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Section 1 – History of the Periodic Table
Objectives:1. Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as the atomic
theory) by describing changes in the atomic model over time and why those changes were necessary based on new evidence.
2. Become familiar with the scientists that helped these changes come about.
3. Explore the differences between modern periodic table and the historic periodic tables.
• By 1860, more than 60 elements had been discovered.
• Chemists had a hard time determining properties of the elements and compounds that the elements formed.
• They also had no accurate way to determine
atomic mass or the number of atoms that made up an element, so each scientist used a different atomic mass – making it nearly impossible for one chemist to understand the results of another.
• In 1860, chemists assembled at the First International Congress of Chemists in Germany to settle the issue of atomic mass.
• Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev included the new values from the conference in a chemistry textbook that he was writing.
• He hoped to organize the elements according to their properties.
• He did this by placing the elements on cards and arranged them according to atomic mass and properties, looking for trends.
• He noticed that when the elements were arranged by increasing atomic mass, similarities in the chemical properties appeared at regular intervals – these patterns are periodic.
Mendeleev and Chemical Periodicity:
List 3 examples of phenomena that occur periodically:
1.
2.
3.
Brainstorming:
List 3 examples of phenomena that occur periodically:
1. Phases of the moon
2. Magazine Publications (monthly)
3. Tides (high tide & low tide)
**Keep these examples in mind as we cover the arrangement of the elements on the
periodic table**
Brainstorming:
• Mendeleev created a table in which the elements were grouped together by similar properties – a periodic table of elements.
• This table was published in 1869 and the properties were similar as you read horizontally across the table.
• This procedure left many empty spaces, but he predicted that elements would be discovered and would fill those places - all three were discovered by 1886.
Mendeleev and Chemical Periodicity Cont.:
• Moseley was working with 38 different metals and discovered a pattern that was had not been recognized – elements fit better when they were arranged by increasing nuclear charge (# of protons in nucleus)
• Moseley’s work led to:a. Modern definition of atomic number b. Recognition that atomic number – NOT atomic
mass – is basis for organization of periodic table
• Periodic Law – the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers (# of protons).
Moseley and the Periodic Law:
P
Zn As
Sb
Pt Bi
Midd. -1700
Cr Mn
Li
K
N O F
Na
BBe
H
Al Si Cl
Ca Ti V Co Ni Se Br
Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Rh Pd Cd Te I
Ba Ta W Os Ir
Mg
Ce Tb Er
Th U
1735-1843
Discovering the Periodic Table
C
S
Fe Cu
Ag Sn
Au Hg Pb
Ancient Times
He
Sc Ga Ge
Rb Ru In
Cs Tl
Pr Nd Sm Gd Dy Ho Tm Yb
La
1843-1886 Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Po Rn
Ra
Eu Lu
Pa
Ac
1894-1918
Tc
Hf Re At
Fr
Pm
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
1923-1961
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
1965-
Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989
Lr103
No102
Md101
Fm100
Es99
Cf98
Bk97
Cm96
Am95
Pu94
Np93
U92
Pa91
Th90
Lu71
Tm69
Yb70
Er68
Ho67
Dy66
Tb65
Gd64
Eu63
Sm62
Pm61
Nd60
Pr59
Ce58
He2
Ne10
Ar18
Kr36
Xe54
Rn86
At85
I53
Br35
Cl17
F9
Po84
Te52
Se34
O8
Bi83
Sb51
As33
N7
Pb82
Tc43
Ta73
Hg80
Mt109
Hs108
Bh107
Sg106
Db105
Rf104
Ac89
La57
Hf72
W74
Re75
Os76
Ir77
Rh45
Ru44
Mo42
Nb41
V23
Li3
Fr87
Cs55
H 1
Na11
K19
Rb37
Mn25
Co27
Pd46
Au79
Cd48
Zn30
Cu29
C6
B5
Al13
S16
P15
Si14
Ge32
Sn50
Ag47
Pt78
Fe26
Ni28
Cr24
Ti22
Sc21
Zr41
Y39
Ga31
In49
Tl81
Mg12
Ca20
Sr38
Ba56
Ra88
Be4
Other Physical DATA
Periodic table – an arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic number so that elements with similar properties fall in the same column or group.
The Noble Gases - 1894• Noble gases were the most significant addition to
the periodic table.
• John William Strutt and Sir William Ramsay discovered Argon – a gas in the atmosphere that had not been noticed because it is unreactive – and Helium – a component of the sun.
• Ramsey added a new group to the table to fit these gases.
The Modern Periodic Table
Lanthanides/ Actinides – early 1900s
• These are the 14 elements with atomic number from 58 to 71 (lanthanides) and 90 to 103 (actinides) that have very similar properties.
• They are placed below the table to save space
Dutch Periodic Table
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115116
117 118
Strong, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 743
Chinese Periodic Table
http://www.limestone.on.ca/ibuild/davies/chinesept.html
Stowe’s Periodic Table
Benfrey’s Periodic Table
developed by Mohd Abubakr, Hyderabad, India
Misconceptions:
- Something does not have to very uniformly to be periodic. It just has to have a similar pattern.
- As you read through the articles, make sure you are aware that changes have been made - the periodic table has been modified to fit new evidence.
Group assignments:• Individually read the two articles that you have
been given.
• Once you have read the articles, please discuss them with your group members and create two charts on your bell ringer paper :
1. Venn Diagram:• Compare historic periodic tables vs. the
Modern Periodic table • The overlap will represent what has
stayed the same.2. Concept Map:
• Periodic Table is your Heading • Relate it to:
• The scientists involved • Problems/predictions that occurred • Changes made over time
Groups for Assignment:Group 11. Anna Ashley2. Bobby Beeton3. Kaylee Madere
Group 21. Kellie Fahy2. Rachel Loughney3. Nicholas White
Group 3:1. Joey Winston 2. Madeline Mulder3. Sierra Lloyd
Group 41. Zach Jowers2. Matthew Holt3. Chanteria Hamm
Group 5
1. Moriah Fobbs 2. Cody Frizzelle3. Garret Siegel
Group 6 1. Noah Mobley2. Edin McKuhen3. Jonah Hooton
Group 71. Zachary Bradley 2. Sean Chancellor3. Victoria Worley
Group 81. Spencer Carr2. Brandon Castelin3. Alex Hill4. Nancy Tanner
Section 2 – Electron Configuration and the Periodic
Table Objectives:1. Relate the properties of atoms and their position in the
periodic table to the arrangement of their electrons. 2. The student will organize information to show understanding
or relationships among facts, ideas, and events (representing key points within text through charting, mapping, paraphrasing, summarizing, comparing, contrasting, or outlining)
Groups of Elements1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
W
*
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
1A
2A
1A
2A
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Inner transition metals
Boron group
Carbon group
Nitrogen group
Oxygen group
Halogens
Noble gases
Hydrogen
3B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
8A
4B
Rn
86
Xe
54
Kr
36
Ar
18
Ne
10
He
2
Mt
109
Hs
108
Bh
107
Sg
106
Rf
104
Db
105
Hg
80
Au
79
Pt
78
Ir
77
Os
76
Re
75
W
74
Ta
73
Hf
72
Cd
48
Ag
47
Pd
46
Rh
45
Ru
44
Tc
43
Mo
42
Nb
41
B
5
Zr
40
Y
39
Zn
30
Cu
29
Co
27
Ni
28
Fe
26
Mn
25
Cr
24
V
23
Ti
22
Sc
21
Ac
89
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
O
8
S
16
Se
34
Te
52
As
33
P
15
N
7
Sb
51
Bi
83
Po
84
Groups of Elements1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
W
*
Li
3
C
6
F
9
Na
11
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
Cl
17
K
19
Ca
20
Ga
31
Ge
32
Br
35
Rb
37
Sr
38
In
49
Sn
50
I
53
Cs
55
Ba
56
Tl
81
Pb
82
At
85
Fr
87
Ra
88
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
La
57
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Other metals
Lanthanides
Halogens
Other non-metals
Noble gases
Actinides
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
18