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Cyber and Intelligence
“Frombitstoinformation”
Outline
• Understandingjobrolesincybersecurity.• Understandwhatintelligenceis.• Heuristicsanddecisionmaking.• Typesofintelligence.• Differencesbetweenhumanandmachineintelligence.
Outline
AnalogueworldDigitalworld
DAC(DigitaltoAnalogue)Convertor
ADC(AnaloguetoDigital)Convertor
1010101..0010
Sensors
Actuators(Motor)
Light,heat,movement
Outline
Industry1.0Mechanization(1760-1820)
Industry2.0Electrification(1870-1914)
Industry3.0Automation(20thCentury)
Industry4.0Digitization
(21stCentury)
Steam-powerorwater-poweredengines
Railways,factories,telegram
Electronics,Electricalgenerator,CPU,Internet,Web
Virtualization,AI,Cyberphysical,IoT
Outline
• RFC791.DefinestheformatofIPpackets(IPv4)• RFC793.DefinesTCP(TransportControlProtocol),whichprovidesthefoundationofthevirtuallyallofthetrafficthatexistsontheInternet.
Industry 4.0
“Frombitstoinformation”
6vs and 6Cs
Industry4.0brings:• 6Cs:Connection(sensorandnetworks);Cloud(computinganddataondemand);Cyber(modelandmemory);Content/context(meaningandcorrelation);Community(sharingandcollaboration);andCustomization(personalizationandvalue).
• 6Vs:Volume;Velocity;Variety;Variability;Veracity;andValue.
Cybersecurity
“Frombitstoinformation”
Cybersecurity
NISTdefineCybersecurityas:• Preventionofdamageto,protectionof,andrestorationofcomputers,electroniccommunicationssystems,electroniccommunicationsservices,wirecommunication,andelectroniccommunication,includinginformationcontainedtherein,toensureitsavailability,integrity,authentication,confidentiality,andnon-repudiation.
andinformationsecurityas:• theprotectionofinformationandinformationsystemsfromunauthorizedaccess…toprovideconfidentiality,integrity,andavailability.
Cybersecurity
NISTdefineNICEframework.Withinthis,theyoutlinedsevencorecategories;33specialtyareas;and52workroles,andthenmappedtheseto1,007tasks,374skills,630knowledgeareas,and176abilities.Thecategorieswere:• SecurelyProvision(SP);• OperateandMaintain(OM);• OverseeandGovern(OV);• ProtectandDefend(PR);• Analyze(AN);• CollectandOperate(CO);and• Investigate(IN).
Intelligence
“Frombitstoinformation”
Intelligence
Industry4.0brings:physicalsystems,IoT,CloudComputingandCognitivecomputing.
Neisserdefines:• Individualsdifferfromoneanotherintheirabilitytounderstandcomplexideas,toadapteffectivelytotheenvironment,tolearnfromexperience,toengageinvariousformsofreasoning,andtoovercomeobstaclesbytakingthought.
• Intelligenceisaverygeneralmentalcapabilitythat,amongotherthings,involvestheabilitytoreason,plan,solveproblems,thinkabstractly,comprehendcomplexideas,learnquicklyandlearnfromexperience.
Types of intelligence
• NaturalistIntelligence(naturesmart).Thisinvolvestheabilitytodiscriminatebetweenlivingthingsandtheirinteractionwiththenaturalworld.
• MusicalIntelligence(soundsmart).Thisinvolvestheabilitytounderstandpitch,rhythm,andtone,especiallyfocusedontheabilitytocreate,analyseandreproducemusic,suchasinstimulatingemotionsaroundmusic.
• Logical-MathematicalIntelligence(number/reasoningsmart).Thisinvolvestheabilitytocalculate,hypothesize,andquantifyusingmathematicaloperations.Keyskillsareto:abstract;definereasonedapproaches;andtoapplyinductiveanddeductivethinkingmethods.
• ExistentialIntelligence(lifesmart).Thisinvolvestheabilitytosearchfordeepmeaningstolife,suchaswhyweexist,andwhywemustdie.
• Inter-personalIntelligence(peoplesmart).Thisinvolvestheabilitytounderstandotherpeopleusingbothverbalandnon-verbalcommunications.Thosewiththebestabilitiesforthisaretypicallystrongcommunicatorsandcanunderstandthefeelingsandmotivationsofothers.
Types of intelligence
• Intra-personalIntelligence(selfsmart).Thisinvolvestheabilitytounderstandyourself,andhowyourelatetoothers.
• Bodily-KinestheticIntelligence(bodysmart).Thisinvolvestheabilitytomove,manipulationorinfluencephysicalobjectives,normallywiththeuseofphysicalbodymovements.Athletestypicallyhavegoodlevelsofthistypeofintelligence,butitmightalsoinvolvethosewhoareexpertincomputergames.
• LinguisticIntelligence(wordsmart).Thisinvolvestheabilitytocreateandmanipulatelanguageinordertoexpressanddefinemeaning.Greatwritersandpublicspeakersoftenhavethisability.
• SpatialIntelligence(picturesmart).Thisinvolvestheabilitytoabstractintothreedimensions.Architectsnormallyhavegoodabilitiesinthisarea,suchaswheretheyareabletoabstract2Ddrawingsintoa3Dspace.
Humans v Computers
• Learning.Humansadapttochangingsituations,andgenerallyquicklylearntasks.Unfortunately,oncethesetaskshavebeenlearnt,thiscanoftenleadtoboredomiftheyarerepeatedrepetitively.
• Strategy.Humansareexcellentattakingcomplextasksandsplittingthemintosmaller,lesscomplex,tasks.Then,knowingtheoutcome,theycanimplementtheseintherequiredway,butcanmakechangesdependingonconditions.
• Enterprise.Computers,astheyareprogrammedatthepresent,areanexcellentbusinesstool.Theygenerallyallowforbetterdecisionmaking,but,atpresent,theycannotinitiatenewevents.
• Creativity.Aswithenterprise,humansaregenerallymorecreativethancomputers.Thisislikelytochangeoverthecomingyearsastheycouldprogrammedwiththeaidofpsychologists,musicians,andartists,andwillcouldincludeelementswhicharepleasingtothehumansenses.
Humans v Computers
Humans v Computers
• Spatial.Thisistheabilitytodifferentiatebetweentwo-andthree-dimensionalobjects.Computers,evenrunningpowerfulimageprocessingsoftware,oftenhavedifficultyindifferentiatingbetweentwo-dimensionalobjectsandthree-dimensionalones.Humans,though,findthiseasy,butcanbetrickedbyopticalillusions,whereatwo-dimensionalobjectisactuallyathree-dimensionalobject.Theobjectsinleft-handsideoffigureareamixtureofatwo-dimensionalandthree-dimensionalobject.Humanscanquicklydetermineobjectswhicharedefinedin2Dandwhichin3D.
• Perception.Thisistheskillofidentifyingsimpleshapesfromcomplexones.Forexample,humanscanquicklylookatapictureanddeterminetherepeatedsequences,shapes,andsoon.Forexample,lookatthepictureontheright-handsideoffigureanddeterminehowmanytrianglesitcontains?Itisrelativelyeasyforahumantodeterminethis,astheyhavegoodperceptionskills.Thisisbecausethehumanbraincaneasilyfindsimpleshapesfromcomplexones.But,imaginewritingacomputerprogramwhichwoulddetermineallofthetrianglesinanobject,thenmodifyingitsoitfindsothershapes,suchassquares,hexagons,andsoon?
• Memory.Thisistheskillofmemorizingandrecallingobjectswhichdonothaveanylogicalconnection.Humanshaveanamazingcapacityforrecallingobjects,typicallybylinkingobjects,andfromonetothenext.Computerscanimplementthiswithalinked-listapproach,butitbecomesalmostimpossibletomanagewhenthenumberofobjectsbecomeslarge.
Humans v Computers
• Numerical.Mosthumanscanmanipulatenumbersinvariousways.Humansarebyno-wayasfastascomputers,buthumanscanoftensimplycomplexcalculations,eitherbyapproximating,orbyeliminatingtermswhichhavelittleeffectonthefinalanswer.Forexample,wemayhaveataskstofindtheapproximateareaforaroomthatis6.9metresand9.1meters?Manyhumansjustapproximatethisto7times9,andfindtheanswerof63meterssquared.
• Verbal.Thisinvolvesthecomprehensionoflanguage,andwhiletherehasbeengreatadvancesinthewaythatmachinesareabletoprocessspeech,theyareoftenstillweakerthanhumansinextractingmeaning.
• Lexical.Thisisamanipulationofvocabulary.Machinescangenerallyanalysethelexicalstructureofwrittenwork,buttheyoftenstillstruggletocreatetheirownlexicalstructures,andwhichlackinterestorevenmeaning.Theyarethusgenerallygoodatspottingspellingmistakesandatgrammarchecking.
• Reasoning.Thisisinductionanddeduction.Humanscanoftendeducethingswhentheyarenotgivenacompletesetofinformation.
Humans v Computers
Cybercrime Motivations
• Entertainment.Thisisbasicallythethrillofperforminganattack.• Hacktivists.Thisrelatestothosewhoaremotivatedbypolitical,religious,andsocialcauses.
• Financialgain.Thisrelatestothoseattackerswhoaremotivatedbyfinancialgain.• Spying.Thisrelatestothestealingofinformationfromothers,typicallyintheformofIntellectualProperty(IP).
• Revenge.Thisrelatestothosewhohavemotivationsaroundrevenge,suchasadisgruntledemployee/customer,orwhomightbesomeonewhohasbeenhumiliatedinthepast.
Cyber and Intelligence
“Frombitstoinformation”
