Ch 8: Life at the Turn of Ch 8: Life at the Turn of the 20the 20thth Century Century

Science and Urban LifeScience and Urban Life

Cities in every industrial area of the Cities in every industrial area of the country expanded both outward and country expanded both outward and upwardupward

By the turn of the 20By the turn of the 20thth century, 4 out century, 4 out of 10 people lived in of 10 people lived in

the cities.the cities.

Electric TransitElectric Transit

Allowed cities to spread outwardAllowed cities to spread outwardElectric “Trolley Cars” ran from Electric “Trolley Cars” ran from

outlying neighborhoods to downtown outlying neighborhoods to downtown offices and department stores.offices and department stores.

Some cities like Chicago elevated Some cities like Chicago elevated their trainstheir trains

Other cities like New York moved Other cities like New York moved them underground.them underground.

Urban PlanningUrban Planning

City planners sought to restore a City planners sought to restore a measure of serenity to the measure of serenity to the environment.environment.

In 1857 Frederick Olmsted drew up In 1857 Frederick Olmsted drew up the plans for Central Park in New the plans for Central Park in New York City.York City.

Daniel Burnham turned Chicago into Daniel Burnham turned Chicago into a beautiful city with parks and sandy a beautiful city with parks and sandy lakefront beaches.lakefront beaches.

New TechnologiesNew Technologies

Advances in printing increased the literacy Advances in printing increased the literacy rate to 90% by 1890.rate to 90% by 1890.

December 17, 1903 the Wright Brothers December 17, 1903 the Wright Brothers flew the first engine powered plane.flew the first engine powered plane.

George Eastman created George Eastman created

film for use in cameras film for use in cameras

and created the company and created the company

“ “Kodak” to bring picture Kodak” to bring picture

taking to the masses.taking to the masses.

Expanding Public Expanding Public EducationEducation

Most states had established public Most states had established public schools by the Civil War; however, schools by the Civil War; however, many school-aged children many school-aged children received no formal educationreceived no formal education

Between 1865 & 1895- state laws Between 1865 & 1895- state laws were passed requiring 12 to 16 were passed requiring 12 to 16 weeks annually of school weeks annually of school attendance by students between 8 attendance by students between 8 and 14.and 14.

They emphasized reading, They emphasized reading, writing and arithmetic.writing and arithmetic.

Kindergarten became popular Kindergarten became popular during this time. It was during this time. It was generally created as a place generally created as a place where working mothers could where working mothers could

leave their kids.leave their kids.

Growth of High SchoolsGrowth of High Schools ““Providing ladders upon which Providing ladders upon which

the aspiring can rise” Andrew the aspiring can rise” Andrew CarnegieCarnegie

In 1900, more than ½ million In 1900, more than ½ million students attended high school. students attended high school.

Subjects began to Subjects began to

expand to science, expand to science,

civics and social civics and social

studies.studies.

African Americans were African Americans were mostly excluded from public mostly excluded from public secondary education.secondary education.

Immigrants were encouraged Immigrants were encouraged to go to school.to go to school.

Helped them to become Helped them to become “Americanized.”“Americanized.”

Catholic Schools were formed Catholic Schools were formed because they werebecause they were

concerned about concerned about the Protestant Kingthe Protestant King James version of James version of the bible.the bible.

Higher EducationHigher EducationColleges begin to Boom.Colleges begin to Boom.1880-1920- College 1880-1920- College

enrollments quadrupled.enrollments quadrupled.Law and Law and

Medical Medical

schools schools

established.established.

Began using the high Began using the high school diploma for college school diploma for college entrance requirements.entrance requirements.

With the help of the With the help of the Freedman’s Bureau, African Freedman’s Bureau, African Americans founded Howard Americans founded Howard

University and University and Atlanta (Clark) Atlanta (Clark) and Fisk University.and Fisk University.

Booker T WashingtonBooker T WashingtonWas born as a slave.Was born as a slave.Graduated from Virginia Graduated from Virginia

Hampton Institute.Hampton Institute.He said that racism would end He said that racism would end

once blacks acquired the useful once blacks acquired the useful labor skills and proved their labor skills and proved their economic value to society.economic value to society.

                           

                                                

n.d.Library of Congress

R.C. Ogden, Senator Taft, Booker T. Washington, and Andrew Carnegie

1881- started the Tuskegee 1881- started the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama.Institute in Alabama.

WEB DuBoisWEB DuBois

11stst African American to receive African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard in a doctorate from Harvard in 1895.1895.

He founded the Niagara He founded the Niagara Movement, which stated that Movement, which stated that blacks should seek a liberal arts blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the African education so that the African American community would American community would have well educated leadershave well educated leaders

W.E.B. DUBOIS

system of legal policies of racial system of legal policies of racial discrimination and tried to find discrimination and tried to find ways to weaken blacks political ways to weaken blacks political power.power.

literacy test to vote.literacy test to vote.Pay the Poll Tax to votePay the Poll Tax to voteGrandfather clause for the whitesGrandfather clause for the whitesPasses racial segregation laws (Jim Passes racial segregation laws (Jim

Crow Laws)Crow Laws)

African Americans Legal African Americans Legal DiscriminationDiscrimination

Plessy v. FegusonPlessy v. Feguson 1896 South Carolina ruled that the 1896 South Carolina ruled that the

separation of races in public separation of races in public accommodations was legal and accommodations was legal and didn’t violate the 14didn’t violate the 14thth amendment. amendment.

It established separate but equal It established separate but equal as long as it maintained separate as long as it maintained separate facilities as long as they were facilities as long as they were provided equal service.provided equal service.

Permitted legalized racial Permitted legalized racial segregation for almost 60 years.segregation for almost 60 years.

Discrimination in the Discrimination in the NorthNorth

1900- Many blacks moved to the 1900- Many blacks moved to the North in search for better paying North in search for better paying jobs and social equality.jobs and social equality.

Big discrimination in the North Big discrimination in the North also.also.

Found themselves forced into Found themselves forced into segregated neighborhoods.segregated neighborhoods.

There was also discrimination on There was also discrimination on the job.the job.

Mexican workersMexican workersIn the late 1800’s the railroads In the late 1800’s the railroads

hired more Mexicans than hired more Mexicans than members of any other ethnic members of any other ethnic group.group.

They were used to the hot dry They were used to the hot dry climate.climate.

Railroads made them Railroads made them work for less money work for less money than any other ethnicthan any other ethnic group.group.

The Dawn of Mass CultureThe Dawn of Mass Culture Middle class Americans from all Middle class Americans from all

over the country shared over the country shared experiences as new leisure experiences as new leisure activities, nationwide activities, nationwide

advertising campaigns, advertising campaigns,

and the rise of and the rise of

consumer culture consumer culture

began to level began to level regional differencesregional differences..

Amusement Parks:Amusement Parks:Coney Island was built in Coney Island was built in

1884. One of the first roller 1884. One of the first roller coasters was located here.coasters was located here.

11stst Ferris Wheel of the world Ferris Wheel of the world was at the Columbian was at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in Exposition in Chicago in 1893.1893.

BaseballBaseball 1845, Alexander J Cartwright 1845, Alexander J Cartwright

organized a club in New York organized a club in New York City. Five years later, 50 City. Five years later, 50 baseball clubs had been baseball clubs had been formed.formed.

1869- the Cincinnati Red 1869- the Cincinnati Red Stockings were touring the Stockings were touring the country playing exhibition country playing exhibition games. This lead to the games. This lead to the national league in 1876 and the national league in 1876 and the American League in 1900.American League in 1900.

First World Series was held in First World Series was held in 1903 between the Boston 1903 between the Boston Pilgrims and the Pittsburgh Pilgrims and the Pittsburgh Pirates.Pirates.

African Americans, excluded African Americans, excluded from the white leagues, from the white leagues, formed their own league called formed their own league called the Negro National League the Negro National League and the Negro National and the Negro National League.League.

ShoppingShopping Earliest form of a shopping Earliest form of a shopping

center opened in 1890 in center opened in 1890 in Cleveland, Ohio.Cleveland, Ohio.

Marshall Fields was the first Marshall Fields was the first department store in Chicago. department store in Chicago. He found that paying attention He found that paying attention to female customers, business to female customers, business would increase.would increase.

            

Woolworth’s was the first Woolworth’s was the first “chain” store.“chain” store.

Catalogs became popular- Catalogs became popular- Montgomery Wards and Montgomery Wards and Sears were one of the first Sears were one of the first to have the catalogs.to have the catalogs.