Ch. 9Ch. 9I.I. The Years Between the WarsThe Years Between the Wars

(1919-1939)(1919-1939)

A.A. The League of Nations.The League of Nations.1.1. President Wilson’s 14 points.President Wilson’s 14 points.

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 PointsWoodrow Wilson’s 14 Points President Wilson proposed a President Wilson proposed a

plan for peace that plan for peace that incorporated 14 points.incorporated 14 points.

He included points on free He included points on free trade, end to secret treaties, trade, end to secret treaties, self-determination for colonial self-determination for colonial peoples, and an international peoples, and an international group of countries to group of countries to negotiate conflicts – the negotiate conflicts – the League of Nations.League of Nations.

Without several great powers, including the U.S., Germany,Without several great powers, including the U.S., Germany,and Russia, the League of Nations was powerless. It also and Russia, the League of Nations was powerless. It also

lacked the authority of a peace-keeping force.lacked the authority of a peace-keeping force.

The Treaty of Versailles is attacked by Republicans after

President Wilson’s return.

After returning from the Versailles peace conference, President Wilson went on a nationwide tour to promote the aspects of the Treaty. It was near the end of this tourthat he had a stroke.

The cartoon was The cartoon was created (incredibly) created (incredibly) in 1920. It was titled in 1920. It was titled "Peace and future "Peace and future cannon fodder." cannon fodder." There is a small child There is a small child with a copy of the with a copy of the Treaty behind them. Treaty behind them. Above the child's Above the child's head is a comment head is a comment "1940 class". The "1940 class". The leaders of the leaders of the nations at Versailles nations at Versailles are seen walking are seen walking past, and there is a past, and there is a caption: "The Tiger: caption: "The Tiger: Curious! I seem to Curious! I seem to hear a child hear a child weeping!"weeping!"

2.2. U.S. Isolationism.U.S. Isolationism.a) Senate never approved a) Senate never approved

Treaty.Treaty.

Despite Wilson’s pressure, the U.S. Senate refused to Despite Wilson’s pressure, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.ratify the Treaty of Versailles.

Congress opposed to the League of Nations because Congress opposed to the League of Nations because they believed it they believed it undermined their authority to declare undermined their authority to declare warwar. The absence of the United States, as well as . The absence of the United States, as well as other great powers left the League of Nations other great powers left the League of Nations powerless.powerless.

The U.S. policy of isolationism persisted over the next The U.S. policy of isolationism persisted over the next 20 years until WWII broke out; even then, the U.S. did 20 years until WWII broke out; even then, the U.S. did not enter the war until the bombing of Pearl Harbor in not enter the war until the bombing of Pearl Harbor in late 1941, two years after WWII began.late 1941, two years after WWII began.

The US Senateobjects to the

League of Nations.

B.B. Russian Civil War (1917-1921).Russian Civil War (1917-1921).

1.1. White forces – anti-communists; White forces – anti-communists; supported Czar; supported Czar;

unorganized; no unorganized; no common common goal.goal.

The Allies supported the The Allies supported the Czarist/WhiteCzarist/White forces against the forces against the communists/Redscommunists/Reds.. Czar and royal family members were murdered by the local soviet in the UralsCzar and royal family members were murdered by the local soviet in the Urals July 16, 1918, Burned their bodies in a nearby mine shaft.July 16, 1918, Burned their bodies in a nearby mine shaft. Grand Duchess Anastasia, one of Nicholas II’s daughters is said to have Grand Duchess Anastasia, one of Nicholas II’s daughters is said to have survived, but later DNA testing proved that Anna Anderson was not Anastasia.survived, but later DNA testing proved that Anna Anderson was not Anastasia.

On July 16, 1918, Czar Nicholas IIand his family were murdered. The White Army was moving in,so the family was gathered in thebasement where they were readtheir death sentence and shot.

Their bodies were left in a mine shaft and left to be burned.

Anastasia Romanov - Her father was the Czar of Russia, Nicholas II, her mother was Alexandra,

grand-daughter of Queen Victoria of Great Britain.

2.2. Red forces – Communists (Red Red forces – Communists (Red Army); Army); V.I. Lenin; well-V.I. Lenin; well-disciplined; organized; disciplined; organized; Reds Reds won.won.

a) Leon Trotsky – draft; rigid a) Leon Trotsky – draft; rigid discipline.discipline.

White forces got from Siberia almost to Moscow before being stopped.White forces got from Siberia almost to Moscow before being stopped. Those who deserted or refused an order were executed on the spot!Those who deserted or refused an order were executed on the spot! War Communism - seizing of grain from peasants, and centralization of state War Communism - seizing of grain from peasants, and centralization of state administration under Communist control.administration under Communist control.

Leon TrotskyLeon Trotskywas appointedwas appointed

the Commissarthe Commissarof War.of War.

War communism was the Bolsheviks economic policy during the Russian

Civil War trying to keep towns and theRed Army supplied w/ weapons & food.

Red Armyrecruiting

poster.

Over 100K troops from Japan, U.S., Br, & Fr invaded Russia to fight communist forces.Over 100K troops from Japan, U.S., Br, & Fr invaded Russia to fight communist forces.

b)b) The Red Terror – The Red Terror – communist communist

secret police (Cheka); secret police (Cheka); destroydestroy

those opposed to new those opposed to new regime.regime.

Much like the Much like the ‘‘Reign of Terror’Reign of Terror’in France; the in France; the beginning of the beginning of the Russian KGB.Russian KGB.

Red Army – “Did you volunteer?”

V.I. Lenin

Soviet poster of the 1920s:The GPU (Cheka) strikeson the head the counter-revolutionary saboteur.

c)c) 1921 - Communism the 1921 - Communism the only only party; total control of party; total control of Russia.Russia.

d)d) Disliked Allies due to Disliked Allies due to helping helping enemies during civil enemies during civil war.war.

Over 100,000 troops from Japan, U.S., Br, and Fr were stationed in Over 100,000 troops from Japan, U.S., Br, and Fr were stationed in Russia to support anti-communist forces; Anti-foreigners.Russia to support anti-communist forces; Anti-foreigners.

Soviet Union formed in 1922Soviet Union formed in 1922 after Red Forces win the Russian Civil War. after Red Forces win the Russian Civil War.

The Soviet Union was established after the Russian Civil War in 1922.

Diego Rivera’s 'Workers of the World Unite' panel, 1933.This panel is also called the 'Communist Unity Panel', reflecting that the panel itself shows unity (hands) led by Lenin, and his interpretation of Marx's and Engel's theories, with Trotsky and

Stalin as lieutenants.  Lenin, backed by Trotsky, looks annoyed, probably because the mural in Rockefeller Center was destroyed.

3.3. Lenin’s death (1924) caused Lenin’s death (1924) caused power power struggle between struggle between Trotsky & Stalin.Trotsky & Stalin.

4.4. Joseph Stalin (leader in 1929).Joseph Stalin (leader in 1929).

a) Strict ideology (culture, art, a) Strict ideology (culture, art, etc.).etc.).

b) The b) The Great PurgeGreat Purge – 20 million – 20 million dead.dead.

i. i. GulagGulag – labor camp. – labor camp.

(Stalinwon.)

Prisoner labor atthe construction of Belomorkanal, 1931—1933.

Nikolai Yezhov (secret police), the young man strolling with Stalin to his left, was shot in 1940 (Great Purge). He was

edited out from a photo by Soviet censors. Such

retouching was a commonduring Stalin's reign.

The Great Purge is the campaign of political repressionand persecution in the Soviet

Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late

1930s. It involved the purge of the Communist Party of

the Soviet Union andthe persecution of unaffiliated

persons, both occurring within a period characterized by

omnipresent police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs",

imprisonment, and killings.

Russian gov’t archives record that about 800,000prisoners were executed (for either political orcriminal offences) under Stalin, while another

1.7 million died of privation or other causes in theGulags and some 389,000 perished during kulak resettlement - a total of about 3 million victims.

Soviet Gulag.

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin

Soviet Union leaderSoviet Union leader Responsible for the death of millions of Responsible for the death of millions of

his own citizens (Jews, Ukranians, his own citizens (Jews, Ukranians, farmers, general population)---perhaps farmers, general population)---perhaps the 2the 2ndnd most in world history most in world history– Famine: 5-7 million Ukranians diedFamine: 5-7 million Ukranians died– Great Purge: 20 million opponents Great Purge: 20 million opponents

dieddied ““CollectivizationCollectivization” of all production: ” of all production:

private farms became illegal.private farms became illegal.

He was paranoid, adored his alcoholic He was paranoid, adored his alcoholic mother who was very religious, had an mother who was very religious, had an inferiority complex and problems with inferiority complex and problems with women, smallpox, and a deformed arm.women, smallpox, and a deformed arm.

After WWII, Stalin turned on the Jews, After WWII, Stalin turned on the Jews, accused Jewish doctors of assassination accused Jewish doctors of assassination plot, then deported all Russian Jews to plot, then deported all Russian Jews to Siberia. Siberia.

Animal FarmAnimal Farm by George by George OrwellOrwell

An allegory where animals play the roles of An allegory where animals play the roles of the Bolshevik revolutionaries and overthrow the Bolshevik revolutionaries and overthrow the human owners of the farm, setting it up the human owners of the farm, setting it up as a commune.as a commune.

The events and characters satirize Stalinism The events and characters satirize Stalinism ("Animalism"), authoritarian government, and ("Animalism"), authoritarian government, and human stupidity. human stupidity. -- -- SnowballSnowball is the head pig seen as Leon is the head pig seen as Leon Trotsky.Trotsky.-- -- NapoleonNapoleon is Joseph Stalin. is Joseph Stalin. ---- Mr JonesMr Jones represents Nicholas II of Russia, represents Nicholas II of Russia, the the deposed Csar. deposed Csar. ---- Mr FrederickMr Frederick is the tough owner of is the tough owner of Pinchfield, a Pinchfield, a well-kept neighboring farm, well-kept neighboring farm, representing representing Adolf Hitler. He tricks them Adolf Hitler. He tricks them into selling into selling wood to him for forged wood to him for forged money and later money and later attacks them (World attacks them (World War II), which could be War II), which could be interpreted as The interpreted as The Battle of Stalingrad. Battle of Stalingrad. ---- Mr PilkingtonMr Pilkington is the easy-going but crafty is the easy-going but crafty owner owner of Foxwood, a neighboring farm of Foxwood, a neighboring farm overgrown overgrown with weeds representing the with weeds representing the western powers western powers (England and the (England and the U.S.).U.S.).

““Collectivization Famine”Collectivization Famine” Ukraine sought independence from USSRUkraine sought independence from USSR KulaksKulaks (wealthy farmers who owned 24+ (wealthy farmers who owned 24+

acres) were considered enemyacres) were considered enemy– EverythingEverything taken from Kulaks taken from Kulaks– Illegal to help Kulak familiesIllegal to help Kulak families– Many deported to cold, desolate Siberian Many deported to cold, desolate Siberian

regionregion People unsuccessfully rebelledPeople unsuccessfully rebelled Stalin responded by exporting ALL food Stalin responded by exporting ALL food

from wheat-rich from wheat-rich UkraineUkraine to USSR & other to USSR & other countries to help “modernize” USSR.countries to help “modernize” USSR.

Some grain went unused.Some grain went unused.

Russia/Ukraine MapRussia/Ukraine Map

““Collectivization Famine”Collectivization Famine” Soviets sealed borders of Ukraine, Soviets sealed borders of Ukraine,

creating a large concentration campcreating a large concentration camp Soviets searched houses for extra foodSoviets searched houses for extra food People: desperate for foodPeople: desperate for food Height of famine: 25,000 died each Height of famine: 25,000 died each

day in Ukraine in 1933day in Ukraine in 1933 Stalin staged “photo ops” to Stalin staged “photo ops” to proveprove no no

famine existedfamine existed By 1933, approx. 25% of Ukraine had By 1933, approx. 25% of Ukraine had

died including 3 million children.died including 3 million children.

USSR Map: 1950USSR Map: 1950

Poster reading: "Beloved Stalin—good fortune of the people!"

Stalin Propaganda

Trotsky at his arrival in Mexico in 1937.

August 20, 1940, Leon Trotsky was attacked with anice-axe in his office in Mexico City by one of Stalin's followers, and the following day Leon Trotsky died.

1930’s: Will immigrants bring communistideas and revolution with them?

C.C. The Weimar Republic (1919-1933) – The Weimar Republic (1919-1933) – German German democratic gov’t; had democratic gov’t; had ↑↑ inflation. inflation.

D.D. Dawes Plan – reduced German Dawes Plan – reduced German reparations; reparations; gave $200 million gave $200 million loan.loan.

Weimar Republic - Had serious problems: no strong leaders and high inflation.Weimar Republic - Had serious problems: no strong leaders and high inflation. Inflation – rise in prices.Inflation – rise in prices. In 1914, 4.2 marks = $1; in 1922, 500 marks = $1, in 1923, 5 mill marks = $1.In 1914, 4.2 marks = $1; in 1922, 500 marks = $1, in 1923, 5 mill marks = $1. Workers used wheel barrels to take home their weekly pay.Workers used wheel barrels to take home their weekly pay. Depression pushed the middle-class to extreme parties.Depression pushed the middle-class to extreme parties. Dawes Plan led to brief prosperity (1924-29); American investment in Europe.Dawes Plan led to brief prosperity (1924-29); American investment in Europe.

Announcingthe Weimar Republic at the Reichstagbuilding, 1919.

1920 to1933 - The 18th Amendment Prohibited alcohol.

Al Capone1927, the first feature-lengthmotion picture with synchronizeddialogue sequences, its releasebegan the "talkies."

1920, first public radio broadcast.

1925, Scottish inventor John Baird invents the first form of a television. 

1928, Penicillin

1920, Insulin

1920’sFord

Model T1927, The Babe

1920 – The 19th Amendment

gives womenthe right to vote.

Edvard MunchSelf-portrait after the Spanish Flu

(1919)Oil on canvas

National Gallery, Oslo

An agonized figure wails against a blood red Oslofjord skyline in Munch's Scream (1893).Since 1994, two separate versions of Scream have been stolen; both were recovered.

Portrait of Gertrude Stein by Pablo Picasso, 1906.

"Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose." was written by Gertrude Stein as part of the 1913 poem Sacred Emily.

“All you young people who served in the war. You are a lost generation… You have no respect for anything. You drink yourselves to death.”

-- Gertrude Stein (1926)

Lost GenerationLost Generation is traditionally is traditionallyattributed to Gertrude Stein and attributed to Gertrude Stein and was then popularized by Ernest was then popularized by Ernest Hemingway in the epigraph to hisHemingway in the epigraph to hisnovel The Sun Also Rises, and hisnovel The Sun Also Rises, and hismemoir A Moveable Feast.memoir A Moveable Feast.

It refers to a group of American literary notables It refers to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris and other parts of Europe from who lived in Paris and other parts of Europe from the end of WWI to the beginning of the Great the end of WWI to the beginning of the Great Depression.Depression.

Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, Waldo Peirce, John Dos Passos, and T.S. Anderson, Waldo Peirce, John Dos Passos, and T.S. Eliot.Eliot.

The Sun Also Rises (1926) is considered the first Significant novel by Hemingway. The plot centers

on a group of expatriate Americans in Europe during the 1920s.

Hemingway In WWI.

The Roaring 20’sThe Roaring 20’s

The Roaring 20’s

The term flapper in the 1920’s referred to a "new breed" of youngwomen who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered "decent" behavior.

Drawing of Clara Smith from the cover of her album The Essential.

Ethel Waters frequently performed jazz, big band,gospel, and popular music, on the Broadway stage and in concerts.

Women and the Blues

Bessie Smith was the“Empress of the Blues”

with 160 records. Althoughshe was not known to white

audiences, she influencedBillie Holiday and Janis Joplin.

JazzJazz is a musical art is a musical art form that originated in form that originated in New Orleans at around the New Orleans at around the start of the 20th century. start of the 20th century. Born out of a blend of Born out of a blend of African American musical African American musical styles with Western music styles with Western music technique and theory, Jazz technique and theory, Jazz became mainstream became mainstream between 1920-1935.between 1920-1935.

Trumpeter and singer Louis Armstrong, a well-known jazz musician.

Dizzy Gillespie has meant aDizzy Gillespie has meant agreat deal to the history of jazz,great deal to the history of jazz,being not only an excellentbeing not only an excellenttrumpeter with a very trumpeter with a very

particularparticularstyle, but also a singer andstyle, but also a singer andbandleader.bandleader.

Duke Ellington, the King of Big Jazz Band. One of the

Greatest jazz musicians ever.

(Thomas)Fats Waller,Ain’t Misbehavin’,1929.

The Cotton Club inNew York City waspopular during and

after Prohibition.

Dada or Dadaism was a cultural movement from 1916 to 1920. Themovement primarily involved visual

arts, literature, and theatre concentrating on anti-war and

anti-art cultural works.

SurrealismSurrealism is an artistic movement that sought is an artistic movement that sought a reality beyond the material world and found it a reality beyond the material world and found it in the world of the unconscious (fantasies, in the world of the unconscious (fantasies, dreams, and even nightmares). dreams, and even nightmares).

The Persistence of Memory, by Salvador Dalí,1931.

The The DreamDream,,

by by SalvadoSalvador Dali r Dali (1931).(1931).

E.E. The Great Depression.The Great Depression.1.1. Low economic prosperity & Low economic prosperity & high high unemployment.unemployment.2.2. Int’l financial crisis Int’l financial crisis

involving the stockinvolving the stock market (Oct. 1929). market (Oct. 1929).

By late 20’s the prices for farm products, By late 20’s the prices for farm products, especially wheat, fell rapidly.especially wheat, fell rapidly.

Many nations had downturns (late 1920’s) Many nations had downturns (late 1920’s) due to overproduction.due to overproduction.

European prosperity built on loans to Germany.European prosperity built on loans to Germany. Stock market boom, investors pulled $ out of Stock market boom, investors pulled $ out of

Germ to invest in stock market.Germ to invest in stock market. When US market crashed, investors pulled even more $ out of Germ/Europe.When US market crashed, investors pulled even more $ out of Germ/Europe. Industrial production declined and unemployment rose.Industrial production declined and unemployment rose. Gov’ts lowered wages to lower costs; raised tariffs stopping foreign goods. Gov’ts lowered wages to lower costs; raised tariffs stopping foreign goods. Worst year (1932) - One British worker in four was unemployed; Worst year (1932) - One British worker in four was unemployed;

six million Germans (40% of workforce) was unemployed. six million Germans (40% of workforce) was unemployed. Depression pushed people to follow Depression pushed people to follow extreme parties and leadersextreme parties and leaders who offered who offered

simple solutions in return for dictatorial power (Germ). simple solutions in return for dictatorial power (Germ).

F.F. Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) – Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) – Democratic President in 1932.Democratic President in 1932.

1.1. New Deal – New Deal – ↑↑ gov’t program: gov’t program: public works, welfare system, public works, welfare system, & Social Security.& Social Security.

By 1932, U.S. industrial production declined nearly 50% and 12 mill unemployed.By 1932, U.S. industrial production declined nearly 50% and 12 mill unemployed.

Social Security - Old-age pensions and unemployment insurance with the Social Security - Old-age pensions and unemployment insurance with the

Social Security Act in 1935.Social Security Act in 1935. Although it didn’t solve unemployment, it prevented a social revolution in the U.S.Although it didn’t solve unemployment, it prevented a social revolution in the U.S. Only WWII and expanded weapons industry brought back full employment.Only WWII and expanded weapons industry brought back full employment.

FDR.

Soupline.

2.2. Good Neighbor Policy (1933) – Good Neighbor Policy (1933) –

No military forces in Latin No military forces in Latin America. America.

F.D.R. removed the last U.S. Marines from Haiti in 1934. First time in over 30 years that there were no U.S. troops in Latin America.

FDR meeting

Mexico’s President

Camacho,by Doyle.

Same scene,by Seibel.

G.G. China.China.

1.1. MaoMao Zedong – Communist Zedong – Communist leader leader of the People’s of the People’s Liberation Army.Liberation Army. a)a) The The Long March – 6K miles Long March – 6K miles

to reach communist base.to reach communist base.

Nationalists and communists drove the Imperialists out of China, but fought Nationalists and communists drove the Imperialists out of China, but fought between themselves over the right to rule China.between themselves over the right to rule China.

“ “Little Red Book” collection of sayings from Mao.Little Red Book” collection of sayings from Mao.

Mao Zedong,Chairman ofthe ChineseCommunist

Party.Mao on the “Long March.”

Communism became attractive in Asia after successful Russian Revolution.Communism became attractive in Asia after successful Russian Revolution. French Indochina – Vietnamese Communists were organized by Ho Chi Minh French Indochina – Vietnamese Communists were organized by Ho Chi Minh

(trained in Moscow) in the 1920’s.(trained in Moscow) in the 1920’s.

The Chinese Civil War lasted from 1927 to 1950 between the Kuomintang (KMT or Nationalist Party) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

It went on intermittently until 1950 with an unofficial cessation of major hostilities, with the Communists controlling mainland China.

Mao established the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949.

Route of the Long March. Only 9,000 out of original 90,000 survived the year of marching on foot and fighting.

2.2. Chiang Kai-shek – Chiang Kai-shek – Nationalist Nationalist leader.leader.

By late 1930’s, Japan closer w/ Germany.By late 1930’s, Japan closer w/ Germany. Japan wanted natural resources in Siberia; needed Germ to divide Russia.Japan wanted natural resources in Siberia; needed Germ to divide Russia. After the German/Russian “Nonaggression Pact” (1939), Japan instead After the German/Russian “Nonaggression Pact” (1939), Japan instead

decided to look to southeast Asia (decided to look to southeast Asia (southwardsouthward) to fuel its military machine.) to fuel its military machine. Japan demanded the right to exploit economic resources in French Indochina.Japan demanded the right to exploit economic resources in French Indochina. U.S. objected and threatened U.S. objected and threatened economic sanctionseconomic sanctions to enforce int’l law (stop U.S. to enforce int’l law (stop U.S.

oil & scrap iron to Japan).oil & scrap iron to Japan). To secure materials in SE Asia (no materials from U.S.), Japan (led by To secure materials in SE Asia (no materials from U.S.), Japan (led by HidekiHideki

TojoTojo) decided to attack U.S. and European colonies in SE Asia.) decided to attack U.S. and European colonies in SE Asia.

Chiang Kai-shek,FDR, and WinstonChurchill.

By the late 1920’s, Japan was becoming By the late 1920’s, Japan was becoming more militarist. Japan invaded Manchuria more militarist. Japan invaded Manchuria (1931-33) to get land & resources. By (1931-33) to get land & resources. By 1937, Japanese society put on wartime 1937, Japanese society put on wartime status.status.

Economic & social reforms during the Meiji era led to prosperity & modern industry.Economic & social reforms during the Meiji era led to prosperity & modern industry. Gov’t didn’t approve; public approved due to need for space and resources.Gov’t didn’t approve; public approved due to need for space and resources. Military leaders soon dominated gov’t (Emperor Hirohito didn’t oppose them; fear).Military leaders soon dominated gov’t (Emperor Hirohito didn’t oppose them; fear). Policies approved for overseas expansion; draft law; Western culture was purged.Policies approved for overseas expansion; draft law; Western culture was purged.

H.H. Japan –Japan –1.1. ‘The Mukden incident’ (1931) ‘The Mukden incident’ (1931)

– – Japan’s excuse to invade Japan’s excuse to invade China.China.

a) Japan needs natural a) Japan needs natural resources.resources.

2.2. Chiang Kai-shek & Mao join Chiang Kai-shek & Mao join forcesforces against Japan (’37).against Japan (’37).

3.3. ‘Rape of Nanking’ ‘Rape of Nanking’ (1937/38).(1937/38).

Japan needed natural resources and fueled their plan to seize other countries.

Japan justified attack because of Chinese attack on a Japanese railway nearJapan justified attack because of Chinese attack on a Japanese railway nearMukdenMukden, but was actually Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese (1931)., but was actually Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese (1931).

The The League of NationsLeague of Nations condemned the seizure so Japan withdrew from the League. condemned the seizure so Japan withdrew from the League. Japan now expanding into northern China; the U.S. was unwilling to use force.Japan now expanding into northern China; the U.S. was unwilling to use force.

The Invasion of Manchuria The Invasion of Manchuria and the “Rape of Nanking”and the “Rape of Nanking”

““Rape of Nanking”Rape of Nanking”

““Rape of Nanking” (1937-Rape of Nanking” (1937-1938)1938)

12/13/37: Japanese troops enter city 12/13/37: Japanese troops enter city with order to “kill all captives.”with order to “kill all captives.”

Many tortured, cruelly killed Many tortured, cruelly killed (burned, bayoneted, etc.).(burned, bayoneted, etc.).

Tens of thousands of females (all Tens of thousands of females (all ages) raped.ages) raped.

Well-documented w/ many photos.Well-documented w/ many photos. Foreigners established a 2.5 sq. mile Foreigners established a 2.5 sq. mile

safety zone in Nanking.safety zone in Nanking.

““Rape of Nanking” (1937-Rape of Nanking” (1937-1938)1938)

Japanese soldiers murdered about ½ Japanese soldiers murdered about ½ of Nanking’s (China) 600,000 to 1 of Nanking’s (China) 600,000 to 1 million citizens in just 6 weeks.million citizens in just 6 weeks.

One of the worst events in world One of the worst events in world history.history.

Japan had just defeated China @ Japan had just defeated China @ Shanghai.Shanghai.

Was this before or after Was this before or after

Japan’s invasion of Manchuria?Japan’s invasion of Manchuria?

I. Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).1. General Franco – supported by Germ

& Italy.2. Republican gov’t supported by USSR.

Hitler used Spain as a testing ground for hisnew weapons and revived air force.

Franco won the Civil War in 1939.

Because Franco favored traditional groups and did not try to dictate everyaspect of people’s lives,Franco’s dictatorship is considered Authoritarian instead of Totalitarian.

The Spanish Civil WarThe Spanish Civil War

Generals Francisco Franco and Emilio Moré,

leaders of the coup

Hitler tests weapons in

Spanish Civil War

New New Weapons Weapons

and Tacticsand Tactics

Italian soldiers in Spain.

The Molotov Cocktail was first used in the Spanish Civil War against the German and

Italian invaders. The Molotov Cocktail would be improved by the Finns fighting

the Russians and named after SovietForeign Minister at the time as a taunt.

The Destruction of The Destruction of GuernicaGuernica

Guernica, by Pablo Picasso (1937)

What does this painting say about the realities of war?