Ch. 7 The Gilded Age 1877-1900

CH. 7 THE GILDED AGE 1877-1900

A time of great prosperity and corruption.

Power Points done by Kris Mena 1



WEALTHY WOMEN OF THE ERA




GILDED AGE 1877-1900 Based on pretense; deceptively

pleasing; "the gilded and perfumed but inwardly rotten nobility"; "meretricious praise"; "a meretricious argument


SCANDAL A scandal is a widely publicized incident

involving allegations of wrong-doing, disgrace, or moral outrage. A scandal may be based on reality, or the product of false allegations, or a mixture of both.


SCANDAL IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Credit Mobilier-1872 Railroad company overcharged the US

government. ( vice President Colfax had defrauded the government)

Salary Grab- Congress voted to give themselves a 50% increased.

Whiskey Ring-1875 Dept. of Treasury took money from the gov’t.

William Belknap Sec. of War was impeached. (selling Indian land to developers)


SCANDALS IN STATES Corruption in state

governments were worse than in the Federal level.

Boss Tweed from New York City.

10Power Points done by Kris Mena

POLITICAL MACHINES IN LARGE CITIES. Political machines could control big

cities along the United States. Gained support by helping people,

especially immigrants. The machines would promise the

immigrants jobs, housing, and food. All the immigrants had to do was vote,

how the political boss wanted them to do.


BOSS TWEED- TAMMANY HALL Boss Tweed was

uneducated. He was not Irish, but

Scot-Irish. Rose to power in 15

years. Multimillionaire. Dictator of New York

City Tammany Hall Kickbacks.


BOSS TWEED


PRESIDENT GARFIELD ASSASSINATION1880



Less than four months after his inauguration, President Garfield arrived at the Washington railroad depot on July 2, 1881, to catch a train for a summer's retreat on the New Jersey seashore. As Garfield made his way through the station, Charles Guiteau raced from the shadows and fired two shots point blank into the president. One grazed Garfield's arm; the other lodged in his abdomen. Exclaiming, "My God, what is this?" the president collapsed to the floor remaining fully conscious, but in a great deal of pain. The first doctor on the scene administered brandy and spirits of ammonia, causing the president to promptly vomit. Then D. W. Bliss, a leading Washington doctor, appeared and inserted a metal probe into the wound, turning it slowly, searching for the bullet. The probe became stuck between the shattered fragments of Garfield's eleventh rib, and was removed only with a great deal of difficulty, causing great pain.


Then Bliss inserted his finger into the wound, widening the hole in another unsuccessful probe. It was decided to move Garfield to the White House for further treatment. Leading doctors of the age flocked to Washington to aid in his recovery, sixteen in all. Most probed the wound with their fingers or dirty instruments. Though the president complained of numbness in the legs and feet, which implied the bullet was lodged near the spinal cord, most thought it was resting in the abdomen. The president's condition weakened under the oppressive heat and humidity of the Washington summer combined with an onslaught of mosquitoes from a stagnant canal behind the White House. It was decided to move him by train to a cottage on the New Jersey seashore. Shortly after the move, Garfield's temperature began to elevate; the doctors reopened the wound and enlarged it hoping to find the bullet. They were unsuccessful


By the time Garfield died on September 19, his doctors had turned a three-inch-deep, harmless wound into a twenty-inch-long contaminated gash stretching from his ribs to his groin and oozing more pus each day. He lingered for eighty days, wasting away from his robust 210 pounds to a mere 130 pounds. The end came on the night of September 19. Clawing at his chest he moaned, "This pain, this pain," while suffering a major heart attack. The president died a few minutes later.

CHARLES GUITEAU He insisted he should

be awarded an ambassadorship for his vital assistance.

His personal requests to the President and to cabinet members (as one of many job seekers who lined up every day) were continually rejected; on May 14, 1881.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador_(diplomacy)

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL He was send to the White House to find

the bullet. Bell failed to find the bullet in Garfield. James Garfield died 21/2 months later

from infection.


RESULT OF THE ASSASSINATION OF GARFIELD. Pendleton Act (Civil Service Act)

1883 People hired by the government had to

be qualified. No more political patronage. Spoils System. Federal workers can’t give money to a

campaign.


ELECTION OF 1884

Grover Cleveland-Democratic James Blaine- Republican

Most corrupt election in United States history.

“Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion” slogan

Rum-associated heavy drinkers Romanism-refers to Catholics Rebellion-South was democratic


GROVER CLEVELAND 1884


-Republican James Blaine- Democrat Grover Cleveland


GROVER CLEVELAND 1884-1889

This cartoon shows Susan B. Anthony chasing after President Grover Cleveland in her fight for women's right to vote.


GROVER CLEVELANDRan against BlaineFirst Democrat to win

after the Civil War.Married at 49.Married to his ward,

who was 21 years old.

Father of 4 childrenOnly president who

didn’t serve two consecutive terms.


SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT 1890

The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts.

Outlawed monopolies companies in “restraint of trade”.Forces Americans to buy from American.Makes little people pay more.There is no competition.Voted by United States citizens top 100 laws in US history.



INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION 1887 Regulate trade on railroads rates Outlawed pooling. Interstate Commerce Act requires

railroads to charge reasonable rates and forbids them from offering rate reductions to favored customers, February 4


faculty.uml.edu/.../Small22Jan1900.JPG

AFRICAN-AMERICANS AND WOMEN IN 1880’S


BOOKER T. WASHINGTON He established

Tuskegee Institute. Believed that

education was the key for African Americans.


www.britannica.com

W.E.D. DU BOIS

32Power Points done by Kris Menawww.britannica.com

W.E.D. DUBOIS


He believed African Americans should have the right to vote.

That voting was the way out of their situation. Niagara Movement" Its objectives were to advocate civil justice and abolish caste discrimination.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born.

PLESSY VS FERGESON Dictates how African Americans were

treated for 80 years after the Civil War. The Supreme Court ruled “Separate but equal” was legal.

Disfranchised-Any thing that keeps from voting.


JANE ADDAMS HULL HOUSE


www.swarthmore.edu

HULL HOUSE CHICAGO 1880


www.swarthmore.edu

TB



TB


BROOKLYN BRIDGE

Power Points done by Kris Mena 40www.inetours.com/New_York/Images/Brklyn/Brook

JOHN ROEBLING Roebling built the

Brooklyn Bridge. First suspension

bridge built. Eight Wonder of the

World.


www.tropicalisland.de/NYC_New_York_Brooklyn_B...

BROOKLYN BRIDGE


BROOKLYN BRIDGE


www.tropicalisland.de/NYC_New_York_Brooklyn_B...

GILDED AGE WEALTH


www.takus.com/architecture/breakers.jpeg


Power Points done by Kris Mena 47www.takus.com/architecture/breakers.jpeg








rs6.loc.gov/.../4a31000/4a31800/4a31829r.jpg




Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week

51 hours or less 4,554 5%

52-57 hours 65,033 79%58-63 hours 12,211 15%Over 63 hours 562 1%

Total employees, men and women 82,360


Child Labor


Immigrant Family Lodgings


Men’s Lodgings

CHILD LABOR


ALICE HAMILTON MD In the typhoid fever epidemic in Chicago in

1902, she made a connection between improper sewage disposal and the role of flies in transmitting the disease and her findings led to reorganization of the Chicago Health Department. She then noted that the health problems of many of the immigrant poor were due to unsafe conditions and noxious chemicals, especially lead dust, to which they were being exposed in the course of their employment. At the time there were no laws regulating safety at work and employers routinely fired sick workers and replaced them with new ones looking for jobs.



Industrial accidents and illnesses such as respiratory diseases became more and more common. Those who worked in the "dangerous trades" were at particular risk. In manufacturing and related fields, workers handled poisonous chemicals, breathed toxic dust and fumes, seldom washed their hands before eating, and wore clothing covered with poisons. Mercury poisoning in the felt hat industry caused uncontrollable jerking of arms and legs and mental illness: hence the phrase "mad as a hatter."

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.quotesup.com/_Images/Thumbnails/Alice%20Hamilton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.quotesup.com/ShowAuthor.aspx?Author=893&h=327&w=240&sz=15&hl=en&start=1&um=1&usg=__-nMubI8NRrBPMrB3fc2Wy5ThPn8=&tbnid=49W0xwIhGPlMyM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=87&prev=/images?q=interesting+facts+about+alice+hamilton&um=1&hl=en&sa=N

HAZARDS OF THE WORKPLACE

Industrial accidents and illnesses such as respiratory diseases became more and more common. Those who worked in the "dangerous trades" were at particular risk. In manufacturing and related fields, workers handled poisonous chemicals, breathed toxic dust and fumes, seldom washed their hands before eating, and wore clothing covered with poisons. Mercury poisoning in the felt hat industry caused uncontrollable jerking of arms and legs and mental illness: hence the phrase "mad as a hatter."



www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAchild3.jpg

LABOR MOVEMENT IN US HISTORY What did the unions want?

More moneyShorter hoursBetter working conditions.

ONLY WEAPON UNIONS COULD USE WAS A STRIKE.


LAISSEZ- FAIRE POLICY In this period many Americans, and

particularly industrialists and the emerging middle class who managed their corporations and bought their bonds, came to embrace the doctrine of laissez faire, or the untrammeled free market. The poor were so because they lacked ability and determination.


WEAPONS AGAINST UNIONS. Blacklist- unofficial list of Union

members. Scabs- people who would replace

striking workers. Injunctions- court order to stop

action-----go back to work.


ANARCHISTS Anarchists- is the

name of a political philosophy or a group of doctrines and attitudes that are centered on rejection of any form of government as harmful to individuals and society, and support its elimination.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government

KNIGHTS OF LABOR


First union in the United States made up of skilled and unskilled workers.

TERRANCE V. POWDERLY President of the

Knights 8 hour a day End child labor Equal pay for work

regardless of sex. Safety code and

income tax.


AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR

American Federation of Labor only allowed skilled workers.

Women, blacks, and other minorities were not allowed to join.


SAMUEL GOMPERS Under his

leadership, the organization grew from a handful of struggling labor unions to become the dominant organization within the Labor Movement in the United States and Canada


EUGENE V. DEBS President of

American Railroad Union.

Ran for United States president five times.

He was a socialist.


EUGENE V. DEBS



Scabs Hired

GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE 1877 In the wake of the Panic of 1873, a bitter

antagonism between workers and the leaders of industry developed. By 1877, wage cuts, distrust of capitalists and poor working conditions led to a number of railroad strikes that prevented the trains from moving.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877

STRIKES AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY Great Railroad Strike Haymarket Strike Homestead Strike Pullmnan Strike


GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE 1877


HAYMARKET STRIKE 1886


HAYMARKET STRIKE 1886 Some time later the police ordered the

rally to disperse and began marching in formation towards the speakers' wagon. A bomb was thrown at the police line and exploded, killing one policeman, seven other policemen later died from their injuries. The police immediately opened fire on the crowd, injuring dozens. Many of the wounded were afraid to visit hospitals for fear of being arrested. A total of eleven people died.


HOMESTEAD STRIKE 1892


HOMESTEAD STRIKE 1892 While who fired the first shot remains a

mystery, the detectives opened fire on the crowd and wounded several workers. The workers hid behind ramparts of steel, pig iron and scrap iron and returned fire while the women and children retreated out of range. The battle lasted from 4 a.m. on July 6 until 5 p.m., with workers finally agreeing to the surrender of the Pinkertons. Three Pinkertons and seven workers died and many more were wounded in the fight.


http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/carnegie/monument.html

PULLMAN STRIKE


PULLMAN STRIKE 1894 The company cut wages a number of times

in the 1880s and '90s, but failed to reduce the rent in the company owned housing. This double squeeze lead to dire economic circumstances for the workers. Workers struck the car works May 11, 1894. By late June sympathetic railway workers had agreed to boycott trains carrying Pullman cars nationwide. Federal troops were called in to keep the trains moving and to break the strike, prompting violence and looting in Chicago. With the arrest of the leaders in Chicago, the strike collapsed, and workers returned August 2, 1894.


PULLMAN STRIKE


FARMERS IN AMERICA 1880’S Grange- Farmer’s association 1887,

main concern was to regulate the railroads.

Farmers were in debt. Greenback Party- 1870’s main platform

to increase money supply. Populists Party- people’s party.


POPULIST PARTY PLATFORM Populists wanted government to take over the railroads and telephone companies.

Populists wanted government to store crops.

Populists wanted US currency to be based on silver instead of gold. “Free silver”Power Points done by Kris Mena 86

COXEY’S ARMY Coxey’s army were a group of unemployed workers.

They marched to Washington D.C. to protest their situation.

The purpose of the march was to protest the unemployment caused by the Panic of 1893 and to lobby for the government to create jobs building roads and other public works improvements.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_works

WIZARD OF OZ


WIZARD OF OZ Among the people observing the march

was L. Frank Baum, before he gained fame. There are political interpretations of his book, the Wonderful Wizard of Oz written 1900, which has often been related to Coxey's Army. In his novel, Dorothy, the Scarecrow (the American farmer), Tin Woodman (the industrial worker), and Cowardly Lion, (political leader), march on the yellow brick road to Oz, the Capital, demanding relief from the Wizard, who is interpreted to be the President. Dorothy's shoes are interpreted to symbolize using silver instead of the gold standard (the road of yellow brick) because the shortage of gold precipitated the Panic of 1893.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_interpretations_of_The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893


ELECTION OF 1896


William McKinley-Republican Vice president- Teddy Roosevelt

William Jennings Bryan

http://www.iath.virginia.edu/seminar/unit8/bryan.htm

http://www.iath.virginia.edu/seminar/unit8/mckin.htm


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ElectoralCollege1896-Large.png

CROSS OF GOLD SPEECH “You shall not press

down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”

William Jennings Bryan


CH.7 STUDY GUIDE Cleveland Garfield Charles Guiteau Sherman Antitrust Interstate Commerce

Act Spoils System Brooklyn Bridge Eugene V Debs Terrance Powderly Blacklist Injunction Plessy vs Fergeson TB Boss Tweed Tammany

Hall Otis

Coxey’s Army Populist Party William Jennings Bryan Cross of Gold Grange Party Haymarket Pullman Strike WED Du Bois Booker T Washington Jane Addams Pendleton Act Scabs Credit Moblier Knights of Labor John Roebling


http://www.iath.virginia.edu/seminar/unit8/bryan.htm

http://www.iath.virginia.edu/seminar/unit8/mckin.htm

Documents

Ch. 7 The Gilded Age 1877-1900