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Ch 5: Large Biological Molecules

(aka. Macromolecules) Some terminology: prefix suffix mono- -mer(s) di- tri-, etc. poly-

Reactions that change biomolecules (9.9a)

Functional group transfer Rearrangement

Reactions that change biomolecules: Electron transfer (aka. Redox)

Mnemonics: LEO GR OILRIG

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Reactions that change biomolecules

synthesis

Enzymes: catalysts for biochemical reactions

eg: lysozyme

Carbohydrates: monosaccharides

other pentoses:

ribose, deoxyribose

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Monosaccharides can have 2 shapes

Carbohydrates: disaccharides

others: lactose, cellobiose

Polysaccharides

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Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides

Other polysaccharides made with this monomer:

glycosaminoglycans/mucopolysaccharides (Animals),

cell wall peptidoglycan (Bacteria) & pseudomurein (Archaea)

N-acetyl glucosamine (& fungal cell walls)

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Lipids:

glycerides monoglyceride

triglyceride

(diglycerides also exist)

Trans

monounsaturated polyunsaturated

Lipids: Phospholipids

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Structures that phospholipids form spontaneously in water

Lipids: Steroids

eg: cholesterol (animals only)

Other steroids (not only animal): testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisone, ergosterol, homobrassinolide, Vitamin D, etc.

Protein functions

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Proteins: amino acids (monomers)

(asymmetric, almost always)

Proteins: 20 amino acids (monomers)

Proteins: 20 amino acids (monomers)

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Proteins: building polymers

Protein: structure

Protein: structure

(1 complete

polypeptide)

(2 or more subunits)

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Protein: sometimes they need help to get into shape

eg: chaperone proteins

(not always possible)

Protein: shape is critical to function

non-functional

Sickle cell disease: 1 amino acid differs

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Nucleic acids: nucleotides (monomers)

Nucleic acids: special nucleotides - adenosine triphosphate = ATP

Nucleic acids: special nucleotides - cyclic AMP = cAMP

Nucleic acid polymers: DNA & RNA

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Central Theory/Dogma of Molecular Biology cell flow of information

Molecular phylogeny of major groups of organisms using rDNA sequences (26.21)

Molecular Evolution

Molecular clock estimates

-> reverse or other engineering possible