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The Home Front
Ch.9-2 American History
Wartime Agencies
Created by Congress to promote cooperation between gov’t, private industry, and citizens
Applying Progressive ideas they used planning and scientific management to organize the war effort.
War Industries Board
Most Important gov’t agencyTold factories what to produce,
allocated raw materials, ordered new construction and even set some prices
Created to coordinate the production of war materials
Food Administration
Led by Herbert Hoover
Responsible for increasing food production, while reducing human consumption
Most successful agency
“Food will Win the War-Don’t Waste It”
Food Administration Posters
Techniques used to conserve food Encouraged families to grow their own
gardens- Victory Gardens
Techniques cont.
Encouraged families to have Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays, and Porkless Thursdays in order to save food.
Fuel Administration
To manage the nations use of coal and oil
Intro. daylight savings time and shortened workweeks for factories not making war materials
Encouraged heatless Mondays
Paying for the War
Raised income and corporate taxes
Sold: Liberty Bonds/Victory Bonds
National War Labor Board
(NWLB); to prevent strikes that could disrupt the war
Pressured industry to improve wages, adopt an 8 hr day, and allow unions to organize and collectively bargain
Women Support Industry
Women replace men in factories
Most jobs were not permanent
Led to 19th Amendment
The Great Migration
Up to ½ million Af. Am. southerners moved to northern cities to find work
Received more political rights, i.e. voting
Led to population increases in northern cities such as Cleveland, Chicago, and Detroit
Committee on Public Information
Led by George Creel
Hired to “sell the war” to the public.
Used speakers, artists, songs and celebrities from the movies.
Four Minute Men
75,000 were hired to give speeches about buying bonds and to support the war
In addition they also reported draft dodgers
Espionage Act
espionage- spying on govt
Made it illegal to give aid to enemy or interfere with war effort.
Sedition Act
Made it illegal to speak out against war in public
Anti-German Attacks
Wartime fears, citizens encouraged to spy on neighbors
Boy Spies of America and American Protective League were formed to spy on neighbors and co-workers
Schenck v. United States
Supreme Court case that convicted Charles Schenck of distributing anti-draft pamphlet.
He believed 1st Amendment rights were being violated.
Free speech could be curbed if it presents a “clear and present danger”
Selective Service
Only 73,000 volunteered
2.8 million drafted
All men between 21-30 are required to register fro the draft.
Why Did Men Serve?
They were disgusted by German atrocities
Sense of adventure
Call to duty
Influenza Epidemic of 1918
50,000 Americans died in combat, and over 200,000 were wounded.
The influenza epidemic would kill 25-50 million worldwide, including more than 500,000 Americans
African Americans in War
Served in racially segregated units under white officers.
The 396th Infantry Division from Harlem was an all Afr. Amer. Unit – “Harlem Hellfighters”
92nd and 93rd Infantry
Women in the War
Served in non-combat roles
11,000 in the navy as radio operators
No women in the army