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Two-SampleTestsofHypothesisand
AnalysisofVarianceChapters11&12
Dr.RichardJerz
© 2017 rjerz.com1
GOALS
• Conductatestofahypothesisaboutthedifferencebetweentwoindependentpopulationmeans
© 2017 rjerz.com2
Comparingtwopopulations–SomeExamples
• IsthereadifferenceintheaveragevalueofresidentialrealestatesoldbymaleagentsandfemaleagentsinsouthFlorida?
• IsthereadifferenceinthemeannumberofdefectsproducedbyfirstshiftandsecondshiftsatKimbleProducts?
• Isthereadifferenceinthemeannumberofdaysabsentbetweenworkersunder21yearsoldandworkersolderthan60yearsoldinthefast-foodindustry?
• Isthereanincreaseintheproductionrateifmusicispipedintotheproductionarea?
© 2017 rjerz.com3
FormatofHypotheses
• Thehypothesesforcomparingtwoindependentpopulationmeansμ1 andμ2 are:
© 2017 rjerz.com4
PossibleScenarios
1. Populationσ2’sareknown2. Populationσ2’sareunknown
1. Areσ2’sequal?2. Areσ2’sunequal?
© 2017 rjerz.com5
StatisticalMethods
• Historicalmethod(usingtables)• Computea“special”teststatistic,eitherzort
• Compareittotheteststatisticofthedesiredconfidencelevel(oralpha).
• Modernmethod• Computethep-value(probability)andcomparethistotheminimumacceptableerror(α).Ifthep-valueissmallerthanα,thereisadifference(rejectnullthattheyarethesame.)
© 2017 rjerz.com6
PossibleScenarios
• Populationσ2’sareknown:Zstatistic• Populationσ2’sareunknown:Tstatistic
1. Ares2’sequal?2. Ares2’sunequal?
Saidalittledifferently• Ifthepopulationvariancesσ12 andσ22areknown,thenusethenormaldistribution.
• Ifpopulationvariancesareunknownandestimatedusings12 ands22,thenusetheStudent-tdistribution.
© 2017 rjerz.com7
“Special”TestStatistics10-8
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Case3:UnknownVariances,AssumedUnequal
• Welch-Satterthwaite test
• with degrees of freedom
• A Quick Rule for degrees of freedom is to use min(n1 – 1, n2 – 1).
10-9
© 2017 rjerz.com9
AnalysisMethodology
• MSExcel• Testforequalmeans,knownpopulationvariances
• Testforequalvariances• Testforequalmeans,unknownpopulationvariances
© 2017 rjerz.com10
AlternativeExcelMethod–DataAnalysisAdd-in
• Excel:Data|Data Analysis
© 2017 rjerz.com11
ComparingTwoVariances– FStatistic
• Formatofhypotheses• Totestwhethertwopopulationmeansareequal,wemayalsoneedtotestwhethertwopopulationvariancesareequal.
• Thehypothesesmaybestatedas
© 2017 rjerz.com12
CharacteristicsofF-Distribution
• Thereisa“family”ofFDistributions.
• Eachmemberofthefamilyisdeterminedbytwoparameters:thenumeratordegreesoffreedomandthedenominatordegreesoffreedom.
• Fcannotbenegative,anditisacontinuousdistribution.
• TheFdistributionispositivelyskewed.
• Itsvaluesrangefrom0to¥• AsF®¥ thecurveapproaches
theX-axis.© 2017 rjerz.com13
TheFTest
• Theteststatisticistheratioofthesamplevariances:
• If the variances are equal, this ratio should be near unity: F » 1
10-14
© 2017 rjerz.com14
TheFTest
• Iftheteststatisticisfarbelow1orabove1,wewouldrejectthehypothesisofequalpopulationvariances.
10-15
© 2017 rjerz.com15
AssumptionsoftheFTest
• Itissensitivetonon-normalityofthesampledpopulations.
• TheFtestassumesthatthepopulationsbeingsampledarenormal.
© 2017 rjerz.com16
Examples
• P368• P377• P380,problem17• P381• P384,problem22• P386• P405
© 2017 rjerz.com17