - A group of all the colonial leaders met together to discuss the dispute, this group was called The Albany Congress.
• - Led by Benjamin Franklin the colonists realized they must all unite together in order to claim the land and win the war!
Causes of War• The conflict began
because both Britain and France claimed the upper Ohio River valley territory.
• The plan was based on the idea that it would be better for the British colonies to unite and work together, just like the Iroquois nation had strengthened itself by forming the Iroquois League.
• The colonists rejected Franklin’s plan, but it later provided a model for the United States government.
Causes of War
The War:
• In May of 1756 Britain officially declared war on France, marking the official beginning of the Seven Years War in Europe and The French and Indian War in America.
• - The French started off with an advantage having the help of the Native Americans.
The War:• Formal British warfare proved to be a
problem as they were easy targets for the Native Americans.
The British Win
the War• In spring of 1759, the British began a
campaign to invade New France and capture Quebec.
• British General Wolfe laid siege to the city. • During a siege, an enemy force is
surrounded; trapped and without access to supplies, the enemy is starved into surrender.
• The British successfully won Quebec, and then Montreal, giving them control over all of New France.
• - Finally with more money spent and new leadership the British won the war.
The three main thrusts of British strategy are shown here. In 1758, British forces struck in two directions—at French strongholds in the West and against Louisbourg in the East.
Finally, in 1759, they attacked Quebec and Montreal.
The British Win the War
RESULTS:• - Britain forced France to sign the Treaty of Paris
• - They were forced to cede or surrender French Canada, all the French territory west of the Mississippi.
• - Britain also gained Florida from Spain in exchange for the French land west of the Mississippi.
Weakened Loyalty to Britain• Despite the victory, the French and Indian
War seriously strained relations between the British and the American colonists.
• The British thought that the colonists did not provide enough support for the long and costly war that Britain had fought to protect them.
• The American colonists were shocked by the weakness of British military tactics.
• The Americans demanded to be led by colonial officers.
• Many American colonists felt a loss of respect for British military power.
• Many also believed that the British did not share the same values as the colonists.
RESULTS:
• Britain is left with a large debt following the war.
• - Colonists had developed a sense of unity.
• - Colonists begin moving and settling in to Ohio river valley.
• - Native Americans resist losing their land.
• In October, King George of Britain issued the Proclamation of 1763, closing the Great Lakes region to settlement by colonists.
CH 5-2 NOTESTHE COLONISTS RESIST TIGHTER
CONTROL!
British Rule:
The King & Parliament = Make Laws
↓
Colonial governors
↓
Colonists
* Main Idea*
The French and Indian War left the British deeply in debt. These expenses continued as did their conflict with France. The King and Parliament believed the colonists should pay for part of the debt, so they began to pass laws and regulations.
Tighter Control = Angry Colonists:1. The Proclamation of 1763:
- Britain wanted to avoid further wars with the Native Americans.
-Therefore, they banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
- Colonists were angry because they felt they fought hard during the French and Indian War and deserved to move where they wanted.
2. The Sugar Act:
- Britain put a duty (import tax) on several products, including molasses.
3. The Quartering Act: - To enforce the Proclamation of 1763,
Britain kept about 10,000 soldiers in the colonies.
- This act required colonists to quarter (house) the British troops and provide them with food and other supplies.
4. The Stamp Act:- this required that all colonists buy special tax stamps for all kinds of products and activities.
- For example: newspapers, wills, licenses, insurance, land titles, contracts and other documents.
Colonists React:
“These are the timesthat try men’s souls”
- Thomas Paine
...to these grievous acts and measures,Americans cannot submit...
Colonists React:
-angry colonists began to protest all over.
-Many began to boycott - an organized campaign to refuse to buy certain products.
- Others began to write petitions - a written request to a government.
- The Boston Massacre: - One protest turned violent when an angry group of colonists had surrounded a small group of British soldiers shouting and throwing rocks at them.
- The soldiers shot into the crowd, killing 5 and wounding 6.
CH 5-3 NOTESFrom Protest to Rebellion
Vocabulary
1. proclamation: an official government announcement. 2. representative: a person selected to act for others. 3. repeal: to end 4. declaration: a public statement 5. revolution: a sudden, complete change of government 6. Sons of Liberty: a group of colonists who organized to protest against the British King and Parliament.
The Tea Act:
- This act was passed in 1773 for the purpose of helping the British East India Company, one of Britain’s most important companies.
- This act gave the British East India Company a monopoly on selling tea in the colonies.
**This meant they could only buy tea from this company and had to pay their prices.
- Colonists also had to pay an import tax on tea. (duty)
The Boston Tea Party:
-On December 6, 1773, members of the protest group The Sons of Liberty gathered in the Boston harbor.
-They disguised themselves as Native Americans so they would not be caught.
-They threw 342 cases of British tea into the harbor. This cost the British thousands of dollars.
-This was in protest to the restrictions on tea that the king had passed.
The Intolerable Acts:- The King & Parliament were outraged over the Boston Tea Party, so they
passed 4 laws to make examples out of the people of Boston.
- They were so harsh (bad) that colonists are the ones who nicknamed them the Intolerable Acts.
1. The first closed the port in Boston. This would hurt the merchants.2. The second increased the power of the royal governor (appointed by the
King).3. The third decreased the power of the colonial legislature so the colonists had
even less of a say in the government.4. The fourth law strengthened the Quartering Act, Making sure that anyone
who refused to house and give aid to a British soldier would be punished.
Result of Intolerable Acts- Leads to Greater Division between Colonists and England:
- Colonists start to see themselves as Americans (separate from England).
- Americans from all the colonies rally to help the people of Boston bringing them food and supplies.
- The Americans were fed up! In October 1774, delegates from the colonies met together to discuss their next move… this meeting was called the First Continental Congress.
- Among these delegates were- John & Samuel Adams, - George Washington, and- Patrick Henry.
- At this meeting they decided they were going to demand that the King and Parliament repeal or officially end the Intolerable Acts.
- They also decided to have the militia start training just in case!
- Lastly they decided to boycott or stop buying British goods. Colonists began smuggling in illegal products.
British Response Leads to War!
- The King and Parliament refused to listen to the demands of the Continental Congress. It chose instead to use force to try and restore their authority.
- The colonists began to train and form a new militia called the minutemen.
Minutemen:- They prepared signals to warn the minutemen if and when the
British would attack. They would light candles in windows and Church steeples.
- Because Boston was a port city, they needed to be clear if the British would be attacking from land or from sea. So it would be “one (candle) if by land, two (candles) if by sea”.
One if by land, and two if by sea;
And I on the opposite shore will be,Ready to ride and spread the alarmThrough every Middlesex village and farm,For the country folk to be up and to arm.
The Shot Heard Round the World!- Sure enough the British made their move. They wanted to attack
the colonial arsenal and seize their weapons.- Famous mid night rider’s Paul Revere & William Dawes rode to
warn the colonists.
- Outside of Boston in the town of Lexington colonists came face to face with British troops. Neither side refused to go home.
Lexington & Concord“Stand your ground. Don't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a
war, let it begin here.”-Captain John Parker (Colonial Militia)
-A shot was fired, it is unknown which side it came from but out of fear both sides began a battle marking the beginning of the American Revolution.
-This shot is known as the Shot Heard Round the World because of what it symbolizes.
