Ch. 7 VocabularyCh. 7 Vocabulary1.1. WetlandWetland2.2. PlanktonPlankton3.3. NektonNekton4.4. BenthosBenthos

5. Littoral Zone5. Littoral Zone6. Benthic Zone6. Benthic Zone7. Eutrophication7. Eutrophication

COPY & ANSWER on a SEPARATE PIECE OF PAPER.

1. How do you think you did on the Biome Test?

2. Honestly, how long did you study outside of class?

3. Have you been to tutoring since the last test?

4. What could YOU do to improve your grade?5. What could we do to help you?

Chapter 7Chapter 7Aquatic EcosystemsAquatic Ecosystems

Remember to write the slides that show Remember to write the slides that show the clipboard symbol. Examples written the clipboard symbol. Examples written

in italics do not need to be written in italics do not need to be written down. We will just discuss them, along down. We will just discuss them, along

with the other slides.with the other slides.

ObjectivesObjectives• DescribeDescribe the factors that determine where the factors that determine where

an organism lives in an aquatic ecosystem.an organism lives in an aquatic ecosystem.• DescribeDescribe the littoral zone and the benthic the littoral zone and the benthic

zone that make up a lake or pond.zone that make up a lake or pond.• DescribeDescribe two environmental functions of two environmental functions of

wetlands.wetlands.• DescribeDescribe one threat against river one threat against river

ecosystems.ecosystems.

StandardsStandards• SCSh2a, b SCSh2a, b • SCSh3a, cSCSh3a, c• SCSh6b, c SCSh6b, c • SEV2dSEV2d

Aquatic EcosystemsAquatic Ecosystems• Types of organisms determined by Types of organisms determined by

salinitysalinity• Divided into freshwater & marine Divided into freshwater & marine

Characteristics of Aquatic Characteristics of Aquatic EcosystemsEcosystems• Factors such as temp., sunlight, OFactors such as temp., sunlight, O22, & , &

nutrients determine which organisms live in nutrients determine which organisms live in which area of the water.which area of the water.

• Organisms grouped by location & Organisms grouped by location & adaptationsadaptations

• 3 groups of aquatic organisms:3 groups of aquatic organisms:– Plankton-Plankton-mostly microscopic animals mostly microscopic animals

(zooplankton) or plants (phytoplankton) (zooplankton) or plants (phytoplankton) that float freely that float freely

– Nekton-Nekton-swim actively swim actively – BenthosBenthos - -bottom-dwelling organisms, bottom-dwelling organisms,

often attached to hard surfaces.often attached to hard surfaces.***Decomposers are also aquatic organisms.***Decomposers are also aquatic organisms.

Freshwater Ecosystem Freshwater Ecosystem FoldableFoldable• Create 4 squares on your paper.Create 4 squares on your paper.• Label them: Lakes & Ponds, Marshes, Label them: Lakes & Ponds, Marshes,

Swamps, Rivers & StreamsSwamps, Rivers & Streams• Define any terms highlighted in the Define any terms highlighted in the

section.section.• Read each section & take notes on Read each section & take notes on

your foldable.your foldable.

Lakes & PondsLakes & Ponds• Form naturally where groundwater Form naturally where groundwater

reaches the Earthreaches the Earth’’s surfaces surface• Types of organisms depend on the Types of organisms depend on the

amount of sunlightamount of sunlight• Create artificial lakes by damming Create artificial lakes by damming

flowing rivers & streams to use them flowing rivers & streams to use them for power, irrigation, water storage, for power, irrigation, water storage, & recreation& recreation

Life in a LakeLife in a Lake• Animals have adaptations that help Animals have adaptations that help

them obtain what they need to them obtain what they need to survive.survive.– For example, water beetles use the hairs For example, water beetles use the hairs

under their bodies to trap surface air so under their bodies to trap surface air so that they can breathe during their dives that they can breathe during their dives for food.for food.

– In regions where lakes partially freeze in In regions where lakes partially freeze in the winter, amphibians burrow into the the winter, amphibians burrow into the littoral mud to avoid freezing littoral mud to avoid freezing temperatures.temperatures.

How Nutrients Affect LakesHow Nutrients Affect Lakes• Eutrophication-Eutrophication-increase in the amount of increase in the amount of

nutrients in an aquatic ecosystemnutrients in an aquatic ecosystem– Increase in plants/algae growth=increase in bacteria that Increase in plants/algae growth=increase in bacteria that

feed on decaying organismsfeed on decaying organisms• These bacteria use the OThese bacteria use the O22 dissolved in the lake dissolved in the lake’’s waters. Eventually the s waters. Eventually the

reduced amount of Oreduced amount of O22 kills oxygen loving organisms. kills oxygen loving organisms.– A lake that has large amounts of plant growth due to A lake that has large amounts of plant growth due to

nutrients is known as a eutrophic lake.nutrients is known as a eutrophic lake.– Lakes naturally become eutrophic over a long period of Lakes naturally become eutrophic over a long period of

time.time.

– Can be accelerated by runoff that can Can be accelerated by runoff that can carry sewage, fertilizers, or animal wastes carry sewage, fertilizers, or animal wastes from land into bodies of waterfrom land into bodies of water

Freshwater WetlandsFreshwater Wetlands• Areas of land that are covered with fresh Areas of land that are covered with fresh

water part of the yearwater part of the year• 2 types of freshwater wetlands:2 types of freshwater wetlands:

– MarshesMarshes– SwampsSwamps

• Most located in the SE USMost located in the SE US– largest is Florida Evergladeslargest is Florida Everglades

• Know Know at at least least 4 of 4 of these.these.

MarshesMarshes• Low, flat lands that have little water Low, flat lands that have little water

movementmovement• Different types of marshes are Different types of marshes are

classified by salinity. classified by salinity. – Brackish marshes have slightly salty Brackish marshes have slightly salty

waterwater– Salt marshes contain saltier water. Salt marshes contain saltier water.

• Benthic zones are nutrient rich & Benthic zones are nutrient rich & contain plants, many decomposers, & contain plants, many decomposers, & scavengersscavengers

• Attract migratory birdsAttract migratory birds

SwampsSwamps• Occur on flat, poorly drained land, often Occur on flat, poorly drained land, often

near streams & are dominated by woody near streams & are dominated by woody shrubs or water loving trees.shrubs or water loving trees.– Freshwater swamps are the ideal habitat for Freshwater swamps are the ideal habitat for

amphibians because of the continuous amphibians because of the continuous moisture.moisture.

– Birds are attracted to hollow trees near or over Birds are attracted to hollow trees near or over the water.the water.

– Reptiles are the predators of the swamp, Reptiles are the predators of the swamp, eating almost any organism that crosses their eating almost any organism that crosses their path.path.

Human Impact on WetlandsHuman Impact on Wetlands• Once considered wastelands that are Once considered wastelands that are

breeding grounds for insectsbreeding grounds for insects• Many have been drained, filled, & cleared Many have been drained, filled, & cleared

for farms or developmentfor farms or development• Laws & the federal government protect Laws & the federal government protect

many wetlands.many wetlands.• Most states now prohibit the destruction of Most states now prohibit the destruction of

wetlands.wetlands.

RiversRivers• Usually cold & full of OUsually cold & full of O22 & runs swiftly & runs swiftly

through a shallow riverbedthrough a shallow riverbed• As a river flows down a mountain, it As a river flows down a mountain, it

may broaden, become warmer, may broaden, become warmer, wider, slower, & decrease in Owider, slower, & decrease in O22..

• A river changes with the land & the A river changes with the land & the climate through which it flows.climate through which it flows.

Rivers in DangerRivers in Danger• Industries use river water in Industries use river water in

manufacturing processes & as receptacles manufacturing processes & as receptacles for wastes. for wastes.

• People have used rivers to dispose of their People have used rivers to dispose of their sewage and garbage.sewage and garbage.– This has polluted rivers with toxins, which have This has polluted rivers with toxins, which have

killed river organisms & made river fish killed river organisms & made river fish inedible.inedible.

• Runoff puts pesticides & other poisons into Runoff puts pesticides & other poisons into rivers & coats riverbeds with toxic rivers & coats riverbeds with toxic sediments.sediments.

• Do-Now:1. Describe the lifestyle of organisms that

are plankton, nekton, and benthos. List one example of each.

2. Define artificial eutrophication. 3. List 2 reasons wetlands are important.

ObjectivesObjectives• ExplainExplain why an estuary is a very why an estuary is a very

productive ecosystem.productive ecosystem.• CompareCompare salt marshes and salt marshes and

mangrove swamps.mangrove swamps.• DescribeDescribe two threats to coral reefs.two threats to coral reefs.• DescribeDescribe two threats to ocean two threats to ocean

organisms.organisms.

StandardsStandards• SCSh2a, bSCSh2a, b• SCSh3b, c, eSCSh3b, c, e• SCSh4aSCSh4a• SCSh5a SCSh5a • SCSh6a, b, dSCSh6a, b, d• SCSh9bSCSh9b• SEV2dSEV2d• SEV5aSEV5a

What does this quote mean to What does this quote mean to you?you?““Buoyed by water, he can fly in Buoyed by water, he can fly in

any direction-up, down, any direction-up, down, sideways-by merely flipping his sideways-by merely flipping his hand. Under water, man hand. Under water, man becomes an archangel.” --becomes an archangel.” --Jacques CousteauJacques Cousteau

Marine EcosystemsMarine Ecosystems• Organisms coastal areas adapt to Organisms coastal areas adapt to

changes in water level & salinity.changes in water level & salinity.• Organisms in the open ocean adapt Organisms in the open ocean adapt

to changes in temp. & the amount of to changes in temp. & the amount of sunlight & nutrients available.sunlight & nutrients available.

Coastal WetlandsCoastal Wetlands• Coastal areas covered by salt water Coastal areas covered by salt water

all/part timeall/part time• Provide habitat & nesting areas for Provide habitat & nesting areas for

fish/wildlifefish/wildlife• Absorb excess rain (protects from Absorb excess rain (protects from

flooding) flooding) • Filter out pollutants & sedimentsFilter out pollutants & sediments• Recreational areas (boating, fishing, & Recreational areas (boating, fishing, &

hunting)hunting)

EstuariesEstuaries• Area where fresh water (rivers/rain) mixes Area where fresh water (rivers/rain) mixes

with salt water (ocean)with salt water (ocean)• Currents form & cause mineral/nutrient Currents form & cause mineral/nutrient

rich mud to fall to the bottom making in rich mud to fall to the bottom making in available to producers.available to producers.

• Very productive Very productive

Threats to EstuariesThreats to Estuaries• Were used as places to dump waste. Were used as places to dump waste.

– Those filled with waste could then be used as Those filled with waste could then be used as building sites.building sites.

• The pollutants that damage estuaries The pollutants that damage estuaries include sewage, pesticides, fertilizers, & include sewage, pesticides, fertilizers, & toxic chemicals. toxic chemicals. – Most of these pollutants break down over time, Most of these pollutants break down over time,

but estuaries cannot cope with the amounts but estuaries cannot cope with the amounts produced by dense human populations.produced by dense human populations.

Salt MarshesSalt Marshes• Maritime habitats characterized by Maritime habitats characterized by

grasses, & other plants that have adapted grasses, & other plants that have adapted to continual, periodic floodingto continual, periodic flooding

• Absorb pollutants to help protect inland Absorb pollutants to help protect inland areasareas

Mangrove SwampsMangrove Swamps• Have mangrove treesHave mangrove trees• Protect coastline from erosion & reduce Protect coastline from erosion & reduce

the damage from stormsthe damage from storms• Habitat Habitat • Have been filled with waste & destroyed in Have been filled with waste & destroyed in

many parts of the worldmany parts of the world

Rocky & Sandy ShoresRocky & Sandy Shores• Rocky shores Rocky shores

– more plants & animals than sandy shoresmore plants & animals than sandy shores• Sandy shores Sandy shores

– dry out when the tide goes out & many organisms that dry out when the tide goes out & many organisms that live between sand grains eat the plankton left stranded live between sand grains eat the plankton left stranded on the sandon the sand

• A A Barrier islandBarrier island is a long ridge of sand or is a long ridge of sand or narrow island that lies parallel to the shore & narrow island that lies parallel to the shore & helps helps protect the mainland.protect the mainland.– What are some examples of What are some examples of Barrier Islands Barrier Islands in Glynn in Glynn

County?County?

Coral ReefsCoral Reefs• Limestone ridges found in tropical climates & Limestone ridges found in tropical climates &

composed of coral fragments that are deposited composed of coral fragments that are deposited around organic remainsaround organic remains

• Thousands of plants/animals live in the crevices Thousands of plants/animals live in the crevices of coral reefs (DIVERSITY!!!)of coral reefs (DIVERSITY!!!)

• Predators that use stinging tentacles to capture Predators that use stinging tentacles to capture small animals that float/swim close to the reefsmall animals that float/swim close to the reef

Disappearing Coral ReefsDisappearing Coral Reefs• Productive ecosystemsProductive ecosystems• Very fragileVery fragile

– Sensitive to changes in temperatureSensitive to changes in temperature– If water is too muddy, polluted, or too high in If water is too muddy, polluted, or too high in

nutrients, the algae that live within the corals nutrients, the algae that live within the corals will either die or grow out control. If the algae will either die or grow out control. If the algae grows out of control, it may kill the corals.grows out of control, it may kill the corals.

– Oil spills, sewage, pesticides, & silt runoff have Oil spills, sewage, pesticides, & silt runoff have also been linked to coral-reef destruction.also been linked to coral-reef destruction.

– Not able to repair itself after chunks of coral Not able to repair itself after chunks of coral are destroyedare destroyed

• Overfishing can devastate fish populations, Overfishing can devastate fish populations, upsetting the balance of the reefupsetting the balance of the reef’’s ecosystem.s ecosystem.

• Grows very slowlyGrows very slowly

OceansOceans• Sunlight that is usable by plants for Sunlight that is usable by plants for

photosynthesis penetrates about 100m photosynthesis penetrates about 100m into the ocean.into the ocean.

• Most ocean life is concentrated in the Most ocean life is concentrated in the shallow coastal waters.shallow coastal waters.

Plants and Animals of the Plants and Animals of the OceansOceans• The types of organisms that may be found in the The types of organisms that may be found in the

layers of the ocean at various depths is layers of the ocean at various depths is dependent on available sunlight.dependent on available sunlight.– In open ocean, phytoplankton grow only where In open ocean, phytoplankton grow only where

there is enough light/nutrientsthere is enough light/nutrients• least productive of all ecosystemsleast productive of all ecosystems

– The depths of the ocean are very dark, so most The depths of the ocean are very dark, so most food at the ocean floor consists of dead food at the ocean floor consists of dead organisms that fall from the surface.organisms that fall from the surface.

– Decomposers, filter feeders, & the organisms Decomposers, filter feeders, & the organisms that eat them live in the deep areas of the that eat them live in the deep areas of the ocean.ocean.

Threats to OceansThreats to Oceans• PollutionPollution

– Runoff from fertilized fields & industrial waste Runoff from fertilized fields & industrial waste & sewage being discharged into rivers& sewage being discharged into rivers

• Overfishing & certain fishing methods are Overfishing & certain fishing methods are destroying some fish populations. destroying some fish populations. – Marine mammals can get caught & drown in Marine mammals can get caught & drown in

the nets.the nets.• Some ships discard fishing lines (Illegal!) Some ships discard fishing lines (Illegal!)

into the ocean where they can strangle/kill into the ocean where they can strangle/kill marine organisms.marine organisms.

Arctic and Antarctic Arctic and Antarctic EcosystemsEcosystems• The ArcticThe Arctic

– rich in nutrients from the surrounding rich in nutrients from the surrounding landmasseslandmasses

– supports large populations of planktonsupports large populations of plankton– The arctic ecosystems at the North and South The arctic ecosystems at the North and South

Poles depend on marine ecosystems because Poles depend on marine ecosystems because nearly all the food comes from the ocean.nearly all the food comes from the ocean.

• The AntarcticThe Antarctic– Only continent never colonized by humansOnly continent never colonized by humans– Used mainly for researchUsed mainly for research– Plankton form the basis of food webPlankton form the basis of food web

Reading Quiz1. How are salt marshes different than

mangrove swamps?2. List two things that could damage

coral reefs.3. What are the primary producers of

the open ocean?4. Name two threats oceans face.

Do-Now:1. Where are swamps usually found?2. You are likely to find cattails, reeds, and

other plants in the ____ zone of a lake.3. The 2 main types of freshwater wetlands

are ___ & ___.4. In estuaries, fresh & salt water mix,

forming a _______ ______.5. Where is most marine life found?

(Choose one: Deep ocean? Shallow, coastal waters?, Vents? Marshes?)

Farm-Raised Salmon ActivityProcedure Section: 1. Use the front page of the packet to

answer this.2. Come up with at least THREE

questions you have.3. List at least THREE places/resources

you could use.

Farm-Raised Salmon ActivityAnalysis Section:1. EXPLAIN at least THREE advantages & at

least THREE disadvantages.2. “Refute” means to show it isn’t correct.

You should have information to refute at least TWO things in the article. Write the correct information down that you found and cite your sources.

3. EXPLAIN at least three pieces of information you found that gives the fish farmers’ point of view.