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Ch 5.2 Why is English Related to Other Languages?
Languages that are related can be organized by using a tree for a diagram.
Super Language Families (roots)
Language Family (trunk)
Language Branch
Language Group(clump of leaves)
Language
Dialect
Accent
Ch 5.2 Why is English Related to Other Languages?
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7163/fig_tab/449665a_F1.html
Indo-EuropeanLanguage Families(about half the world speaks)
All these languages are related through a common ancestral language that existed before recorded history.
Indo-EuropeanLanguage Families 8 Branches
GermanicRomance (Latin)Indo-IranianBalto-Slavic
GreekCelticAlbanian (Anatolian)Armenian
5.2 BellworkOrganize the language classification categories from largest (most inclusive) to the smallest (most specific). Then arrange the specific examples of each category in their correct places.
Possible CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage subgroupLanguage familyDialectLanguageAccent
You can use a tree.
You can use a chartOR
CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage subgroupLanguage familyDialectLanguageAccent
Language classification
Example
Examples NortheasternEnglishIndo-EuropeanBostonLow GermanicGermanicWest Germanic
Language classification
Example
Language Family Indo-European
Language Branch Germanic
Language Group West Germanic
Language Subgroup Low Germanic
Language English
Dialect Northeastern
Accent Boston
Indo-European
Germanic
Western Germanic
Low Germanic
English
Northeastern dialect
Boston accent
CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage familyDialectLanguageAccent
Language classification
Example
Examples GermanIndo-EuropeanHigh GermanicGermanicWest Germanic
Language classification
Example
Language Family Indo-European
Language Branch Germanic
Language Group West Germanic
Language Subgroup High Germanic
Language German
Indo-European
Germanic
West Germanic
High Germanic
German
CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage familyDialectLanguageAccent
Language classification
Example
Examples NorwegianIndo-EuropeanGermanicNorth Germanic
Language classification
Example
Language Family Indo-European
Language Branch Germanic
Language Group North Germanic
Language Norwegian
Indo-European
Germanic
North Germanic
Norwegian
Indo-European Language Family - Germanic Branch
West Germanic (cool colors-blue)
• English (514 million)
• German (128)
• Dutch (21)
North Germanic (warm colors-red)
• Danish (5)
• Norwegian (5)
• Swedish (9)
CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage familyLanguage
Language classification
Example
ExamplesUrdu & HindiIndo-EuropeanIndo-IranianIndic (Eastern)
Language classification
Example
Language Family Indo-European
Language Branch Indo-Iranian
Language Group Indic (eastern group)
Language Urdu (Pakistan)Hindi (India)
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Indic
Urdu & Hindi
CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage familyLanguage
Language classification
Example
ExamplesPersian (Farsi)Indo-EuropeanIndo-IranianIranian (Western)
Language classification
Example
Language Family Indo-European
Language Branch Indo-Iranian
Language Group Iranian(western group)
Language Persian (Farsi)
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
Persian
CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage familyLanguage
Language classification
Example
ExamplesEast SlavicIndo-EuropeanRussianBalto-Slavic
Language classification
Example
Language Family Indo-European
Language Branch Balto-Slavic
Language Group East Slavic
Language Russian
Indo-European
Balto-Slavic
East Slavic
Russian
CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage familyLanguage
Language classification
Example
ExamplesSouth SlavicIndo-EuropeanSerbianBalto-Slavic
Language classification
Example
Language Family Indo-European
Language Branch Balto-Slavic
Language Group South Slavic
Language Serbian (also Bosnian, Croatian)
Indo-European
Balto-Slavic
South Slavic
Serbian
Language classification
Example
CategoriesLanguage branchDialectLanguage groupLanguage familyLanguage
ExamplesCastilianRomanceIndo-EuropeanSpanish
Language classification
Example
Language Family Indo-European
Language Branch Romance
Language Group --
Language Spanish
Dialect Castilian
Indo-European
Romance
Spanish
Castilian
Indo-European Language Family - Romance Branch
Like English, these languages have spread by Colonialism (mostly in Latin America).
1. Spanish (425 mil.) 3. French (129)
2. Portuguese (194) 4. Italian (62) - most in Brazil 5. Romanian (26)
Indo-European Family - Romance BranchThe Roman Empire, at its height in 2nd century A.D., extinguished many local languages. After the fall of Rome in the 5th century, communication declined and languages evolved again.
Literature was all written in Latin until the 13th and 14th centuries.
Vulgar Latin: (non-standard / slang version of Latin) spread by Roman soldiers and spoken in many Roman provinces.
CREOLE - a language that results from
the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language and becomes the mother tongue of people.
1. mo pe aste sa banan2. de bin alde luk dat big tri3. a waka go a wosu4. olmaan i kas-im chek5. li pote sa bay mo6. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket
I am buying the bananathey always looked for a big treehe walked homethe old man is cashing a checkhe brought that for methis little pig went to market
Can you guess which colonizing language is the base for each of the following creoles? New Orleans’
French Quarter
French
English
FrenchGerman
EnglishEnglish
1. It can not be proven that there was a single ancestor to the Indo-European language family but there is evidence that a Proto-Indo-European language did exist.
2. Evidence is found in similar words in different languages such as oak, bear, deer, and pheasant and other words that could have been a part of daily life.
3. Indo-European languages share similar words for winter and snow, but not for ocean. Linguists believe that the Proto-Indo-European language came from a cold climate that did not have contact with the ocean.
Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Languages
Kurgan Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin(by Marija Gimbutas)
CONQUEST theory
Started inRussia/KazakhstanNomadic herders & warriors used domesticated horses to conquer Europe and Asia
Anatolian Hearth Theory (by Renfrew)AGRICULTURAL theoryFrom Turkey, diffused throughout Europe along with agricultural practices, not warfare
Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Language Theories
Because language groups were isolated, distinct languages developed.