Ch. 8 PPT NotesAmerica Secedes From the Empire

Loyalists

TimelineApril,1775 - The Battle of Lexington and ConcordMay, 1775 – 2nd Continental Congress June, 1775 - The Battle of Bunker HillJan., 1776 - Thomas Paine publishes Common SenseJuly, 1776 - Congress approves Declaration Of IndependenceSept.-Oct., 1777 – Battle of SaratogaMarch, 1781 – Articles of Confederation AdoptedOct. 1781 – Battle of YorktownSept., 1783 - Treaty of Paris is signedSept., 1787 – U.S. Constitution signedJune, 1788 – U.S. Constitution adopted

The First Shots Fired• Lexington & Concord, MA-April 1775

– British given secret orders to capture/destroy military supplies stored by the MA militia. Patriots knew and moved most of the supplies.

– Patriots knew about the order and had moved the supplies

– “Minute Men”: The American colonial militia - Highly mobile and rapidly deployed.

– 70 redcoats killed (British Regulars)

Patriots (Whigs) Patriots: Colonists who supported the

Revolution – to become independent; AKA - Whigs.

Were generally young & not afraid to take risks Mostly in New England (Presbyterians and

Congregationalists). Able to recruit colonists for the cause Harassed the British and Loyalists Areas: Virginia, New England, and parts of

Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New York

LoyalistLoyalist

StrongholdsStrongholds

Close to 20% of the Close to 20% of the population stayed population stayed loyal to the King of loyal to the King of EnglandEngland

Loyalists: Loyal to King George III• Loyalists = Tories: generally conservative,

educated, wealthy, older generation, Anglican clergy, King’s officers and other officials of the crown

• About 20% of the population

-some served as spies

-persecuted, tar & feathered, hanged, imprisoned, estates sold and forced to flee

Areas: New York City, Charleston, Quaker Pennsylvania, New Jersey.

Hessians King George III, (grandfather from Germany) hired

German mercenaries called Hessians from the principality of Hesse.

•Most tribes, such as the Iroquois, sided with the British because they were fearful of American expansion into the West.

Native Americans

Phase IPhase I:: The Northern The Northern CampaignCampaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]

Battles of Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point

May, 1775 - Ethan Allen + Benedict Arnold capture the British

garrisons at Ft. Ticonderoga and Crown Point in New York

The 2nd Continental Congress May 10, 1775• All 13 colonies represented• Declaration of the Causes & Necessity of Taking Up Arms• Adopted measures to raise money and create an army/navy• July 1775: Olive Branch Petition – Profess loyalty to

England to avoid all out war.– Pleaded for cease-fire and agreed to remain loyal to

King George III but was ignored by British.

•Drafted the Articles of Confederation

•Drafted the Declaration of Independence

•Chose G. Washington to lead the army

2nd Continental Congress Drafts George Washington

• Chose Washington for Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army

• Had lost more battles than he had won.• Outstanding leadership skills and

strength of character• People trusted him

Battle of Bunker Hill: June 1775• Fought near Boston, Mass.• Colonists seized hill, actually was

Breed’s Hill• Colonists ran out of gun powder

and forced to abandon.• After this battle, King George III

closed the possibility of reconciliation – proclaiming the colonies in rebellion – Treason.

Thomas PaineProponent of a

Republic

Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense Americans still (at this point) had loyalty to England. But, eventually they realized the need to gain

independence Radical path for the colonies to reject monarchy and

embrace an independent republic.• The Common Sense pamphlet (Jan. 1776) called for a

republic: power to come from the people, not from a monarch

• Authority should come from popular consent “Everything that is right or reasonable pleads for

separation”

• On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress accepted Richard Henry Lee’s proposed independence from England in a document called Lee’s Resolution

Thomas Jefferson• Drafted the Declaration of

Independence: adopted by Congress July 4, 1776.

• Invoking the “Natural rights” of human kind.

• He wrote “all men are created equal,” even though he had slaves.

• A formal declaration for independence.

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence (1776)(1776)

Now Pennsylvania State Now Pennsylvania State House Becomes House Becomes

Independence HallIndependence Hall

Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence Signers:Signers:

New New National National SymbolsSymbols

Declaration of IndependenceJuly 4, 1776

• Was based on philosophy of the Enlightenment• 3 Major Parts:

1). Preamble - influenced by John Locke

2). List of 27 grievances against King: taxation without consent, dispensing with trial by jury, maintaining a standing army in peacetime, cutting off trade, hiring mercenaries, inciting Indian hostilities, etc.

3). Formal declaration of independenceResult: Foreign aid could now be successfully solicitedDocument inspired French Revolution and others

Colonist Advantages and DisadvantagesColonists Advantages• Knew the terrain• Help from French, Spain,

Holland• Didn’t have to conquer the

British, they just had to wear them down

• Used hit-and-run tactics• War was unpopular in Britain• Hessian soldiers didn’t “buy-

in” – hundreds deserted• Prussian drillmaster Baron von

Steuben helped train colonial army

Colonists Disadvantages Britain had the world’s

largest navy British army well-trained Navy was well-supplied

($$$) Loyalists helped the

British

Exports & Imports: 1768-Exports & Imports: 1768-17831783

WholesaleWholesalePricePriceIndex:Index:1770-1770-17891789

Battle of Long Island New York July 1776: British fleet of 500 ships with

35,000 men led by British General Howe. British won the Battle of Long Island.

George Washington only had 18,000 ill-trained troops. He retreated across the Delaware River.

Battle of Trenton (New Jersey Campaign)

Dec. 1776: Washington re-crosses the Delaware River, surprises and captures 1,000 Hessians at the Battle of Trenton.

Washington Crossing the Delaware River just before the Battle of Trenton

Phase IIPhase II::

NY & PANY & PA[1777-1778][1777-1778]

The Battle of Saratoga British General Burgoyne attempts to capture the Hudson River. British Burgoyne surrendered entire command at Saratoga in

Oct. 1777. This colonial win made it possible for France to provide aid to

the colonies.

The Battle was an Important Turning Point in the War: Benjamin Franklin goes to Paris to negotiate a treaty of

alliance with France, 1778 French aid: guns, money, equipment, troops, and naval

strength 1779: Aid from Spain and Holland America started to win Marquis de Lafayette: Helped the Patriots train at Valley Forge

France Becomes Most Important American Ally: (Why Become an Ally?)

• Revenge on British for Seven Year’s War

• Victory at Saratoga showed ability of the colonists to beat the British

• Promised recognition of American independence

• Marquis de Lafayette also convinced the French government to back the Patriots

Valley Forge

Valley Forge Washington’s men were tired, hungry,

frostbitten Feb 1778, Baron Fredrick Von Steuben, Prussian

Drillmaster, shaped them into a professional army

View of West Point, NY Before 1802 Unknown

Oil, c. 1785  

Colonial General Benedict Arnold became a Traitor: schemed to sell out the key stronghold of West Point, which commanded the Hudson River, to the British for £6,300 and an officer’s

commission.

American Commander John Paul Jones• Father of the American Navy• Battle of Bonhomme (Bonami) Richard vs. Serapis in the North Sea

– Chief contribution: destroying British merchant shipping – Didn’t affect British navy

• American Privateers: privately owned ships authorized by Congress to attack British ships – captured 100’s of British merchant ships.

• Brought in gold and helped American morale

Frontier Campaigns

• Control west of Appalachian Mountains

• Cherokees attacked in the south

• Iroquois led by Chief Joseph Brandt raided western New York

Phase IIIPhase III:: The Southern The Southern Strategy Strategy [1780-1781][1780-1781]

General Nathanial Greene, the “fighting Quaker”, exhausted his foe by “standing and retreating” and succeeded in clearing GA and SC of most British Troops.

Battle of Yorktown

British Fleet Blockaded by French Fleet

Battle of Yorktown– Last major battle of the war.– French Admiral de Grasse - blockaded Chesapeake

Bay. British Ships unable to enter.– Washington made a 300 mile march to Chesapeake

from NY.– With Rochambeau’s French Army, Washington

attacked British Army by land and French Admiral de Grasse attacked by sea.

– Oct. 1781: British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered his force of 7,000 men

– War continued for 1 more year

John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams negotiated the agreement in Paris

Towards Peace• Lord North’s political party

collapsed 1782• New Whig ministry more

sympathetic to Americans came into power

• U.S. & Britain sign preliminary treaty in 1782

• Signed September 3rd **Britain formally recognizes

U.S. independence!

Indian Land Cessions:Indian Land Cessions:1768-17991768-1799

Disputed Territory Between Spain & U. S.: Disputed Territory Between Spain & U. S.: 1783-17961783-1796

North America After Treaty of Paris, 1783North America After Treaty of Paris, 1783

Treaty of Paris of 1783• Britain formally recognized independence of U.S.

• British to remove troops and lose territory.

• Americans must pay loyalists and British creditors (but some states never did)

• Colonists gain more land: trans-Appalachian area – included land up to the Mississippi River.

• American concessions: loyalists couldn’t be prosecuted, loyalist property was restored.

• Spain got Florida

Surrender at Saratoga