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INTRODUCTION & PRELIMINAIES

(Thermodynamics) / Thermodynamics 4 1 (substance) (state) (thermodynamic property) thermodynamic properties 2 substance (process) thermodynamic properties state state process 3 process 2 process state state process state state process process 4 process (cycle) A Thermodynamic System and the Control Volume (thermodynamic system) thermodynamic system (control volume)

Control volume thermodynamic system (surroundings) (control surface or boundary) Free-body diagram

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control surface (boundary) control volume surroundings 1.1(a) control volume surroundings

Boundary control volume (stationary) (movable) 1.1(a) movable boundary boundary surroundings (heat or work) boundary

1.1(a) control surface (mass flux) (open surface) control surface mass flux control surface 1.1(b) surface closed surface control volume (control mass)

heat work boundary control mass control mass (isolated system)

(a) (b)

1.1 Control volume In-text questions

a. control volume control mass b. control volume, control surface surrounding c. closed surface isolated system

control volume

control surface or boundary

mass flux (inlet)

mass flux (outlet)

heat or work

control mass

no heat or work

closed closed

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Macroscopic versus Microscopic Points of View thermodynamic system (macroscopic) (microscopic) thermodynamic system microscopic thermodynamic properties substance substance control volume thermodynamic system macroscopic substance (continuum) thermodynamic properties continuum macroscopic Properties and State of a Substance substance (phase) (vapor phase) (liquid phase) (solid phase) (state) macroscopic state substance thermodynamic properties

Thermodynamic properties 2 intensive extensive intensive properties extensive properties substance intensive properties extensive property

properties (thermodynamic equilibrium) (thermal equilibrium) (mechanical equilibrium) (chemical equilibrium) 1.1(a) control volume thermal equilibrium control volume mechanical equilibrium chemical equilibrium thermodynamic equilibrium

In-text questions

d. phase state e. intensive property extensive property f. thermodynamic equilibrium

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Processes and Cycles (process) state state process property (isobaric process) (isothermal process) (isochoric process)

state state 1.1(b) mechanical equilibrium macroscopic thermodynamic equilibrium thermodynamic equilibrium process quasi-equilibrium macroscopic quasi-equilibrium processes nonequilibrium processes state

process process process state substance state state process (cycle) Units for Mass, Length, Time and Force SI units kilogram, meter, second Newton prefixes 1.1

1.1 Unit prefixes Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol 1015 1012 109 106 103

peta tera giga mega kilo

P T G M k

10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15

milli micro nano pico

femto

m n p f

prefix kilo (mole) mol substance 1 mol ( 12 g) substance 1 mol H2O H O 1 16 2 1 16 18 1 mol 18 g

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Specific Volume and Density (density) SI units kg/m3 (specific volume) ( density) m3/kg specific volume intensive property

density specific volume mol mol/m3 m3/mol

density specific volume kg v mol v

In-text questions

g. mol H2, N2, NH3 1, 5, 10 15 g h. specific volume intensive property extensive property

Pressure (pressure) property substance vapor phase liquid phase substance solid phase property normal stress pressure Pascal (Pa) N/m2 pressure bar 1 bar = 0.1 MPa pressure 2 (absolute pressure) (gauge pressure)

abs gauge atmP P P (1-01) atmP 101,325 Pa gauge pressure vacuum vacuum pressure

Example 1.1 A manometer contains mercury of which density is 13,534 kg/m3. The manometer is installed between an air tank and atmosphere as shown in the given picture. Determine the absolute pressure, gauge pressure and vacuum of the air inside the tank. Solution: Finding the absolute pressure from the height difference between the mercury surfaces in the manometer. Then determine the gauge pressure and vacuum from the obtained absolute pressure.

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abs mercury atmP g z P 13,534 9.81 0.2 101,325 absP 74,771absP Pa gauge abs atmP P P 74,771 101,325 gaugeP 26,554 gaugeP Pa 26,554 vacuum gaugeP P Pa vacuum

Energy Substance (energy) substance (internal energy) (kinetic energy) (potential energy) total energy (E) = internal energy (U) + kinetic energy (KE) + potential energy (PE) (specific total energy) Ee

m u ke pe 21

2 u V gz (1-02)

u , ke pe specific internal energy, specific kinetic energy specific potential energy Kinetic energy potential energy substance internal energy substance macroscopic internal energy internal energy substance Equality of Temperature 2 1 2 properties

Air 0.2 m

Patm

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properties 2 2 (Equality of Temperature) The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 2 equality of temperature 3 3 equality of temperature 1 2 1 2 Temperature Scales US customary units (F) SI unit ( C ) Thermodynamics (K)

oK C 273.15 (1-03) In-text questions

i. Specific total energy j. 2 equality of temperature k. The zeroth law of Thermodynamics l. 25 C K