CH. 7CH. 7TIMES OF TURMOILTIMES OF TURMOIL

1960s & 1970s1960s & 1970s

TOWARD SOCIAL CHANGETOWARD SOCIAL CHANGE

THE YOUTHQUAKE

FEMINISM / RIGHTS

BRA BURNING

CHANGING SOCIAL VALUES

PM Trudeau’s Omnibus Bill 1969Civil LibertiesBasic Freedoms

1960

Right to Vote1960 1969 White Paper

Ab. Rights & veto Indian Act

ABORIGINAL CHANGES

White Paper abondoned forRed Paper – Self Gov’t,

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENTPOLITICS AND GOVERNMENTTHE PRIME MINISTERS

DIEFENBAKER

P.C. / 1957-63

PEARSON

Liberal / 1963-68

TRUDEAU

Lib. 1968-79;80-84

Unhyphanated Canadianism

Nationalism / Brt. Ties

Human Rights –> Can. Bill

of Rights

Women in Cabinet.

Aboriginal: Senator/ Vote

French felt excluded

Appealed to: young, urban,

central Canada

Severe ties with Brt.

Fr / Eng compromise

Modernize Canada

Abolish Capital Punishment

Easier divorce laws.

Canadian Flag – 1965

Social Welfare – UI, Fam. Allowance, CPP, Medical Care Act (Tommy Douglas)

Promoted bilingual Canada

The Person: French, young,

hip,witty, Vette, celebrity,

‘salute’, ‘Trudeaumania’

Beliefs:Federalist, freedoms,

gov’t foster economy,

Official Lang. Act

Can.= Bilingual Country‘A Just Society’/ Not ‘Distinct’

AGAINST SEPARATION

- fought FLQ

- October Crisis (Cross &

Laporte)

- War Measures Act

QUEBEC

LESAGE ‘Time for a change’

No corruption / Yes to merit Quiet Revolution

Modernize – economy, pol., ed., & culture.

(Church decline)

SEPARATISM Based Fr. Injustice?? A separate Fr. State.

FLQ gained support

PARTI QUEBECOIS (PQ) – 1967 LEVESQUE – Quebec / Can. Divorce

BOURASSA - 1970BILL 22 – Fr. = only lang.Forced many Eng. Out of

prov.

LEVESQUE – 1976BILL 101

Fr. Lang., ed., signsEng felt 101= oppression

ECONOMIC CHALLENGESECONOMIC CHALLENGES INFLATION

– Organ. Of Petro. Exporting Countries (OPEC) 1973 = Israeli / Arab war (Can & US sided with Isreal) Oil embargo = 400% increase. The price on all goods rose.

– Workers wanted higher wages – inflation up.– Dual income families became the norm.

REGIONALISM– REGIONAL DISPARITY

Resource provinces hit hardest / ‘Hav’ ; ‘Have-nots’ Trudeau tried to help with social programs - resentments

– WESTERN ALIENATION The west felt Trudeau’s policies favoutred east.

– Alberta oil prices fixed by gov’t – they wanted to increase to world levels.– Nat. Energy Program (NEP) to help oil issues.

EXPANDING HORIZONS– Trudeau tried to diversify from Amer. Dominated trade.

Limited success. THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT

– The start of environmental awareness (1962) Air, water, soil, pollution = headlines Pesticides – DDT / business was slow to get on board

A MORE INDEPENDENT A MORE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL POLICYINTERNATIONAL POLICY

World events put the USA and Canada at odds; even the PMs & presidents disliked one another (Diefenbaler/Kennedy, Pearson/Johnson, & Trudeau/Nixon).

THE ISSUES

NUCLEAR WEAPONSMuch of Canada was against US nukes

Appreciated the American defence & feared Anti-nuke attitude may affect trade relations.

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS- Castro booted Pro-U.S. dictator.- US Bay of Pigs invasion = failure.- Cuba got nuke help from Soviets.- The world on brink of war.- A last minute deal reached.

-No nukes for Cuban safety.- US imposed sanctions on Cuba & expected Can. to follow.Diefenbaker was slow – hurt Can./US relations.

THE VIETNAM WAR-Like Korea, N (Com.). & S. (Democratic ??) divided.-US feared the ‘Domino Effect’ –1st advised then troops

-USSR & China supplied the North =>Tet Offensive -TV outraged Americans & war = controversial.- US angry with lack of Canadian support.

-‘Draft dodgers’ came to Canada - Canadian gov’t = neutral to war- Johnson spoke out against US bombing campaign

TRUDEAU’S FOREIGN POLICY-Recognized Communist gov’t of China.-Revisted Pearson’s US/Canada defence partnershipNote – In 1984 Trudeau = Peace prize for easing Cold War tensions

OTHER KEY EVENTS: CIDA (help underdeveloped),

1979 USSR into Afghanistan (increased Cold War/1980 Olympics boycott)